@article {pmid32098945, year = {2020}, author = {Stixrude, L and Scipioni, R and Desjarlais, MP}, title = {A silicate dynamo in the early Earth.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {935}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-14773-4}, pmid = {32098945}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {291432//EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013))/ ; EAR-1853388//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; }, abstract = {The Earth's magnetic field has operated for at least 3.4 billion years, yet how the ancient field was produced is still unknown. The core in the early Earth was surrounded by a molten silicate layer, a basal magma ocean that may have survived for more than one billion years. Here we use density functional theory-based molecular dynamics simulations to predict the electrical conductivity of silicate liquid at the conditions of the basal magma ocean: 100-140 GPa, and 4000-6000 K. We find that the electrical conductivity exceeds 10,000 S/m, more than 100 times that measured in silicate liquids at low pressure and temperature. The magnetic Reynolds number computed from our results exceeds the threshold for dynamo activity and the magnetic field strength is similar to that observed in the Archean paleomagnetic record. We therefore conclude that the Archean field was produced by the basal magma ocean.}, }
@article {pmid32093331, year = {2020}, author = {Rehman, D and Joseph, J and Morini, GL and Delanaye, M and Brandner, J}, title = {A Hybrid Numerical Methodology Based on CFD and Porous Medium for Thermal Performance Evaluation of Gas to Gas Micro Heat Exchanger.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi11020218}, pmid = {32093331}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {643095//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; }, abstract = {In micro heat exchangers, due to the presence of distributing and collecting manifolds as well as hundreds of parallel microchannels, a complete conjugate heat transfer analysis requires a large amount of computational power. Therefore in this study, a novel methodology is developed to model the microchannels as a porous medium where a compressible gas is used as a working fluid. With the help of such a reduced model, a detailed flow analysis through individual microchannels can be avoided by studying the device as a whole at a considerably less computational cost. A micro heat exchanger with 133 parallel microchannels (average hydraulic diameter of 200 μ m) in both cocurrent and counterflow configurations is investigated in the current study. Hot and cold streams are separated by a stainless-steel partition foil having a thickness of 100 μ m. Microchannels have a rectangular cross section of 200 μ m × 200 μ m with a wall thickness of 100 μ m in between. As a first step, a numerical study for conjugate heat transfer analysis of microchannels only, without distributing and collecting manifolds is performed. Mass flow inside hot and cold fluid domains is increased such that inlet Reynolds number for both domains remains within the laminar regime. Inertial and viscous coefficients extracted from this study are then utilized to model pressure and temperature trends within the porous medium model. To cater for the density dependence of inertial and viscous coefficients due to the compressible nature of gas flow in microchannels, a modified formulation of Darcy-Forschheimer law is adopted. A complete model of a double layer micro heat exchanger with collecting and distributing manifolds where microchannels are modeled as the porous medium is finally developed and used to estimate the overall heat exchanger effectiveness of the investigated micro heat exchanger. A comparison of computational results using proposed hybrid methodology with previously published experimental results of the same micro heat exchanger showed that adopted methodology can predict the heat exchanger effectiveness within the experimental uncertainty for both cocurrent and counterflow configurations.}, }
@article {pmid32082068, year = {2020}, author = {Luo, J and Chen, L and Li, K and Jackson, A}, title = {Optimal kinematic dynamos in a sphere.}, journal = {Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {476}, number = {2233}, pages = {20190675}, doi = {10.1098/rspa.2019.0675}, pmid = {32082068}, issn = {1364-5021}, abstract = {A variational optimization approach is used to optimize kinematic dynamos in a unit sphere and locate the enstrophy-based critical magnetic Reynolds number for dynamo action. The magnetic boundary condition is chosen to be either pseudo-vacuum or perfectly conducting. Spectra of the optimal flows corresponding to these two magnetic boundary conditions are identical since theory shows that they are relatable by reversing the flow field (Favier & Proctor 2013 Phys. Rev. E88, 031001 (doi:10.1103/physreve.88.031001)). A no-slip boundary for the flow field gives a critical magnetic Reynolds number of 62.06, while a free-slip boundary reduces this number to 57.07. Optimal solutions are found to possess certain rotation symmetries (or anti-symmetries) and optimal flows share certain common features. The flows localize in a small region near the sphere's centre and spiral upwards with very large velocity and vorticity, so that they are locally nearly Beltrami. We also derive a new lower bound on the magnetic Reynolds number for dynamo action, which, for the case of enstrophy normalization, is five times larger than the previous best bound.}, }
@article {pmid32082060, year = {2020}, author = {Jose, S and Govindarajan, R}, title = {Non-normal origin of modal instabilities in rotating plane shear flows.}, journal = {Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {476}, number = {2233}, pages = {20190550}, doi = {10.1098/rspa.2019.0550}, pmid = {32082060}, issn = {1364-5021}, abstract = {Small variations introduced in shear flows are known to affect stability dramatically. Rotation of the flow system is one example, where the critical Reynolds number for exponential instabilities falls steeply with a small increase in rotation rate. We ask whether there is a fundamental reason for this sensitivity to rotation. We answer in the affirmative, showing that it is the non-normality of the stability operator in the absence of rotation which triggers this sensitivity. We treat the flow in the presence of rotation as a perturbation on the non-rotating case, and show that the rotating case is a special element of the pseudospectrum of the non-rotating case. Thus, while the non-rotating flow is always modally stable to streamwise-independent perturbations, rotating flows with the smallest rotation are unstable at zero streamwise wavenumber, with the spanwise wavenumbers close to that of disturbances with the highest transient growth in the non-rotating case. The instability critical rotation number scales inversely as the square of the Reynolds number, which we demonstrate is the same as the scaling obeyed by the minimum perturbation amplitude in non-rotating shear flow needed for the pseudospectrum to cross the neutral line. Plane Poiseuille flow and plane Couette flow are shown to behave similarly in this context.}, }
@article {pmid32067001, year = {2020}, author = {Razavi Bazaz, S and Mashhadian, A and Ehsani, A and Saha, SC and Krüger, T and Ebrahimi Warkiani, M}, title = {Computational inertial microfluidics: a review.}, journal = {Lab on a chip}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/c9lc01022j}, pmid = {32067001}, issn = {1473-0189}, abstract = {Since the discovery of inertial focusing in 1961, numerous theories have been put forward to explain the migration of particles in inertial flows, but a complete understanding is still lacking. Recently, computational approaches have been utilized to obtain better insights into the underlying physics. In particular, fundamental aspects of particle focusing inside straight and curved microchannels have been explored in detail to determine the dependence of focusing behavior on particle size, channel shape, and flow Reynolds number. In this review, we differentiate between the models developed for inertial particle motion on the basis of whether they are semi-analytical, Navier-Stokes-based, or built on the lattice Boltzmann method. This review provides a blueprint for the consideration of numerical solutions for modeling of inertial particle motion, whether deformable or rigid, spherical or non-spherical, and whether suspended in Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids. In each section, we provide the general equations used to solve particle motion, followed by a tutorial appendix and specified sections to engage the reader with details of the numerical studies. Finally, we address the challenges ahead in the modeling of inertial particle microfluidics for future investigators.}, }
@article {pmid32066045, year = {2019}, author = {Tanveer, A and Salahuddin, T and Khan, M and Malik, MY and Alqarni, MS}, title = {Theoretical analysis of non-Newtonian blood flow in a microchannel.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {191}, number = {}, pages = {105280}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105280}, pmid = {32066045}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In this work the theoretical analysis is presented for a electroosmotic flow of Bingham nanofluid induced by applied electrostatic potential. The linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation is considered in the presence of Electric double layer (EDL). A Bingham fluid model is employed to describe the rheological behavior of the non-Newtonian fluid. Mathematical formulation is presented under the assumption of long wavelength and small Reynolds number. Flow characteristics are investigated by employing Debye-Huckel linearization principle. Such preferences have not been reported previously for non-Newtonian Bingham nanofluid to the best of author's knowledge.<br><br>METHOD: The transformed equations for electroosmotic flow are solved to seek values for the nanofluid velocity, concentration and temperature along the channel length.<br><br>RESULTS: The effects of key parameters like Brinkmann number, Prandtl number, Debey Huckel parameter, thermophoresis parameter, Brownian motion parameter are plotted on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. Graphical results for the flow phenomenon are discussed briefly.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Non-uniformity in channel as well as yield stress τ0 cause velocity declaration for both positive and negative values of U. Nanofluid temperature is found an increasing function of electro osmotic parameter κ if U is positive while it is a decreasing function if U is negative. A completely reverse response is seen in case of concentration profile. The thermophoresis parameter Nt, the Brow nian motion parameter Nb and Brinkman number Br cause an enhancement in temperature. The results are new in case of U.}, }
@article {pmid32062487, year = {2020}, author = {Yan, SR and Sedeh, S and Toghraie, D and Afrand, M and Foong, LK}, title = {Analysis and manegement of laminar blood flow inside a cerebral blood vessel using a finite volume software program for biomedical engineering.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {190}, number = {}, pages = {105384}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105384}, pmid = {32062487}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hemodynamic blood flow analysis in the cerebrovascular is has become one of the important research topics in the bio-mechanic in recent decades. The primary duty of the cerebral blood vessel is supplying Glucose and oxygen for the brain.<br><br>METHODS: In this investigation, the non-Newtonian blood flow in the cerebral blood vessels studied. For modeling the geometry of this problem, we used Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) approach to take Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images and using an open-source software package to construct the geometry, which is a complicated one. The power-law indexes, heat flux, and Reynolds number range in the investigation are 0.6 ≤ n ≤ 0.8, 5 ≤ q ≤ 15Wm-2 and 160≤Re≤310. Effects of Reynolds number, power-law indexes and heat fluxes are investigated.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that the pressure drop increase with increasing the Reynolds number and power-law index. The maximum Nusselt number in the cerebral blood vessels accrued in the running position of the body in n = 0.8. Also, the highest average wall shear stress occurs in maximum power-law indexes and Reynolds number.<br><br>CONCLUSION: By increasing the power-law index and Reynolds number, the wall shear stress increases.}, }
@article {pmid32052248, year = {2020}, author = {Waheed, S and Noreen, S and Tripathi, D and Lu, DC}, title = {Electrothermal transport of third-order fluids regulated by peristaltic pumping.}, journal = {Journal of biological physics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s10867-020-09540-x}, pmid = {32052248}, issn = {1573-0689}, abstract = {The study of heat and electroosmotic characteristics in the flow of a third-order fluid regulated by peristaltic pumping is examined by using governing equations, i.e., the continuity equation, momentum equation, energy equation, and concentration equation. The wavelength is considered long compared to its height and a low Reynolds number is assumed. The velocity slip condition is employed. Analytical solutions are performed through the perturbation technique. The expressions for the dimensionless velocity components, temperature, concentration, and heat transfer rate are obtained. Pumping features were computed numerically for discussion of results. Trapping and heat transfer coefficient distributions were also studied graphically. The findings of the present study can be applied to design biomicrofluidic devices like tumor-on-a-chip and organ-on-a-chip.}, }
@article {pmid32042893, year = {2020}, author = {Cerbus, RT and Liu, CC and Gioia, G and Chakraborty, P}, title = {Small-scale universality in the spectral structure of transitional pipe flows.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {eaaw6256}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aaw6256}, pmid = {32042893}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {Turbulent flows are not only everywhere, but every turbulent flow is the same at small scales. The extraordinary simplification engendered by this &quot;small-scale universality&quot; is a hallmark of turbulence theory. However, on the basis of the restrictive assumptions invoked by A. N. Kolmogorov to demonstrate this universality, it is widely thought that only idealized turbulent flows conform to this framework. Using experiments and simulations that span a wide range of Reynolds number, we show that small-scale universality governs the spectral structure of a class of flows with no apparent ties to the idealized flows: transitional pipe flows. Our results not only extend the universality of Kolmogorov's framework beyond expectation but also establish an unexpected link between transitional pipe flows and Kolmogorovian turbulence.}, }
@article {pmid32041775, year = {2020}, author = {Usherwood, JR and Cheney, JA and Song, J and Windsor, SP and Stevenson, JPJ and Dierksheide, U and Nila, A and Bomphrey, RJ}, title = {High aerodynamic lift from the tail reduces drag in gliding raptors.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {223}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.214809}, pmid = {32041775}, issn = {1477-9145}, abstract = {Many functions have been postulated for the aerodynamic role of the avian tail during steady-state flight. By analogy with conventional aircraft, the tail might provide passive pitch stability if it produced very low or negative lift. Alternatively, aeronautical principles might suggest strategies that allow the tail to reduce inviscid, induced drag: if the wings and tail act in different horizontal planes, they might benefit from biplane-like aerodynamics; if they act in the same plane, lift from the tail might compensate for lift lost over the fuselage (body), reducing induced drag with a more even downwash profile. However, textbook aeronautical principles should be applied with caution because birds have highly capable sensing and active control, presumably reducing the demand for passive aerodynamic stability, and, because of their small size and low flight speeds, operate at Reynolds numbers two orders of magnitude below those of light aircraft. Here, by tracking up to 20,000, 0.3 mm neutrally buoyant soap bubbles behind a gliding barn owl, tawny owl and goshawk, we found that downwash velocity due to the body/tail consistently exceeds that due to the wings. The downwash measured behind the centreline is quantitatively consistent with an alternative hypothesis: that of constant lift production per planform area, a requirement for minimizing viscous, profile drag. Gliding raptors use lift distributions that compromise both inviscid induced drag minimization and static pitch stability, instead adopting a strategy that reduces the viscous drag, which is of proportionately greater importance to lower Reynolds number fliers.}, }
@article {pmid32024757, year = {2020}, author = {Wu, Z and Zaki, TA and Meneveau, C}, title = {High-Reynolds-number fractal signature of nascent turbulence during transition.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1916636117}, pmid = {32024757}, issn = {1091-6490}, abstract = {Transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurring over a smooth surface is a particularly important route to chaos in fluid dynamics. It often occurs via sporadic inception of spatially localized patches (spots) of turbulence that grow and merge downstream to become the fully turbulent boundary layer. A long-standing question has been whether these incipient spots already contain properties of high-Reynolds-number, developed turbulence. In this study, the question is posed for geometric scaling properties of the interface separating turbulence within the spots from the outer flow. For high-Reynolds-number turbulence, such interfaces are known to display fractal scaling laws with a dimension [Formula: see text], where the 1/3 excess exponent above 2 (smooth surfaces) follows from Kolmogorov scaling of velocity fluctuations. The data used in this study are from a direct numerical simulation, and the spot boundaries (interfaces) are determined by using an unsupervised machine-learning method that can identify such interfaces without setting arbitrary thresholds. Wide separation between small and large scales during transition is provided by the large range of spot volumes, enabling accurate measurements of the volume-area fractal scaling exponent. Measurements show a dimension of [Formula: see text] over almost 5 decades of spot volume, i.e., trends fully consistent with high-Reynolds-number turbulence. Additional observations pertaining to the dependence on height above the surface are also presented. Results provide evidence that turbulent spots exhibit high-Reynolds-number fractal-scaling properties already during early transitional and nonisotropic stages of the flow evolution.}, }
@article {pmid32024433, year = {2020}, author = {Xu, Z and Qin, H and Li, P and Liu, R}, title = {Computational fluid dynamics approaches to drag and wake of a long-line mussel dropper under tidal current.}, journal = {Science progress}, volume = {103}, number = {1}, pages = {36850419901235}, doi = {10.1177/0036850419901235}, pmid = {32024433}, issn = {2047-7163}, abstract = {Hydrodynamic effects of mussel farms have attracted increased research attentions in recent years. The understanding of the hydrodynamic impacts is essential for predicting the sustainability of mussel farms. A large mussel farm includes thousands of mussel droppers, and the combined drag on the mussel droppers is sufficient to possibly affect the longevity of the entire long-lines. This article intends to study the drag and wake of an individual long-line mussel dropper using computational fluid dynamics approaches. Two equivalent rough cylinders, namely, Curved-Model and Sharp-Model, have been utilized to simulate the mussel dropper, and each rough cylinder is assigned with surface roughness. The porosity is not considered in this article due to its complexity from inhalant and exhalant of mussels. Two-dimensional laminar simulations are conducted at Reynolds number from 10 to 200, and three-dimensional large eddy simulations are conducted at subcritical Reynolds number ranging from 3900 to 10 5 . The results show that larger drag coefficients and Strouhal numbers are attributed to surface roughness and sharp crowns on the rough cylinder. The obtained drag coefficient ranges from 1.1 to 1.2 with respect to the diameter of the mussel dropper and the peak value of the tidal velocities. Wakes behind rough cylinders fluctuate more actively compared to those of smooth cylinders. This research work provides new insight for further investigations on hydrodynamic interactions between fluid and mussel droppers.}, }
@article {pmid32007018, year = {2020}, author = {Ganta, N and Mahato, B and Bhumkar, YG}, title = {Prediction of the aerodynamic sound generated due to flow over a cylinder performing combined steady rotation and rotary oscillations.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {147}, number = {1}, pages = {325}, doi = {10.1121/10.0000585}, pmid = {32007018}, issn = {1520-8524}, abstract = {Analysis of sound generated due to a laminar flow past a circular cylinder subjected to the mean rotation along with the rotary oscillating motion has been performed for the Reynolds number Re = 150 and the Mach number M = 0.2. The direct numerical simulation approach has been used to study modifications in the generated sound field over a range of forcing parameters using disturbance pressure field information. Flow and sound fields are accurately resolved over a nondimensional radial distance r≤100 from the center of the cylinder. Frequencies, as well as wavelengths of generated sound waves, have been effectively altered by varying the forcing frequency-ratio, whereas the directivity nature of the radiated sound field has been modified by varying the forcing amplitude-ratio. Doak's decomposition technique has been used to understand the reasons behind changes in the radiated sound fields as the forcing parameters are varied.}, }
@article {pmid32006194, year = {2020}, author = {Alouges, F and Di Fratta, G}, title = {Parking 3-sphere swimmer: II. The long-arm asymptotic regime.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, pages = {6}, doi = {10.1140/epje/i2020-11932-5}, pmid = {32006194}, issn = {1292-895X}, abstract = {The paper carries on our previous investigations on the complementary version of Purcell's rotator (sPr3): a low-Reynolds-number swimmer composed of three balls of equal radii. In the asymptotic regime of very long arms, the Stokes-induced governing dynamics is derived, and then experimented in the context of energy-minimizing self-propulsion characterized in the first part of the paper.}, }
@article {pmid31999751, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, P and Liu, H and Yang, Y and Wang, M and Sun, Y}, title = {Comparison of design methods for negative pressure gradient rotary bodies: A CFD study.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {e0228186}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0228186}, pmid = {31999751}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is used to test two body design methods which use negative pressure gradient to suppress laminar flow separation and drag reduction. The steady-state model of the Transition SST model is used to calculate the pressure distribution, wall shear stress, and drag coefficient under zero angle of attack at different velocities. Four bodies designed by two different methods are considered. Our results show the first method is superior to the body of Hansen in drag reduction and the body designed by the first method is more likely to obtain the characteristics of suppressing or eliminating separation, which can effectively improve laminar flow coverage to achieve drag reduction under higher Reynolds number conditions. The results show that the negative pressure gradient method can suppress separation and drag reduction better than the second method. This successful design method is expected to open a promising prospect for its application in the design of small drag, small noise subsonic hydrodynamic hull and underwater weapons.}, }
@article {pmid31991147, year = {2020}, author = {Nguyen, KH and Gemmell, BJ and Rohr, JR}, title = {Effects of temperature and viscosity on miracidial and cercarial movement of Schistosoma mansoni: ramifications for disease transmission.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.12.003}, pmid = {31991147}, issn = {1879-0135}, abstract = {Parasites with complex life cycles can be susceptible to temperature shifts associated with seasonal changes, especially as free-living larvae that depend on a fixed energy reserve to survive outside the host. The life cycle of Schistosoma, a trematode genus containing some species that cause human schistosomiasis, has free-living, aquatic miracidial and cercarial larval stages that swim using cilia or a forked tail, respectively. The small size of these swimmers (150-350 µm) dictates that their propulsion is dominated by viscous forces. Given that viscosity inhibits the swimming ability of small organisms and is inversely correlated with temperature, changes in temperature should affect the ability of free-living larval stages to swim and locate a host. By recording miracidial and cercarial movement of Schistosoma mansoni using a high-speed camera and manipulating temperature and viscosity independently, we assessed the role each factor plays in the swimming mechanics of the parasite. We found a positive effect of temperature and a negative effect of viscosity on miracidial and cercarial speed. Reynolds numbers, which describe the ratio of inertial to viscous forces exerted on an aquatic organism, were <1 across treatments. Q10 values were <2 when comparing viscosity treatments at 20°C and 30°C, further supporting the influence of viscosity on miracidial and cercarial speed. Given that both larval stages have limited energy reserves and infection takes considerable energy, successful transmission depends on both speed and lifespan. We coupled our speed data with mortality measurements across temperatures and discovered that the theoretical maximum distance travelled increased with temperature and decreased with viscosity for both larval stages. Thus, our results suggest that S. mansoni transmission is high during warm times of the year, partly due to improved swimming performance of the free-living larval stages, and that increases in temperature variation associated with climate change might further increase transmission.}, }
@article {pmid31989130, year = {2020}, author = {Fauzi, FB and Ismail, E and Syed Abu Bakar, SN and Ismail, AF and Mohamed, MA and Md Din, MF and Illias, S and Ani, MH}, title = {The role of gas-phase dynamics in interfacial phenomena during few-layer graphene growth through atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition.}, journal = {Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/c9cp05346h}, pmid = {31989130}, issn = {1463-9084}, abstract = {The complicated chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is currently the most viable method of producing graphene. Most studies have extensively focused on chemical aspects either through experiments or computational studies. However, gas-phase dynamics in CVD reportedly plays an important role in improving graphene quality. Given that mass transport is the rate-limiting step for graphene deposition in atmospheric-pressure CVD (APCVD), the interfacial phenomena at the gas-solid interface (i.e., the boundary layer) are a crucial controlling factor. Accordingly, only by understanding and controlling the boundary-layer thickness can uniform full-coverage graphene deposition be achieved. In this study, a simplified computational fluid dynamics analysis of APCVD was performed to investigate gas-phase dynamics during deposition. Boundary-layer thickness was also estimated through the development of a customised homogeneous gas model. Interfacial phenomena, particularly the boundary layer and mass transport within it, were studied. The effects of Reynolds number on these factors were explored and compared with experimentally obtained results of the characterised graphene deposit. We then discussed and elucidated the important relation of fluid dynamics to graphene growth through APCVD.}, }
@article {pmid31982669, year = {2020}, author = {Asghar, Z and Ali, N and Javid, K and Waqas, M and Dogonchi, AS and Khan, WA}, title = {Bio-inspired propulsion of micro-swimmers within a passive cervix filled with couple stress mucus.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {189}, number = {}, pages = {105313}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105313}, pmid = {31982669}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The swimming mechanism of self-propelling organisms has been imitated by biomedical engineers to design the mechanical micro bots. The interaction of these swimmers with surrounding environment is another important aspect. The present swimming problem integrates Taylor sheet model with couple stress fluid model. The thin passage containing micro-swimmers and mucus is approximated as a rigid (passive) two-dimensional channel. The spermatozoa forms a pack quite similar as a complex wavy sheet.<br><br>METHODS: Swimming problem with couple stress cervical liquid (at low Reynolds number) leads to a linear sixth order differential equation. The boundary value problem (BVP) is solved analytically with two unknowns i.e. speed of complex wavy sheet and flow rate of couple stress mucus. After utilizing this solution into equilibrium conditions these unknowns can be computed via Newton-Raphson algorithm. Furthermore, the pairs of numerically calculated organism speed and flow rate are utilized in the expression of power dissipation.<br><br>RESULTS: This work describes that the speed of micro-swimmers can be enhanced by suitable rheology of the surrounding liquid. The usage of couple stress fluid as compared to Newtonian fluid enhances the energy dissipation and reduces the flow rate. On the other hand complex wavy surface also aids the organisms to swim faster.}, }
@article {pmid31978919, year = {2020}, author = {Zhu, Y and Yang, G and Zhuang, C and Li, C and Hu, D}, title = {Oral cavity flow distribution and pressure drop in balaenid whales feeding: A theoretical analysis.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/ab6fb8}, pmid = {31978919}, issn = {1748-3190}, abstract = {Balaenid whales, as continuous ram filter feeders, can efficiently separate prey from water by baleen. The feeding process of balaenid whales is extremely complex, in which the flow distribution and pressure drop in the oral cavity play a significant role. In this paper, a theoretical model coupled with oral cavity velocity and pressure in balaenid whales is established based on mass conservation, momentum conservation and pressure drop equations, considering both the inertial and the friction terms. A discrete method with section-by-section calculation is adopted to solve the theoretical model. The effects of four crucial parameters, i.e., the ratio of filtration area to inlet area (S), the Reynolds number of entrance (Rein), the ratio of thickness to permeability of the porous media formed by the fringe layer (φ) and the width ratio of the anteroposterior canal within the mouth along the tongue (APT channel) to that along the lip (APL channel) (H) are discussed. The results show that, for a give case, the flow distribution and the pressure drop both show increasing trends with the flow direction. For different cases, whenSis small,Reinis small andφis large, a good flow pattern emerges with a smoother flow speed near the oropharynx, better drainage, better shunting and filtration, and higher energy efficiency. However, for smaller values ofH, some energy efficiency is sacrificed to achieve additional average transverse flow in order to produce better shunting and filtration. The research in this paper provides a reference for the design of high-efficiency bionic filters.}, }
@article {pmid31978870, year = {2020}, author = {Afrouzi, HH and Ahmadian, M and Hosseini, M and Arasteh, H and Toghraie, D and Rostami, S}, title = {Simulation of blood flow in arteries with aneurysm: Lattice Boltzmann Approach (LBM).}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {187}, number = {}, pages = {105312}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105312}, pmid = {31978870}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In most countries, the higher death rates are due to cardiovascular disease and stroke. These problems often derive from irregular blood flow and the circulatory system disorder.<br><br>METHODS: In this paper, the blood flow is simulated in a created aneurysm in the artery upon using Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). Blood is selected as a non-Newtonian fluid which was simulated with power-law model. The lattice Boltzmann results for non-Newtonian fluid flow with power-law model and the curved boundary are compared and validated with previous studies which show a good agreement. In this study, simulations are carried out for two types of aneurysms. For the first aneurysm, three power-law exponents of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 at Reynolds number of 100 for three different cases are investigated.<br><br>RESULTS: The results show that the wall shear stress increases with increasing the power-law exponent. In addition, in the main duct of artery where the velocity is larger, shear stress is lower due to the smaller velocity gradient. For the second Aneurysm, the simulations are done for three Reynolds numbers of 100, 150 and 200, and three Womersley numbers of 4, 12 and 20. The blood flow is pulsating at the inlet such as the real pulsating wave in the blood. Results show that with increasing the Womersley number, the velocity profiles in the middle of the aneurysm are closer at a constant Reynolds number.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: With increasing the Reynolds number, the range of vortices and values of velocity and tension grow in the aneurysm.}, }
@article {pmid31975701, year = {2020}, author = {Porté-Agel, F and Bastankhah, M and Shamsoddin, S}, title = {Wind-Turbine and Wind-Farm Flows: A Review.}, journal = {Boundary-layer meteorology}, volume = {174}, number = {1}, pages = {1-59}, doi = {10.1007/s10546-019-00473-0}, pmid = {31975701}, issn = {0006-8314}, abstract = {Wind energy, together with other renewable energy sources, are expected to grow substantially in the coming decades and play a key role in mitigating climate change and achieving energy sustainability. One of the main challenges in optimizing the design, operation, control, and grid integration of wind farms is the prediction of their performance, owing to the complex multiscale two-way interactions between wind farms and the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). From a fluid mechanical perspective, these interactions are complicated by the high Reynolds number of the ABL flow, its inherent unsteadiness due to the diurnal cycle and synoptic-forcing variability, the ubiquitous nature of thermal effects, and the heterogeneity of the terrain. Particularly important is the effect of ABL turbulence on wind-turbine wake flows and their superposition, as they are responsible for considerable turbine power losses and fatigue loads in wind farms. These flow interactions affect, in turn, the structure of the ABL and the turbulent fluxes of momentum and scalars. This review summarizes recent experimental, computational, and theoretical research efforts that have contributed to improving our understanding and ability to predict the interactions of ABL flow with wind turbines and wind farms.}, }
@article {pmid31962497, year = {2019}, author = {Kaminsky, J and Klewicki, J and Birnir, B}, title = {Application of the stochastic closure theory to the Townsend-Perry constants.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {100}, number = {6-1}, pages = {061101}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.100.061101}, pmid = {31962497}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We compare the stochastic closure theory (SCT) to the Townsend-Perry constants as estimated from measurements in the Flow Physic Facility (FPF) at the University of New Hampshire. First, we explain the derivation of the Townsend-Perry constants, which were originally formulated by Meneveau and Marusic, in analogy with a Gaussian distribution. However, this was not supported by the data. Instead, the data show a sub-Gaussian relation that was explained by Birnir and Chen. We show herein how the SCT can be used to compute the constants, which explains their sub-Gaussian relations. We then compare the SCT theory predictions, including Reynolds-number-dependent corrections, with the data, showing good agreement.}, }
@article {pmid31962492, year = {2019}, author = {Jin, Y and Cheng, S and Chamorro, LP}, title = {Active pitching of short splitters past a cylinder: Drag increase and wake.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {100}, number = {6-1}, pages = {063106}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.100.063106}, pmid = {31962492}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The flow and drag induced by active pitching of plates in the wake of a cylinder of diameter d were experimentally studied for various plate lengths L as well as pitching frequencies f_{p} and amplitudes A_{0} at Reynolds number Re=1.6×10^{4}. Planar particle image velocimetry and a load cell were used to characterize the flow statistics and mean drag of a variety of cylinder-splitter assemblies. Results show the distinctive effect of active pitching on these quantities. In particular, flow recovery was significantly modulated by L, f_{p}, or A_{0}. Specific pitching settings resulted in a wake with dominant meandering patterns and faster flow recovery. We defined a modified version of the amplitude-based Strouhal number of the system St_{A} to account for the effect of the cylinder in active pitching. It characterizes the drag coefficient C_{d} across all the cases studied, and reveals two regions intersecting at a critical value of St_{A}≈0.035. Below this value, the C_{d} remained nearly constant; however, it exhibited a linear increase with increasing St_{A} past this critical point. Inspection of the integral momentum equation showed the dominant role of velocity fluctuations in modulating C_{d} past the critical St_{A}.}, }
@article {pmid31955110, year = {2020}, author = {Rajwa-Kuligiewicz, A and Radecki-Pawlik, A and Skalski, T and Plesiński, K and Rowiński, PM and Manson, JR}, title = {Hydromorphologically-driven variability of thermal and oxygen conditions at the block ramp hydraulic structure: The Porębianka River, Polish Carpathians.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {713}, number = {}, pages = {136661}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136661}, pmid = {31955110}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Growing anthropopressure in mountain streams aimed at limiting erosion and flood protection often caused adverse effects on the natural environment. In recent years, great attention has been paid to the restoration and conservation of natural habitats in mountain streams using environmentally friendly solutions such as the Block Ramp (BR) Hydraulic Structures. In this study we investigated the factors responsible for spatial variability in thermal and oxygen conditions at the single BR structure in the growing season, and the relation between water temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. This has been done by measurements of hydraulic characteristics along with physicochemical properties of water, such as water temperature and DO concentration, at two different discharges. The redundancy analysis has been applied in order to describe the relationships among hydraulic parameters and physicochemical variables, and extract potential sources of water temperature and DO variability within the BR hydraulic structure. Results have shown that DO and water temperature distributions within the BR hydraulic structure depend on discharge conditions and are associated with the submergence of the block ramp. The highest heterogeneity in hydraulic, DO and water temperature conditions occurs at low flow and is associated with the presence of crevices between protruding cobbles at the block ramp. The lowest variability, in turn, occurs at high discharge, when the block ramp is completely submerged. The results indicated that thermal and oxygen conditions within the BR hydraulic structure are independent of hydraulic parameters at low flow. Moreover, the relation between DO concentration and water temperature is positive at low flow indicating potential impact of biological processes. On the contrary, at high discharge both, the DO concentrations and water temperature within the BR structure, depend on bed shear velocity and maximum Reynolds number.}, }
@article {pmid31948589, year = {2020}, author = {Haghighinia, A and Movahedirad, S}, title = {Mass transfer in a novel passive micro-mixer: Flow tortuosity effects.}, journal = {Analytica chimica acta}, volume = {1098}, number = {}, pages = {75-85}, doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.028}, pmid = {31948589}, issn = {1873-4324}, abstract = {Hydroynamic fluid tortuosity is a parameter to describe the fluid streamlines average elongation. The motivation of the present study is introducing a new concept for theoretical predictions of dynamic tortuosity effects on mass transfer in a novel three-dimensional passive T-shape micro-mixer both experimentally and by numerical simulation. In the numerical analysis, continuity, motion, and diffusion-convection equations were solved, and the amount of mass transfer and the fluid tortuosity was calculated for different rectangular winglet angles. The Reynolds number is considered in the range of 0.1-93. The results show that when the angle of winglet tends to 22.5°, the fluid tortuosity, lateral velocity, and fluid mass transfer tend to maximum values. Furthermore, the effect of fluid tortuosity on the fluid stretching as a theory of chaotic mixing is investigated.}, }
@article {pmid31947897, year = {2020}, author = {Rhoades, T and Kothapalli, CR and Fodor, PS}, title = {Mixing Optimization in Grooved Serpentine Microchannels.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi11010061}, pmid = {31947897}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {Undergraduate Summer Research Award 2019 and Graduate Faculty Research Award 2019//Cleveland State University/ ; }, abstract = {Computational fluid dynamics modeling at Reynolds numbers ranging from 10 to 100 was used to characterize the performance of a new type of micromixer employing a serpentine channel with a grooved surface. The new topology exploits the overlap between the typical Dean flows present in curved channels due to the centrifugal forces experienced by the fluids, and the helical flows induced by slanted groove-ridge patterns with respect to the direction of the flow. The resulting flows are complex, with multiple vortices and saddle points, leading to enhanced mixing across the section of the channel. The optimization of the mixers with respect to the inner radius of curvature (Rin) of the serpentine channel identifies the designs in which the mixing index quality is both high (M > 0.95) and independent of the Reynolds number across all the values investigated.}, }
@article {pmid31947174, year = {2019}, author = {Oktamuliani, S and Hasegawa, K and Saijo, Y}, title = {Left Ventricular Vortices in Myocardial Infarction Observed with Echodynamography.}, journal = {Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference}, volume = {2019}, number = {}, pages = {5816-5819}, doi = {10.1109/EMBC.2019.8856394}, pmid = {31947174}, issn = {1557-170X}, abstract = {Echodynamography (EDG) is a computational method to deduce two-dimensional (2D) blood flow vector from conventional color Doppler ultrasound image by considering that the blood flow is divided into vortex and base flow components. Left ventricular (LV) vortices indicate cardiac flow status influenced by LV wall motion. Thus, quantitative assessment of LV vortices may become new and sensitive parameters for cardiac function. In the present study, quantitative parameters of LV vortices such as vortex index, vortex size, and Reynolds number were calculated and relation between each parameter was assessed. Six healthy volunteers and three patients with myocardial infarction (MI) who underwent color Doppler echocardiography (CDE) were involved in the study. Serial CDE images in apical three-chamber view were recorded and 2D blood flow vector was superimposed on the CDE image. Vortex index, vortex size, and Reynolds number were compared between the normal volunteers and the MI patients. The results showed that vortex index (3.09±2.06 vs. 3.34±2.33, p<; 0.05), vortex size (1.76 0.69 vs. 2.01 ±0.68, p<; 0.05), Reynolds number (1020±603 vs.±1312 1046, p<; ±0.05) were significantly greater in the MI patients than in the healthy volunteers. Vortex equivalent diameter in LV showed significant positive correlation with Reynolds number (R2 = 0.799, y = 0.001x + 0.7098, p <; 0.05) in healthy volunteers and (R2 = 0.6404, y = 0.0005x+1.3185, p<; 0.05) in MI patients. Vortex index showed positive correlation with Reynolds number (R2 = 0.9351, y = 0.002x+0.1397, p<; 0.05) in healthy volunteers and (R2 = 0.758, y = 0.0019x+0.7957, p<; 0.05) in MI patients. In conclusion, EDG provides information on LV hemodynamics by quantitative LV vortices parameters both in healthy volunteers and MI patients.}, }
@article {pmid31946085, year = {2019}, author = {Hamad, EM and Sawalmeh, B and Mhawsh, AA and Mansour, M and Awad, M and Al-Halhouli, AT and Al-Gharabli, SI}, title = {Investigation of Bifurcation Effect on Various Microfluidic Designs for Blood Separation.}, journal = {Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference}, volume = {2019}, number = {}, pages = {1097-1100}, doi = {10.1109/EMBC.2019.8856380}, pmid = {31946085}, issn = {1557-170X}, abstract = {In this project, a microfluidic device for blood separation will be designed and tested in order to separate plasma from whole blood for diagnostic purposes. The design will be based on previously implemented designs that will be further discussed in the next sections. When designing microfluidic devices, it is essential to consider the different physical phenomena that arise from switching from the macro scale to the micro scale. Parameters such as the Reynolds number and the forces affecting the fluid must be studied in order to produce a suitable and effective design. Finite element methods have been implemented prior to the production of the microfluidic devices. Various geometries/designs have been tested using Fluent ANSYS software. Later on, the successful design was fabricated using micromachining on an acrylic substrate and was tested using simulated blood through of a syringe pump.}, }
@article {pmid31942792, year = {2020}, author = {Martínez-Merino, P and Midgley, S and Martín, EI and Estellé, P and Alcántara, R and Sánchez-Coronilla, A and Grau-Crespo, R and Navas, J}, title = {Novel WS2-based nanofluids for concentrating solar power: performance characterization and molecular-level insights.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.9b18868}, pmid = {31942792}, issn = {1944-8252}, abstract = {Nano-colloidal suspensions of nanomaterials in a fluid, nanofluids, are appealing because of their interesting properties related to heat transfer processes. Whilst nanomaterials based on transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) have been widely studied in catalysis, sensing, and energy storage applications, there are few studies of nanofluids based on TMCs for heat transfer applications. In this study, the preparation and analysis of nanofluids based on 2D-WS2 in a typical heat transfer fluid (HTF) used in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants is reported. Nanofluids prepared using a exfoliation process exhibited well-defined nanosheets and were highly stable. The nanofluids were characterized in terms of properties related to their application in CSP. The presence of WS2 nanosheets did not modify significantly the surface tension, the viscosity, or the isobaric specific heat, but the thermal conductivity was improved by up to 30%. The Ur factor, which characterizes the thermal efficiency of the fluid in the solar collector, shows an enhancement of up to 22% in the nanofluid, demonstrating great promise for CSP applications. The Reynolds number and friction factor of the fluid were not significantly modified by the addition of the nanomaterial to the HTF, which is also positive for practical applications in CSP plants. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of the nanoparticle/fluid interface showed an irreversible dissociative adsorption of diphenyl oxide molecules on the WS2 edge, with very low kinetic barrier. The resulting 'decoration' of the WS2 edge dramatically affects the nature of the interface interactions and is therefore expected to affect significantly the rheological and transport properties of the nanofluids.}, }
@article {pmid31938721, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, T and Moreau, D and Geyer, T and Fischer, J and Doolan, C}, title = {Dataset on tip vortex formation noise produced by wall-mounted finite airfoils with flat and rounded tip geometries.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {28}, number = {}, pages = {105058}, doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2019.105058}, pmid = {31938721}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {The vortex generated at the tip of an airfoil such as an aircraft wing, wind turbine blade, submarine fin or propeller blade can dominate its wake and be a significant source of unwanted noise. The data collection presented in this paper consists of measurements of tip vortex formation noise produced by finite length airfoils with flat and rounded tips. These data were obtained using the specialist aeroacoustic test facilities at the Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) in Cottbus, Germany and a 47-channel planar microphone array. Over 1200 unique test cases with variations in airfoil profile shape, tip geometry, angle of attack and Reynolds number were measured during the experimental campaign. The dataset contains one-third-octave band tip noise spectra that have been processed using Acoular, a Python module for acoustic beamforming.}, }
@article {pmid31935152, year = {2020}, author = {Salazar-Magallón, JA and Huerta de la Peña, A}, title = {Production of antifungal saponins in an airlift bioreactor with a cell line transformed from Solanum chrysotrichum and its activity against strawberry phytopathogens.}, journal = {Preparative biochemistry &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1080/10826068.2019.1676781}, pmid = {31935152}, issn = {1532-2297}, abstract = {Biotechnology through plant cell cultures in bioreactors is a tool that allows increasing the production of secondary metabolites of commercial interest. The hydrodynamic characterization, in addition to the transfer (OTR) and uptake (OUR) of oxygen through the dynamic method with different aeration rate, were used to see their influence on the production of biomass and saponins. The culture poisoning technique was used to determine the antifungal activity of the SC-2 and SC-3 saponins in vitro. Likewise, the shear or hydrodynamic stress of 273.6 mN/m2 were calculated based on the Reynolds Number. The oxygen supply (OTR) was always greater than the demand (OUR) for all the aeration rate evaluated. Dry weight values of 8.6 gDW/L and a concentration of 2.7 mg/L and 187.3 mg/L of the saponins SC-2 and SC-3 respectively were obtained with an air flow of 0.1 vvm. In addition, it was possible to inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi in vitro by up to 93%, while in vivo it was possible to reduce the infections of strawberry seeds inoculated with phytopathogens, obtaining up to 94% of germinated seeds. This information will facilitate the rational operation of the bioreactor culture system that produces secondary metabolites.}, }
@article {pmid31933715, year = {2020}, author = {Hu, X and Lin, J and Chen, D and Ku, X}, title = {Influence of non-Newtonian power law rheology on inertial migration of particles in channel flow.}, journal = {Biomicrofluidics}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {014105}, pmid = {31933715}, issn = {1932-1058}, abstract = {In this paper, the inertial migration of particles in the channel flow of power-law fluid is numerically investigated. The effects of the power-law index (n), Reynolds number (Re), blockage ratio (k), and channel aspect ratio (AR) on the inertial migration of particles and equilibrium position are explored. The results show that there exist two stages of particle migration and four stable equilibrium positions for particles in the cross section of a square channel. The particle equilibrium positions in a rectangular channel are much different from those in a square channel. In shear-thinning fluids, the long channel face equilibrium position and two kinds of particle trajectories are found at low Re. With increasing Re, the short channel face equilibrium position turns to be stable, multiequilibrium positions, and three kinds of particle trajectories along the long wall start to form. Only two stable equilibrium positions exist in shear-thickening fluids. The equilibrium positions are getting closer to the channel centerline with increasing n and k and with decreasing Re. The inertial focusing length L2 in the second stage of particle migration is much longer than inertial focusing length L1 in the first stage. In the square channel, L2 is decreased with increasing Re and k and with decreasing n. In the rectangular channel, L2 is the shortest in the shear-thinning fluid.}, }
@article {pmid31931378, year = {2020}, author = {Feng, Y and Wang, Q and Duan, JL and Li, XY and Ma, JY and Wu, L and Han, Y and Liu, XY and Zhang, YB and Yuan, XZ}, title = {Attachment and adhesion force between biogas bubbles and anaerobic granular sludge in the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {171}, number = {}, pages = {115458}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2019.115458}, pmid = {31931378}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {The performance of the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) is significantly governed by the hydrodynamics of the reactor. Though the influence of hydrodynamics on mass transfer, granular size distribution, and biogas production was well studied, the interaction between biogas bubbles and anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) is poorly understood. This study used the impinging-jet technique and bubble probe atomic force microscope (AFM) to investigate the attachment and adhesion force between biogas bubbles (CH4 and CO2) and AGS. The fluxes of normalized CH4 or CO2 bubble-attachment on two kinds of AGS were directly affected by gas velocity and decreased with an increase in the Reynolds number ranged from 40 to 140. The bubble-attachment had a positive linear relationship with the contact angles, ratio of exopolymeric protein and polysaccharide, and hydrophilic functional groups of AGS. A bubble probe AFM was used to explore the adhesion force between a single bubble and AGS. The results indicated that the adhesion force between the bubbles and the two kinds of AGS also decreased with increasing approach velocity. Overall, these results contribute to a new insight into the understanding of interaction between biogas bubbles and AGS in UASB reactors.}, }
@article {pmid31923819, year = {2019}, author = {Muhammad, R and Khan, MI and Jameel, M and Khan, NB}, title = {Fully developed Darcy-Forchheimer mixed convective flow over a curved surface with activation energy and entropy generation.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {188}, number = {}, pages = {105298}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105298}, pmid = {31923819}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mixed convection (forced+natural convection) is frequently observed in exceptionally high output devices where the forced convection isn't sufficient to dissipate all of the heat essential. At this point, consolidating natural convection with forced convection will frequently convey the ideal outcomes. Nuclear reactor technology and a few features of electronic cooling are the examples of these processes. Mixed convection problems are categorized by Richardson number (Ri), which is the ratio of Grashof number (for natural convection) and Reynolds number (for forced convection). For buoyancy or mixed convection the relative effect can be addressed by Richardson number. Typically, the natural convection is negligible when Richardson number is less than 0.1 (Ri < 0.1), forced convection is negligible when Richardson number is greater than 10 (Ri > 10) and neither is negligible when (0.1 < Ri < 10). It might be noticed that generally the forced convection is large comparative with natural convection except in case of remarkably low forced flow velocities. The current work gives significant insights regarding dissipative mixed convective Darcy-Forchheimer flow with entropy generation over a stretched curved surface. The energy equation is developed with respect to nonlinear radiation, dissipation and Ohmic heating (Joule heating). Binary reaction via activation energy is accounted.<br><br>METHOD: Curvilinear transformations are utilized to change the nonlinear PDE's into ordinary ones. Computational outcomes are obtained via NDSolve MATHEMATICA. The results are computed and discussed graphically.<br><br>RESULTS: Velocity decays for Forchheimer number. Entropy generation enhances for diffusion parameter and chemical reaction parameter. Concentration profile reduces chemical reaction parameter and enhances for activation parameter.}, }
@article {pmid31923536, year = {2020}, author = {Rane, YS and Marston, JO}, title = {Computational study of fluid flow in tapered orifices for needle-free injectors.}, journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society}, volume = {319}, number = {}, pages = {382-396}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.013}, pmid = {31923536}, issn = {1873-4995}, abstract = {Transdermal drug delivery using spring-powered jet injection has been studied for several decades and continues to be highly sought after due to the advent of targeted needle-free techniques, especially for viscous and complex fluids. As such, this paper reports results from numerical simulations to study the role of fluid rheology and cartridge geometry on characteristics such as jet exit velocity, total pressure drop and boundary layer thickness, since these all factor in to jet stability and collimation. The numerical approach involves incompressible steady flow with turbulence modelling based on the system Reynolds number at the orifice (Re = ρdovj/μ). The results are experimentally validated for a given geometry over a wide range of Reynolds numbers (101 < Re < 104), and our results indicate a sharp decrease in dimensionless pressure drop (Eu = 2∆P/ρvj2) for Re < 102) and gradually approaching the inviscid limit at Re ≥ 104. By extending the study to non-Newtonian fluids, whose rheological profile is approximated by the Carreau model, we also elucidated the effect of different rheological parameters. Lastly by studying a range of nozzle geometries such as conical, sigmoid taper and multi-tier tapers, we observe that fluid acceleration suppresses the boundary layer growth, which indicates there may be optimal geometries for creating jets to target specific tissue depths.}, }
@article {pmid31907556, year = {2020}, author = {Pan, X and Tang, L and Feng, J and Liang, R and Pu, X and Li, R and Li, K}, title = {Experimental Research on the Degradation Coefficient of Ammonia Nitrogen Under Different Hydrodynamic Conditions.}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00128-019-02781-0}, pmid = {31907556}, issn = {1432-0800}, support = {2019YFS0505//Major Project for Specialized Science and Technology Fund of Sichuan Province/ ; 2018SZDZX0027//Major Project of Specialized Science and Technology Fund of Sichuan Province/ ; }, abstract = {Degradation coefficients for pollutants in water are important parameters that are significantly influenced by environmental conditions. In controlled experiments, the processes and trends of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) degradation in raw waters were studied under different flow conditions using a laboratory annular flume. Analysis of the observed change in NH3-N concentration with time under various flow conditions allowed calculation of a degradation efficiency (concentration change amount/initial concentration) which for NH3-N increased as the flow velocity increased. According to a first-order kinetic equation to fit the experimental data, the range of variation of the degradation coefficient of NH3-N at different flowrates was between 0.047 per day (0.01 m/s) and 0.203 per day (0.30 m/s). Dimensional analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the degradation coefficient and flow velocity (v), water depth (H), Froude number (Fr), and Reynolds number (Re), which was verified through field data collected in the Chishui River.}, }
@article {pmid31905597, year = {2019}, author = {Sobecki, C and Zhang, J and Wang, C}, title = {Numerical Study of Paramagnetic Elliptical Microparticles in Curved Channels and Uniform Magnetic Fields.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi11010037}, pmid = {31905597}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {We numerically investigated the dynamics of a paramagnetic elliptical particle immersed in a low Reynolds number Poiseuille flow in a curved channel and under a uniform magnetic field by direct numerical simulation. A finite element method, based on an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach, analyzed how the channel geometry, the strength and direction of the magnetic field, and the particle shape affected the rotation and radial migration of the particle. The net radial migration of the particle was analyzed after executing a π rotation and at the exit of the curved channel with and without a magnetic field. In the absence of a magnetic field, the rotation is symmetric, but the particle-wall distance remains the same. When a magnetic field is applied, the rotation of symmetry is broken, and the particle-wall distance increases as the magnetic field strength increases. The causation of the radial migration is due to the magnetic angular velocity caused by the magnetic torque that constantly changes directions during particle transportation. This research provides a method of magnetically manipulating non-spherical particles on lab-on-a-chip devices for industrial and biological applications.}, }
@article {pmid31893769, year = {2019}, author = {Bahrami, A and Hoseinzadeh, S and Heyns, PS and Mirhosseini, SM}, title = {Experimental investigation of co-flow jet's airfoil flow control by hot wire anemometer.}, journal = {The Review of scientific instruments}, volume = {90}, number = {12}, pages = {125107}, doi = {10.1063/1.5113592}, pmid = {31893769}, issn = {1089-7623}, abstract = {An experimental flow control technique is given in this paper to study the jet effect on the coflow jet's airfoil with injection and suction and compared with the jet-off condition. The airfoil is CFJ0025-065-196, and the Reynolds number based on the airfoil's chord length is 105. To measure the turbulence components of flow, a hot wire anemometry apparatus in a wind tunnel has been used. In this paper, the effect of the average velocity and boundary layer thickness on the coflow jet's airfoil is analyzed. The test is done for two different coflow velocities and for different angles of attack. It is also shown that, by increasing the velocity difference between the jet and the main flow, separation is delayed, and this delay can be preserved by raising coflow velocity at higher angles of attack. So, this flow control method has a good efficiency, and it is possible to reach higher numbers of lift and lower numbers of drag coefficients.}, }
@article {pmid31890822, year = {2020}, author = {Pendse, V and Mazumdar, B and Kumar, H}, title = {Formulation of experimental data based model for solid-liquid mass transfer enhancement in three phase fluidized bed using nanofluid.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {28}, number = {}, pages = {104990}, pmid = {31890822}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {This experimental data based model in three phase fluidized bed was designed to enhance the solid-liquid mass transfer. This data focuses on mass transfer enhancement using nanomaterial. In present investigation benzoic acid-water-air system was used as three phases ie solid, liquid and gas respectively with Arachitol nano as nanomaterial in different volume percent in three phase fluidized bed. Data from experiment were collected by varying gas velocity, bed height, nanomaterial percentage and time. After a convenient selection various correlation have been derived. The data presented here is the full set of experimental value and coefficients and exponents in correlation were estimated from nonlinear optimization technique in MATLAB.}, }
@article {pmid31882681, year = {2019}, author = {Krishnan, SR and Bal, J and Putnam, SA}, title = {A simple analytic model for predicting the wicking velocity in micropillar arrays.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {20074}, pmid = {31882681}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {N00014-15-1-2481//United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (ONR)/ ; 1653396//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; }, abstract = {Hemiwicking is the phenomena where a liquid wets a textured surface beyond its intrinsic wetting length due to capillary action and imbibition. In this work, we derive a simple analytical model for hemiwicking in micropillar arrays. The model is based on the combined effects of capillary action dictated by interfacial and intermolecular pressures gradients within the curved liquid meniscus and fluid drag from the pillars at ultra-low Reynolds numbers [Formula: see text]. Fluid drag is conceptualized via a critical Reynolds number: [Formula: see text], where v0 corresponds to the maximum wetting speed on a flat, dry surface and x0 is the extension length of the liquid meniscus that drives the bulk fluid toward the adsorbed thin-film region. The model is validated with wicking experiments on different hemiwicking surfaces in conjunction with v0 and x0 measurements using Water [Formula: see text], viscous FC-70 [Formula: see text] and lower viscosity Ethanol [Formula: see text].}, }
@article {pmid31881751, year = {2019}, author = {Li, H and Li, Y and Huang, B and Xu, T}, title = {Flow Characteristics of the Entrance Region with Roughness Effect within Rectangular Microchannels.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi11010030}, pmid = {31881751}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {We conducted systematic numerical investigations of the flow characteristics within the entrance region of rectangular microchannels. The effects of the geometrical aspect ratio and roughness on entrance lengths were analyzed. The incompressible laminar Navier-Stokes equations were solved using finite volume method (FVM). In the simulation, hydraulic diameters (Dh) ranging from 50 to 200 µm were studied, and aspect ratios of 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2 were considered as well. The working fluid was set as water, and the Reynolds number ranged from 0.5 to 100. The results showed a good agreement with the conducted experiment. Correlations are proposed to predict the entrance lengths of microchannels with respect to different aspect ratios. Compared with other correlations, these new correlations are more reliable because a more practical inlet condition was considered in our investigations. Instead of considering the influence of the width and height of the microchannels, in our investigation we proved that the critical role is played by the aspect ratio, representing the combination of the aforementioned parameters. Furthermore, the existence of rough elements obviously shortens the entrance region, and this effect became more pronounced with increasing relative roughness and Reynolds number. A similar effect could be seen by shortening the roughness spacing. An asymmetric distribution of rough elements decreased the entrance length compared with a symmetric distribution, which can be extrapolated to other irregularly distributed forms.}, }
@article {pmid31878263, year = {2019}, author = {Kang, DJ}, title = {Effects of Channel Wall Twisting on the Mixing in a T-Shaped Micro-Channel.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi11010026}, pmid = {31878263}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {2018//Yeungnam University/ ; }, abstract = {A new design scheme is proposed for twisting the walls of a microchannel, and its performance is demonstrated numerically. The numerical study was carried out for a T-shaped microchannel with twist angles in the range of 0 to 34π. The Reynolds number range was 0.15 to 6. The T-shaped microchannel consists of two inlet branches and an outlet branch. The mixing performance was analyzed in terms of the degree of mixing and relative mixing cost. All numerical results show that the twisting scheme is an effective way to enhance the mixing in a T-shaped microchannel. The mixing enhancement is realized by the swirling of two fluids in the cross section and is more prominent as the Reynolds number decreases. The twist angle was optimized to maximize the degree of mixing (DOM), which increases with the length of the outlet branch. The twist angle was also optimized in terms of the relative mixing cost (MC). The two optimum twisting angles are generally not coincident. The optimum twist angle shows a dependence on the length of the outlet branch but it is not affected much by the Reynolds number.}, }
@article {pmid31875772, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, L and Zhou, J and Zhang, B and Gong, W}, title = {Numerical investigation on the solid particle erosion in elbow with water-hydrate-solid flow.}, journal = {Science progress}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {36850419897245}, doi = {10.1177/0036850419897245}, pmid = {31875772}, issn = {2047-7163}, abstract = {Erosion in pipeline caused by solid particles, which may lead to premature failure of the pipe system, is regarded as one of the most important concerns in the field of oil and gas. Therefore, the Euler-Lagrange, erosion model, and discrete phase model are applied for the purpose of simulating the erosion of water-hydrate-solid flow in submarine hydrate transportation pipeline. In this article, the flow and erosion characteristics are well verified on the basis of experiments. Moreover, analysis is conducted to have a good understanding of the effects of hydrate volume, mean curvature radius/pipe diameter (R/D) rate, flow velocity, and particle diameter on elbow erosion. It is finally obtained that the hydrate volume directly affects the Reynolds number through viscosity and the trend of the Reynolds number is consistent with the trend of erosion rate. Taking into account different R/D rates, the same Stokes number reflects different dynamic transforms of the maximum erosion zone. However, the outmost wall (zone D) will be the final erosion zone when the value of the Stokes number increases to a certain degree. In addition, the erosion rate increases sharply along with the increase of flow velocity and particle diameter. The effect of flow velocity on the erosion zone can be ignored in comparison with the particle diameter. Moreover, it is observed that flow velocity is deemed as the most sensitive factor on erosion rate among these factors employed in the orthogonal experiment.}, }
@article {pmid31874992, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, X and Fan, D and Yu, X and Liu, Z and Sun, J}, title = {Effects of Simulated Gravel on Hydraulic Characteristics of Overland Flow Under Varying Flow Discharges, Slope Gradients and Gravel Coverage Degrees.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {19781}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-56223-2}, pmid = {31874992}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {To quantify the hydraulic characteristics of overland flow on gravel-covered slopes, eight flow discharges (Q) (8.44-122 L/min), five slope gradients (J) (2°-10°) and four gravel coverage degrees (Cr) (0-30%) were examined via a laboratory flume. The results showed that (1) gravel changed flow regime. Gravel increased the Reynolds number (Re) by 2.94-33.03%. Re were less affected by J and positively correlated with Cr and Q. Gravel decreased the Froude number (Fr) by 6.83-77.31%. Fr was positively correlated with Q and J and negatively correlated with Cr. (2) Gravel delayed the flow velocity (u) and increased the flow depth (h) and flow resistance (f). Gravel reduced u by 1.20-58.95%. u was positively correlated with Q and J and negatively correlated with Cr. Gravel increased h by 0.12-2.41 times. h was positively correlated with Q and Cr and negatively correlated with J. Gravel increased f by 0.15-18.42 times. f were less affected by J, positively correlated with Cr and negatively correlated with Q. (3) The relationships between hydraulic parameters and Q, J and Cr identified good power functions. Hydraulic parameters were mainly affected by Cr. These results can guide the ecological construction of soil and water conservation.}, }
@article {pmid31868425, year = {2019}, author = {Panickacheril John, J and Donzis, DA and Sreenivasan, KR}, title = {Solenoidal Scaling Laws for Compressible Mixing.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {123}, number = {22}, pages = {224501}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.224501}, pmid = {31868425}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {Mixing of passive scalars in compressible turbulence does not obey the same classical Reynolds number scaling as its incompressible counterpart. We first show from a large database of direct numerical simulations that even the solenoidal part of the velocity field fails to follow the classical incompressible scaling when the forcing includes a substantial dilatational component. Though the dilatational effects on the flow remain significant, our main results are that both the solenoidal energy spectrum and the passive scalar spectrum assume incompressible forms, and that the scalar gradient essentially aligns with the most compressive eigenvalue of the solenoidal part, provided that only the solenoidal components are consistently used for scaling. A slight refinement of this statement is also pointed out.}, }
@article {pmid31862924, year = {2019}, author = {Nath, R and Krishnan, M}, title = {Optimization of double diffusive mixed convection in a BFS channel filled with Alumina nanoparticle using Taguchi method and utility concept.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {19536}, pmid = {31862924}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {This research work focuses on the implementation of Taguchi method and utility concept for optimization of flow, geometrical and thermo-physical parameters for mixed convective heat and mass transfer in a backward facing step (BFS) channel filled with Alumina nanoparticle doped in water-ethylene glycol mixture. Mass, momentum, energy and solutal conservation equations for the flow field are cast in velocity-vorticity form of Navier-Stokes equations, which are solved using Galerkin's weighted residual finite element method through isoparametric formulation. The following six parameters, expansion ratio of the BFS channel (H/h), Reynolds number (Re), buoyancy ratio (N), nanoparticle volume fraction (χ), shape of nanoparticles and thermal Grashof number (GrT) at three levels are considered as controlling parameters for optimization using Taguchi method. An L27 orthogonal array has been chosen to get the levels of the six parameters for the 27 trial runs. Simulation results were obtained for 27 trial runs from which three different sets of optimum levels of the control parameters were obtained for maximum Nu and Sh and minimum wall shear stress during double diffusive mixed convection in the channel. Then, in order to obtain a single set of optimum levels of the control parameters to achieve maximum heat and mass transfer and minimum wall shear stress concurrently, utility concept has been implemented. Taguchi results indicate that expansion ratio and volume fraction of nanoparticles are the significant contributing parameters to achieve maximum heat and mass transfer and minimum wall shear stress. Utility concept predicts the average Nusselt number less by 2% and Sherwood number less by 3% compared to the Taguchi method with equal weightage of 40% assumed for Nusselt and Sherwood numbers and 20% for wall shear stress.}, }
@article {pmid31861736, year = {2019}, author = {Maklad, O and Eliasy, A and Chen, KJ and Theofilis, V and Elsheikh, A}, title = {Simulation of Air Puff Tonometry Test Using Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) Deforming Mesh for Corneal Material Characterisation.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph17010054}, pmid = {31861736}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {: Purpose: To improve numerical simulation of the non-contact tonometry test by using arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian deforming mesh in the coupling between computational fluid dynamics model of an air jet and finite element model of the human eye.<br><br>METHODS: Computational fluid dynamics model simulated impingement of the air puff and employed Spallart-Allmaras model to capture turbulence of the air jet. The time span of the jet was 30 ms and maximum Reynolds number was Re=2.3×104, with jet orifice diameter 2.4 mm and impinging distance 11 mm. The model of the human eye was analysed using finite element method with regional hyperelastic material variation and corneal patient-specific topography starting from stress-free configuration. The cornea was free to deform as a response to the air puff using an adaptive deforming mesh at every time step of the solution. Aqueous and vitreous humours were simulated as a fluid cavity filled with incompressible fluid with a density of 1000 kg/m3.<br><br>RESULTS: Using the adaptive deforming mesh in numerical simulation of the air puff test improved the traditional understanding of how pressure distribution on cornea changes with time of the test. There was a mean decrease in maximum pressure (at corneal apex) of 6.29 ± 2.2% and a development of negative pressure on a peripheral corneal region 2-4 mm away from cornea centre.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The study presented an improvement of numerical simulation of the air puff test, which will lead to more accurate intraocular pressure (IOP) and corneal material behaviour estimation. The parametric study showed that pressure of the air puff is different from one model to another, value-wise and distribution-wise, based on cornea biomechanical parameters.}, }
@article {pmid31847758, year = {2019}, author = {Sum Wu, K and Nowak, J and Breuer, KS}, title = {Scaling of the performance of insect-inspired passive-pitching flapping wings.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {16}, number = {161}, pages = {20190609}, pmid = {31847758}, issn = {1742-5662}, abstract = {Flapping flight using passive pitch regulation is a commonly used mode of thrust and lift generation in insects and has been widely emulated in flying vehicles because it allows for simple implementation of the complex kinematics associated with flapping wing systems. Although robotic flight employing passive pitching to regulate angle of attack has been previously demonstrated, there does not exist a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of this mode of aerodynamic force generation, nor a method to accurately predict its performance over a range of relevant scales. Here, we present such scaling laws, incorporating aerodynamic, inertial and structural elements of the flapping-wing system, validating the theoretical considerations using a mechanical model which is tested for a linear elastic hinge and near-sinusoidal stroke kinematics over a range of scales, hinge stiffnesses and flapping frequencies. We find that suitably defined dimensionless parameters, including the Reynolds number, Re, the Cauchy number, Ch, and a newly defined 'inertial-elastic' number, IE, can reliably predict the kinematic and aerodynamic performance of the system. Our results also reveal a consistent dependency of pitching kinematics on these dimensionless parameters, providing a connection between lift coefficient and kinematic features such as angle of attack and wing rotation.}, }
@article {pmid31835453, year = {2019}, author = {Tan, L and Ali, J and Cheang, UK and Shi, X and Kim, D and Kim, MJ}, title = {µ-PIV Measurements of Flows Generated by Photolithography-Fabricated Achiral Microswimmers.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi10120865}, pmid = {31835453}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {JCYJ20180302174151692//Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality/ ; 51850410516//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 20181119590C//Shenzhen Peacock Plan/ ; 2017KTSCX167//Department of Education of Guangdong Province/ ; 1735968//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Robotic micro/nanoswimmers can potentially be used as tools for medical applications, such as drug delivery and noninvasive surgery. Recently, achiral microswimmers have gained significant attention because of their simple structures, which enables high-throughput fabrication and size scalability. Here, microparticle image velocimetry (µ-PIV) was used to study the hydrodynamics of achiral microswimmers near a boundary. The structures of these microswimmers resemble the letter L and were fabricated using photolithography and thin-film deposition. Through µ-PIV measurements, the velocity flow fields of the microswimmers rotating at different frequencies were observed. The results herein yield an understanding of the hydrodynamics of the L-shaped microswimmers, which will be useful in applications such as fluidic manipulation.}, }
@article {pmid31824735, year = {2019}, author = {Ford, MP and Lai, HK and Samaee, M and Santhanakrishnan, A}, title = {Hydrodynamics of metachronal paddling: effects of varying Reynolds number and phase lag.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {191387}, pmid = {31824735}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Negatively buoyant freely swimming crustaceans such as krill must generate downward momentum in order to maintain their position in the water column. These animals use a drag-based propulsion strategy, where pairs of closely spaced swimming limbs are oscillated rhythmically from the tail to head. Each pair is oscillated with a phase delay relative to the neighbouring pair, resulting in a metachronal wave travelling in the direction of animal motion. It remains unclear how oscillations of limbs in the horizontal plane can generate vertical momentum. Using particle image velocimetry measurements on a robotic model, we observed that metachronal paddling with non-zero phase lag created geometries of adjacent paddles that promote the formation of counter-rotating vortices. The interaction of these vortices resulted in generating large-scale angled downward jets. Increasing phase lag resulted in more vertical orientation of the jet, and phase lags in the range used by Antarctic krill produced the most total momentum. Synchronous paddling produced lower total momentum when compared with metachronal paddling. Lowering Reynolds number by an order of magnitude below the range of adult krill (250-1000) showed diminished downward propagation of the jet and lower vertical momentum. Our findings show that metachronal paddling is capable of producing flows that can generate both lift (vertical) and thrust (horizontal) forces needed for fast forward swimming and hovering.}, }
@article {pmid31824223, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, X and Christov, IC}, title = {Theory of the flow-induced deformation of shallow compliant microchannels with thick walls.}, journal = {Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {475}, number = {2231}, pages = {20190513}, pmid = {31824223}, issn = {1364-5021}, abstract = {Long, shallow microchannels embedded in thick, soft materials are widely used in microfluidic devices for lab-on-a-chip applications. However, the bulging effect caused by fluid-structure interactions between the internal viscous flow and the soft walls has not been completely understood. Previous models either contain a fitting parameter or are specialized to channels with plate-like walls. This work is a theoretical study of the steady-state response of a compliant microchannel with a thick wall. Using lubrication theory for low-Reynolds-number flows and the theory for linearly elastic isotropic solids, we obtain perturbative solutions for the flow and deformation. Specifically, only the channel's top wall deformation is considered, and the ratio between its thickness t and width w is assumed to be (t/w)2≫1. We show that the deformation at each stream-wise cross section can be considered independently, and that the top wall can be regarded as a simply supported rectangle subject to uniform pressure at its bottom. The stress and displacement fields are found using Fourier series, based on which the channel shape and the hydrodynamic resistance are calculated, yielding a new flow rate-pressure drop relation without fitting parameters. Our results agree favourably with, and thus rationalize, previous experiments.}, }
@article {pmid31816973, year = {2019}, author = {Raza, W and Kim, KY}, title = {Asymmetrical Split-and-Recombine Micromixer with Baffles.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi10120844}, pmid = {31816973}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {2019R1A2C1007657//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {The present work proposes a planar micromixer design comprising hybrid mixing modules of split-and-recombine units and curved channels with radial baffles. The mixing performance was evaluated numerically by solving the continuity and momentum equations along with the advection-diffusion equation in a Reynolds number range of 0.1-80. The variance of the concentration of the mixed species was considered to quantify the mixing index. The micromixer showed far better mixing performance over whole Reynolds number range than an earlier split-and-recombine micromixer. The mixer achieved mixing indices greater than 90% at Re ≥ 20 and a mixing index of 99.8% at Re = 80. The response of the mixing quality to the change of three geometrical parameters was also studied. A mixing index over 80% was achieved within 63% of the full length at Re = 20.}, }
@article {pmid31808773, year = {2020}, author = {Abay, A and Recktenwald, SM and John, T and Kaestner, L and Wagner, C}, title = {Cross-sectional focusing of red blood cells in a constricted microfluidic channel.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {534-543}, doi = {10.1039/c9sm01740b}, pmid = {31808773}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {Constrictions in blood vessels and microfluidic devices can dramatically change the spatial distribution of passing cells or particles and are commonly used in biomedical cell sorting applications. However, the three-dimensional nature of cell focusing in the channel cross-section remains poorly investigated. Here, we explore the cross-sectional distribution of living and rigid red blood cells passing a constricted microfluidic channel by tracking individual cells in multiple layers across the channel depth and across the channel width. While cells are homogeneously distributed in the channel cross-section pre-contraction, we observe a strong geometry-induced focusing towards the four channel faces post-contraction. The magnitude of this cross-sectional focusing effect increases with increasing Reynolds number for both living and rigid red blood cells. We discuss how this non-uniform cell distribution downstream of the contraction results in an apparent double-peaked velocity profile in particle image velocimetry analysis and show that trapping of red blood cells in the recirculation zones of the abrupt construction depends on cell deformability.}, }
@article {pmid31805484, year = {2019}, author = {Shah, Z and Khan, A and Khan, W and Kamran Alam, M and Islam, S and Kumam, P and Thounthong, P}, title = {Micropolar gold blood nanofluid flow and radiative heat transfer between permeable channels.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {186}, number = {}, pages = {105197}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105197}, pmid = {31805484}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {This article characterizes flow and heat transmission of blood that carries the micropolar nanofluid of gold in a permeable channel. The thermal radiations are also present in the channel while its walls are either moving or stationary. The base-fluid is considered as blood while micro polar nanofluid is taken as gold. By using similarity transformations along with dimensionless quantities the modeled equations of the problem are transmuted into a system of non-linear ODEs with a set of appropriate boundary conditions. The semi-analytical method, HAM is then applied to determine the solution of a set of resultant equations. The results obtained by HAM have also compared with numerical solutions. The influence of non-dimensional parameters like fractional parameter suction/injection β, Reynolds Number Re, Darcys Number Da, micropolar parameter K, Prandtl number Pr and Radiation parameter Rd etc., which provides physical interpretations of temperature, microrotation n and velocity fields are discussed in detail with the help of graphical representations. Nusselt number is calculated and presented through table. This study determined that the temperature of micropolar nanofluid augmented along with augmentation in the volume fraction. Radiation Rd augmented the heat transfer rate at the upper wall and reduce it at the lower wall. The suction/injection parameter 'β' reduces the heat transfer rate in case of β < 0 at the upper wall, where it is augmented at lower wall.}, }
@article {pmid31805457, year = {2019}, author = {Pandey, R and Kumar, M and Majdoubi, J and Rahimi-Gorji, M and Srivastav, VK}, title = {A review study on blood in human coronary artery: Numerical approach.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {187}, number = {}, pages = {105243}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105243}, pmid = {31805457}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of blood flow in human coronary artery is one of the emerging fields of Biomed- ical engineering. In present review paper, Finite Volume Method with governing equations and boundary conditions are briefly discussed for different coronary models. Many researchers have come up with astonishing results related to the various factors (blood viscosity, rate of blood flow, shear stress on the arterial wall, Reynolds number, etc.) affecting the hemodynamic of blood in the right/left coronary artery. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of all those work done by the researchers to justify their work related to factors which hampers proper functioning of heart and lead to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Governing equations like Navier-stokes equations, continuity equations etc. are widely used and are solved using CFD solver to get a clearer view of coronary artery blockage. Different boundary conditions and blood properties published in the last ten years are summarized in the tabulated form. This table will help new researchers to work on this area.}, }
@article {pmid31801127, year = {2019}, author = {Poehnl, R and Popescu, MN and Uspal, W}, title = {Axisymmetric spheroidal squirmers and self-diffusiophoretic particles.}, journal = {Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1361-648X/ab5edd}, pmid = {31801127}, issn = {1361-648X}, abstract = {We study, by means of an exact analytical solution, the motion of a spheroidal, axisymmetric squirmer in an unbounded fluid, as well as the low Reynolds number hydrodynamic flow associated to it. In contrast to the case of a spherical squirmer --- for which, e.g., the velocity of the squirmer and the magnitude of the stresslet associated with the flow induced by the squirmer are respectively determined by the amplitudes of the first two slip (``squirming'') modes --- for the spheroidal squirmer each squirming mode either contributes to the velocity, or contributes to the stresslet. The results are straightforwardly extended to the self-phoresis of axisymmetric, spheroidal, chemically active particles in the case when the phoretic slip approximation holds.}, }
@article {pmid31797965, year = {2019}, author = {Rajappan, A and McKinley, GH}, title = {Epidermal biopolysaccharides from plant seeds enable biodegradable turbulent drag reduction.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {18263}, pmid = {31797965}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {DMR-1419807//National Science Foundation, United States/ ; DMR-1419807//National Science Foundation, United States/ ; }, abstract = {The high cost of synthetic polymers has been a key impediment limiting the widespread adoption of polymer drag reduction techniques in large-scale engineering applications, such as marine drag reduction. To address consumable cost constraints, we investigate the use of high molar mass biopolysaccharides, present in the mucilaginous epidermis of plant seeds, as inexpensive drag reducers in large Reynolds number turbulent flows. Specifically, we study the aqueous mucilage extracted from flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum) and compare its drag reduction efficacy to that of poly(ethylene oxide) or PEO, a common synthetic polymer widely used as a drag reducing agent in aqueous flows. Macromolecular and rheological characterisation confirm the presence of high molar mass (≥2 MDa) polysaccharides in the extracted mucilage, with an acidic fraction comprising negatively charged chains. Frictional drag measurements, performed inside a bespoke Taylor-Couette apparatus, show that the as-extracted mucilage has comparable drag reduction performance under turbulent flow conditions as aqueous PEO solutions, while concurrently offering advantages in terms of raw material cost, availability, and bio-compatibility. Our results indicate that plant-sourced mucilage can potentially serve as a cost-effective and eco-friendly substitute for synthetic drag reducing polymers in large scale turbulent flow applications.}, }
@article {pmid31786449, year = {2019}, author = {Ibrahim, M and Ijaz Khan, M}, title = {Mathematical modeling and analysis of SWCNT-Water and MWCNT-Water flow over a stretchable sheet.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {187}, number = {}, pages = {105222}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105222}, pmid = {31786449}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {In this article we focused on the mixed convection flow of SWCNT-Water and MWCNT-Water over a stretchable permeable sheet. The nanofluid occupied porous medium. Darcy's law is used to characterize porous medium. The impact of viscous dissipation is considered. Transformation procedure is adopted to transform the governing PDE's system into dimensionless form. In order to solve the dimensionless PDE's system we used numerical method known as Finite difference method. Effects of flow variables i.e porosity parameter, suction parameter, Grashof number and Reynolds number on velocity, skin friction, temperature and Nusselt number are described graphically. The obtained results shows that velocity is dominant in SWCNT-Water over MWCNT-Water. Temperature is dominant in MWCNT-Water over SWCNT-Water.}, }
@article {pmid31785535, year = {2019}, author = {Turkyilmazoglu, M}, title = {Single phase nanofluids in fluid mechanics and their hydrodynamic linear stability analysis.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {187}, number = {}, pages = {105171}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105171}, pmid = {31785535}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The hydrodynamic stability of nanofluids of one phase is investigated in this paper based on linear stability theory. The overall thrust here is that the linear stability features of nanofluids can be estimated from their corresponding working fluid, at least in special circumstances.<br><br>METHODS: The approach uses the adjusting parameter to make assertions about stability. This is possible by certain correlations between the resulting eigenvalues.<br><br>RESULTS: It is shown that as the nanoparticles are added, the mean flow of nanofluids is slightly modified and the resulting eigen space of nano disturbances is built on the corresponding pure flow eigen space of perturbations. Several fluid dynamics problems are revisited to verify the usefulness of the obtained correlations.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The presented approach in this work serves us to understand the stabilizing/destabilizing effects of nanofluids as compared to the standard base fluids in terms of stability of viscous/inviscid and temporal/spatial senses. To illustrate, the critical Reynolds number in a traditional boundary layer flow is shown to be pushed to higher values with the dispersed nanoparticles in a working fluid, clearly implying the delay in transition from laminar to turbulent state.}, }
@article {pmid31784839, year = {2019}, author = {Chen, J and He, Y and Wang, J and Huang, M and Guo, C}, title = {Dynamics of nitrogen transformation and bacterial community with different aeration depths in malodorous river.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {35}, number = {12}, pages = {196}, pmid = {31784839}, issn = {1573-0972}, support = {41877477//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 16ZR1408800//Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai/ ; 16PJD023//Shanghai Pujiang Talent Program/ ; 18DZ1203806//Shanghai Science and Technology Development Foundation/ ; 1701K005//Research Funds of The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control/ ; }, mesh = {Bacteria/classification/genetics/*metabolism ; China ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Microbiota/*physiology ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Rivers/*chemistry/*microbiology ; Sulfur/metabolism ; }, abstract = {In this research, the dynamics of nitrogen transformation and bacterial community in malodorous river were investigated with different aeration depths. Computational flow dynamics (CFD) and Reynolds number (Re) were specially used to characterize the hydrodynamics condition under different aeration depths. The results indicated that aeration depth had vital impact on nitrogen transformation and bacterial community structure. It was found that a range of aeration depth (0.20-0.45 m above sediment-water interface) facilitated the removal of NH4+-N and TN with Re ranging between 6211 and 8930. Proteobacteria took over Firmicutes to become the predominant phylum (36-78%) under aeration, and the main subdivisions of γ-, β- and δ-Proteobacteria also varied greatly with different aeration depths. Interestingly, there was a marked shift of the inferentially identified dominant functional role within Proteobacteria from organic-matter degradation to nitrogen metabolism and then to sulfur metabolism as well as the coupling of nitrogen and sulfur with the increase of disturbance. The redundancy analysis (RDA) further confirmed the importance of aeration disturbance in shaping bacterial community. These findings help to gain improved understanding of endogenous N-behavior and aquatic microbial ecology, and underline the need for integrating the hydrodynamics factors with microbial community.}, }
@article {pmid31779425, year = {2019}, author = {Singh, H and Bonnesoeur, A and Besnard, H and Houssin, C and Prigent, A and Crumeyrolle, O and Mutabazi, I}, title = {A large thermal turbulent Taylor-Couette (THETACO) facility for investigation of turbulence induced by simultaneous action of rotation and radial temperature gradient.}, journal = {The Review of scientific instruments}, volume = {90}, number = {11}, pages = {115112}, doi = {10.1063/1.5119811}, pmid = {31779425}, issn = {1089-7623}, abstract = {A thermal turbulent Taylor-Couette facility has been designed to investigate turbulent flows generated by differential rotation and radial temperature gradient. It consists of a cylindrical annulus with a rotating inner cylinder and a fixed outer cylinder. The electric heating system is installed inside the inner cylinder, and the annulus is immersed in a large cylindrical container filled with cooling fluid. Temperature regulators independently control the temperature of the inner surface of the inner cylinder and that of the cooling fluid. The facility allows us to reach values of the Reynolds number (Re ∼ 5 × 105) and of the Rayleigh number (Ra ∼ 3 × 106) for water as the working fluid. The facility provides torque measurements, a full optical access at the side and from the bottom for velocity measurements using particle image velocimetry (2D, stereoscopic, and tomographic). Temperature measurements in the flow can be performed by thermochromic liquid crystals or laser induced fluorescence.}, }
@article {pmid31777765, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, X and Lam, WA and Graham, MD}, title = {Dynamics of deformable straight and curved prolate capsules in simple shear flow.}, journal = {Physical review fluids}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {31777765}, issn = {2469-990X}, support = {R21 MD011590/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {This work investigates the motion of neutrally-buoyant, slightly deformable straight and curved prolate fluid-filled capsules in unbounded simple shear flow at zero Reynolds number using direct simulations. The curved capsules serve as a model for the typical crescent-shaped sickle red blood cells in sickle cell disease (SCD). The effects of deformability and curvature on the dynamics are revealed. We show that with low deformability, straight prolate spheroidal capsules exhibit tumbling in the shear plane as their unique asymptotically stable orbit. This result contrasts with that for rigid spheroids, where infinitely many neutrally stable Jeffery orbits exist. The dynamics of curved prolate capsules are more complicated due to a combined effect of deformability and curvature. At short times, depending on the initial orientation, slightly deformable curved prolate capsules exhibit either a Jeffery-like motion such as tumbling or kayaking, or a non-Jeffery-like behavior in which the director (end-to-end vector) of the capsule crosses the shear-gradient plane back and forth. At long times, however, a Jeffery-like quasiperiodic orbit is taken regardless of the initial orientation. We further show that the average of the long-time trajectory can be well approximated using the analytical solution for Jeffery orbits with an effective orbit constant Ceff and aspect ratio ℓeff. These parameters are useful for characterizing the dynamics of curved capsules as a function of given deformability and curvature. As the capsule becomes more deformable or curved, Ceff decreases, indicating a shift of the orbit towards log-rolling motion, while ℓeff increases weakly as the degree of curvature increases but shows negligible dependency on deformability. These features are not changed substantially as the viscosity ratio between the inner and outer fluids is changed from 1 to 5. As cell deformability, cell shape, and cell-cell interactions are all pathologically altered in blood disorders such as SCD, these results will have clear implications on improving our understanding of the pathophysiology of hematologic disease.}, }
@article {pmid31771023, year = {2019}, author = {Shan, X}, title = {Central-moment-based Galilean-invariant multiple-relaxation-time collision model.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {100}, number = {4-1}, pages = {043308}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.100.043308}, pmid = {31771023}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Aiming at systematically correcting the non-Galilean-invariant thermal diffusivity in the previous multiple-relaxation-time Boltzmann equation collision model [Shan and Chen, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 18, 635 (2007)IJMPEO0129-183110.1142/S0129183107010887], we show that by separately relaxing the central moments of the distribution function, Chapman-Enskog calculation leads to the correct hydrodynamic equations with mutually independent and Galilean invariant viscosity and thermal diffusivity, provided the velocity-space discretization preserves moments up to the fourth order. By transforming the central moments back to the absolute reference frame and evaluating using fixed discrete velocities, the efficient and accurate streaming-collision time-stepping algorithm is preserved. The lattice Boltzmann model is found to have excellent numerical stability in high-Reynolds-number simulations.}, }
@article {pmid31771016, year = {2019}, author = {Berera, A and Clark, D}, title = {Information production in homogeneous isotropic turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {100}, number = {4-1}, pages = {041101}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.100.041101}, pmid = {31771016}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We study the Reynolds number scaling of the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy and attractor dimension for three-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulence through the use of direct numerical simulation. To do so, we obtain Lyapunov spectra for a range of different Reynolds numbers by following the divergence of a large number of orthogonal fluid trajectories. We find that the attractor dimension grows with the Reynolds number as Re^{2.35} with this exponent being larger than predicted by either dimensional arguments or intermittency models. The distribution of Lyapunov exponents is found to be finite around λ≈0 contrary to a possible divergence suggested by Ruelle. The relevance of the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy and Lyapunov spectra in comparing complex physical systems is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid31770976, year = {2019}, author = {Chitsaz, M and Fathali, M}, title = {Impact of an initial random magnetic field on the evolution of two-dimensional shearless mixing layers.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {100}, number = {4-1}, pages = {043106}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.100.043106}, pmid = {31770976}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The impact of an initial random magnetic field on the temporal evolution of a two-dimensional incompressible turbulent shearless mixing layer is investigated using direct numerical simulation. Different intensities of the initial random magnetic field are imposed with uniform probability distribution on an identical flow field. The initial flow field condition is the turbulent shearless mixing layer with different kinetic energy ratio (E_{H}/E_{L}=6.7) and identical integral length scale. Simulations are carried out in a moderate magnetic Reynolds number, which causes a two-way interaction between the velocity and magnetic fields. In order to analyze the effect of the initial random magnetic field on the mixing characteristics, the intermittency inside the mixing layer and the mixing evolution parameters are investigated. It is found that with small initial magnetic field intensity, the intermittency in both large and small scales are larger than those values in hydrodynamic flow. However, increasing the intensity of the initial magnetic field reduces the intermittency in the mixing region to lower values compared to the hydrodynamic flow. The mixing layer growth rate and the mixing efficiency both show reduction by increasing the initial magnetic field intensity, which is attributed to the reduction of the averaged Reynolds number of both homogenous isotropic turbulent regions due to the suppressing effect of the Lorentz force on the velocity fields of these regions.}, }
@article {pmid31759716, year = {2020}, author = {Ćmiel, AM and Strużyński, A and Wyrębek, M and Lipińska, AM and Zając, K and Zając, T}, title = {Response of freshwater mussel recruitment to hydrological changes in a eutrophic floodplain lake.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {703}, number = {}, pages = {135467}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135467}, pmid = {31759716}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Although eutrophication of freshwaters is a natural process, the human impact often leads to inland waters becoming overloaded with nutrients, impoverishing many valuable and vanishing habitats, such as floodplain lakes. These changes need to be reversed if the occurrence of endangered aquatic species is to be restored. In this paper we analyse the impact of a change in the water regime of a naturally eutrophic floodplain lake, which harbours a large diversity of Unionidae (large freshwater mussels), a globally threatened taxonomic group that provides important ecosystem functions and services. We found that a slight increase in the discharge from this waterbody, following the construction of an additional outflow pipe, positively influenced recruitment in three of the five mussel species inhabiting the lake. We also found that, after the construction of this additional outflow, the niches of juveniles of Anodonta cygnea and Unio spp. changed, revealing differences in their hydrological requirements. Our results suggest that, as in lotic habitats, complex hydraulic parameters are highly significant to unionid mussels in lentic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid31744080, year = {2019}, author = {Taheri, RA and Goodarzi, V and Allahverdi, A}, title = {Mixing Performance of a Cost-effective Split-and-Recombine 3D Micromixer Fabricated by Xurographic Method.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {31744080}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations of a novel passive micromixer based on the lamination of fluid layers. Lamination-based mixers benefit from increasing the contact surface between two fluid phases by enhancing molecular diffusion to achieve a faster mixing. Novel three-dimensional split and recombine (SAR) structures are proposed to generate fluid laminations. Numerical simulations were conducted to model the mixer performance. Furthermore, experiments were conducted using dyes to observe fluid laminations and evaluate the proposed mixer's characteristics. Mixing quality was experimentally obtained by means of image-based mixing index (MI) measurement. The multi-layer device was fabricated utilizing the Xurography method, which is a simple and low-cost method to fabricate 3D microfluidic devices. Mixing indexes of 96% and 90% were obtained at Reynolds numbers of 0.1 and 1, respectively. Moreover, the device had an MI value of 67% at a Reynolds number of 10 (flow rate of 116 µL/min for each inlet). The proposed micromixer, with its novel design and fabrication method, is expected to benefit a wide range of lab-on-a-chip applications, due to its high efficiency, low cost, high throughput and ease of fabrication.}, }
@article {pmid31737769, year = {2019}, author = {Shaikh, MM and Massan, SU and Wagan, AI}, title = {A sixteen decimal places' accurate Darcy friction factor database using non-linear Colebrook's equation with a million nodes: A way forward to the soft computing techniques.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {27}, number = {}, pages = {104733}, doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2019.104733}, pmid = {31737769}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {The Colebrook's equation is considered as an empirical model to accurately compute the Darcy friction factor in pipes under fully-developed turbulent flow. Due to non-linearity and implicitness of the Colebrook's equation, one needs to use numerical methods to acquire reasonably good approximation to the true friction factor values. However, such idea is not preferred by practitioners as it demands use of computers - also more computational time and effort. To overcome this, explicit equations that can describe Darcy friction factor directly in terms of the Reynolds number and relative roughness are essential. Using Fixed point iteration method in the MATLAB software, we have developed a 16 decimal places' accurate friction factor database for the Darcy friction factor for a 1000 by 1000 mesh of Reynolds number and relative roughness values. The accurate dataset described in this work will serve to be basis for the construction of new and more reliable explicit equations using regression modeling, artificial intelligence techniques and other soft computing methods.}, }
@article {pmid31736648, year = {2019}, author = {Papageorgiou, DT and Tanveer, S}, title = {Analysis and computations of a non-local thin-film model for two-fluid shear driven flows.}, journal = {Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {475}, number = {2230}, pages = {20190367}, doi = {10.1098/rspa.2019.0367}, pmid = {31736648}, issn = {1364-5021}, abstract = {This paper is concerned with analysis and computations of a non-local thin-film model developed in Kalogirou &amp; Papageorgiou (J. Fluid Mech.802, 5-36, 2016) for a perturbed two-layer Couette flow when the thickness of the more viscous fluid layer next to the stationary wall is small compared to the thickness of the less viscous fluid. Travelling wave solutions and their stability are determined numerically, and secondary bifurcation points are identified in the process. We also determine regions in parameter space where bistability is observed with two branches being linearly stable at the same time. The travelling wave solutions are mathematically justified through a quasi-solution analysis in a neighbourhood of an empirically constructed approximate solution. This relies in part on precise asymptotics of integrals of Airy functions for large wave numbers. The primary bifurcation about the trivial state is shown rigorously to be supercritical, and the dependence of bifurcation points, as a function of Reynolds number R and the primary wavelength 2πν-1/2 of the disturbance, is determined analytically.}, }
@article {pmid31734470, year = {2019}, author = {Farooq, S and Hayat, T and Khan, MI and Alsaedi, A}, title = {Entropy generation minimization (EGM) in magneto peristalsis with variable properties.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {186}, number = {}, pages = {105045}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105045}, pmid = {31734470}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND: This article featuring the peristaltic transport of viscous material with variable properties (i.e. temperature dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity) through curved configuration. Fluid saturating through porous channel walls of uniform space. Entropy generation consideration here is to analyze irreversibility aspects. Channel boundaries retain the velocity and thermal slip conditions.<br><br>METHOD: Wave frame of reference is attained with the utilization of long wavelength and small Reynolds number approach. Solution of the simplified coupled system of dimensionless constraints is obtained numerically. Detailed analysis of important quantities of interest has been presented in discussion portion.<br><br>RESULTS: Entropy generation variation near center is very small whereas in the vicinity of the channel wall is larger. Bejan number has reverse variation as observed for entropy generation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Variable characteristics of viscosity has opposite impact on velocity and temperature is observed. It is also noticed small irreversibility effects are obtained for higher varying viscosity and thermal conductivity near the vicinity of the channel walls.}, }
@article {pmid31719582, year = {2019}, author = {Ying, Y and Lin, Y}, title = {Inertial Focusing and Separation of Particles in Similar Curved Channels.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {16575}, pmid = {31719582}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Inertial particle focusing in curved channels has enormous potential for lab-on-a-chip applications. This paper compares a zigzag channel, which has not been used previously for inertial focusing studies, with a serpentine channel and a square wave channel to explore their differences in terms of focusing performance and separation possibilities. The particle trajectories and fluid fields in the curved channels are studied by a numerical simulation. The effects of different conditions (structure, Reynolds number, and particle size) on the competition between forces and the focusing performance are studied. The results indicate that the zigzag channel has the best focusing effect at a high Reynolds number and that the serpentine channel is second in terms of performance. Regarding the particle separation potential, the zigzag channel has a good performance in separating 5 μm and 10 μm particles at ReC = 62.5. In addition, the pressure drop of the channel is also considered to evaluate the channel performance, which has not been taken into account in the literature on inertial microfluidics. This result is expected to be instructive for the selection and optimization of inertial microchannel structures.}, }
@article {pmid31718189, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, Z and Zhang, P}, title = {Numerical Interpretation to the Roles of Liquid Viscosity in Droplet Spreading at Small Weber Numbers.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {35}, number = {49}, pages = {16164-16171}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02736}, pmid = {31718189}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {Droplet impacting a free-slip plane at small Weber numbers (We < 30) was numerically investigated by a front tracking method, with particular emphasis on clarifying the roles of the liquid viscosity and the &quot;left-over&quot; internal kinetic energy in droplet spreading. The most interesting discovery is that there exists a certain range of We in which the maximum diameter rate, D̃m, shows a nonmonotonic variation with the Reynolds number, Re. This non-monotonic variation is owing to the dual role of liquid viscosity in influencing droplet spreading. Specifically, when the initial surface energy is comparable to the initial kinetic energy (the corresponding We is around 10-30), the high strain rates of the droplet internal flow dominate its viscous dissipation at a relatively large Re, while the liquid viscosity dominates the viscous dissipation at a relatively small Re. Furthermore, to unravel the influence of droplet attachment and detachment on droplet spreading, we considered two limiting situations such as full attachment (with no gas film throughout droplet spreading) and full detachment (with a gas film throughout droplet spreading). The results show that the droplet with a gas film tends to generate a stronger vortical motion in its rim, results in a larger left-over kinetic energy, and hence causes a smaller spreading.}, }
@article {pmid31718021, year = {2019}, author = {Kottmeier, J and Wullenweber, M and Blahout, S and Hussong, J and Kampen, I and Kwade, A and Dietzel, A}, title = {Accelerated Particle Separation in a DLD Device at Re &gt; 1 Investigated by Means of µPIV.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {31718021}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {A pressure resistant and optically accessible deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) device was designed and microfabricated from silicon and glass for high-throughput fractionation of particles between 3.0 and 7.0 µm comprising array segments of varying tilt angles with a post size of 5 µm. The design was supported by computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations using OpenFOAM software. Simulations indicated a change in the critical particle diameter for fractionation at higher Reynolds numbers. This was experimentally confirmed by microparticle image velocimetry (µPIV) in the DLD device with tracer particles of 0.86 µm. At Reynolds numbers above 8 an asymmetric flow field pattern between posts could be observed. Furthermore, the new DLD device allowed successful fractionation of 2 µm and 5 µm fluorescent polystyrene particles at Re = 0.5-25.}, }
@article {pmid31715344, year = {2019}, author = {Di, D and Qu, X and Liu, C and Fang, L and Quan, P}, title = {Continuous production of celecoxib nanoparticles using a three-dimensional-coaxial-flow microfluidic platform.}, journal = {International journal of pharmaceutics}, volume = {572}, number = {}, pages = {118831}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118831}, pmid = {31715344}, issn = {1873-3476}, abstract = {Increasing the dissolution rate of water insoluble drugs by decreasing the particle size of the drugs into nano-size is a well-known strategy. However, continuous production of drug nanoparticles with uniform particle size is critical for clinical application of the strategy. Here we report a simple microfluidic mixing method that can achieve continuous production of celecoxib nanoparticles with uniform particle size and high dissolution rate. A three-dimensional (3D) coaxial-flow microfluidic device was fabricated by assembling two coaxial aligned borosilicate glass capillaries on a glass slide, and a tapered glass capillary was inserted into another bigger cylindrical one with coaxial alignment. Celecoxib nanoparticles were prepared by the microfluidic device under the turbulent jet regime. The 3D-coaxial-flow pattern and high Reynolds number ensured the extremely short mixing time, consequently, resulted in the high throughput production of drug nanoparticles with uniform particle size. The obtained nanoparticles were spherical in shape, and showed superior dissolution rate compared with the coarse powder both in sink and non-sink conditions. The bioavailability of the water insoluble drug was also significantly improved by the reduction of particle size into nano-size.}, }
@article {pmid31700559, year = {2019}, author = {Herrmann, N and Neubauer, P and Birkholz, M}, title = {Spiral microfluidic devices for cell separation and sorting in bioprocesses.}, journal = {Biomicrofluidics}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {061501}, pmid = {31700559}, issn = {1932-1058}, abstract = {Inertial microfluidic systems have been arousing interest in medical applications due to their simple and cost-efficient use. However, comparably small sample volumes in the microliter and milliliter ranges have so far prevented efficient applications in continuous bioprocesses. Nevertheless, recent studies suggest that these systems are well suited for cell separation in bioprocesses because of their facile adaptability to various reactor sizes and cell types. This review will discuss potential applications of inertial microfluidic cell separation systems in downstream bioprocesses and depict recent advances in inertial microfluidics for bioprocess intensification. This review thereby focusses on spiral microchannels that separate particles at a moderate Reynolds number in a laminar flow (Re < 2300) according to their size by applying lateral hydrodynamic forces. Spiral microchannels have already been shown to be capable of replacing microfilters, extracting dead cells and debris in perfusion processes, and removing contaminant microalgae species. Recent advances in parallelization made it possible to process media on a liter-scale, which might pave the way toward industrial applications.}, }
@article {pmid31674812, year = {2019}, author = {Sharzehee, M and Chang, Y and Song, JP and Han, HC}, title = {Hemodynamic effects of myocardial bridging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.}, journal = {American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology}, volume = {317}, number = {6}, pages = {H1282-H1291}, doi = {10.1152/ajpheart.00466.2019}, pmid = {31674812}, issn = {1522-1539}, abstract = {Myocardial bridging (MB) is linked to angina and myocardial ischemia and may lead to sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, it remains unclear how MB affect the coronary blood flow in HCM patients. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of MB on coronary hemodynamics in HCM patients. Fifteen patients with MB (7 HCM and 8 non-HCM controls) in their left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery were chosen. Transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted in anatomically realistic models of diseased (with MB) and virtually healthy (without MB) LAD from these patients, reconstructed from biplane angiograms. Our CFD simulation results demonstrated that dynamic compression of MB led to diastolic flow disturbances and could significantly reduce the coronary flow in HCM patients as compared with non-HCM group (P < 0.01). The pressure drop coefficient was remarkably higher (P < 0.05) in HCM patients. The flow rate change is strongly correlated with both upstream Reynolds number and MB compression ratio, while the MB length has less impact on coronary flow. The hemodynamic results and clinical outcomes revealed that HCM patients with an MB compression ratio higher than 65% required a surgical intervention. In conclusion, the transient MB compression can significantly alter the diastolic flow pattern and wall shear stress distribution in HCM patients. HCM patients with severe MB may need a surgical intervention.NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY In this study, the hemodynamic significance of myocardial bridging (MB) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) was investigated to provide valuable information for surgical decision-making. Our results illustrated that the transient MB compression led to complex flow patterns, which can significantly alter the diastolic flow and wall shear stress distribution. The hemodynamic results and clinical outcomes demonstrated that patients with HCM and an MB compression ratio higher than 65% required a surgical intervention.}, }
@article {pmid31671753, year = {2019}, author = {Shanko, ES and van de Burgt, Y and Anderson, PD and den Toonder, JMJ}, title = {Microfluidic Magnetic Mixing at Low Reynolds Numbers and in Stagnant Fluids.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {31671753}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Microfluidic mixing becomes a necessity when thorough sample homogenization is required in small volumes of fluid, such as in lab-on-a-chip devices. For example, efficient mixing is extraordinarily challenging in capillary-filling microfluidic devices and in microchambers with stagnant fluids. To address this issue, specifically designed geometrical features can enhance the effect of diffusion and provide efficient mixing by inducing chaotic fluid flow. This scheme is known as &quot;passive&quot; mixing. In addition, when rapid and global mixing is essential, &quot;active&quot; mixing can be applied by exploiting an external source. In particular, magnetic mixing (where a magnetic field acts to stimulate mixing) shows great potential for high mixing efficiency. This method generally involves magnetic beads and external (or integrated) magnets for the creation of chaotic motion in the device. However, there is still plenty of room for exploiting the potential of magnetic beads for mixing applications. Therefore, this review article focuses on the advantages of magnetic bead mixing along with recommendations on improving mixing in low Reynolds number flows (Re ≤ 1) and in stagnant fluids.}, }
@article {pmid31671339, year = {2019}, author = {Ijaz Khan, M and Ali, A and Hayat, T and Alsaedi, A}, title = {Entropy optimized dissipative CNTs based flow with probable error and statistical declaration.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {185}, number = {}, pages = {105137}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105137}, pmid = {31671339}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: CNTs are categorized subject to their structures i.e., SWCNTs (single wall nanotubes), DWCNTs (double wall nanotubes) and MWCNTs (multi-wall nanotubes). The various structures have distinct characteristics that make the nanotubes suitable for various physical applications. It is due their unique electrical, mechanical and thermal attributes CNTs present thrilling opportunities for mechanical engineering, industrial, scientific research and commercial applications. There is fruitful potential for carbon nanotubes in the composites business and industry. Today, CNTs find utilization in frequent various products, and analyst continue to explore new applications. Currently applications comprise wind turbines, bicycle components, scanning probe microscopes, flat panel displays, marine paints, sensing devices, electronics, batteries with longer lifetime and electrical circuitry etc. Such applications in mind, entropy optimized dissipative CNTs based flow of nanomaterial by a stretched surface. Flow is caused due to stretching phenomenon and studied in 3D coordinates. Both types of CNTs are studied i.e., SWCNTs and MWCNTs. CNTs are considered for nanoparticles and water for continuous phase fluid. Special consideration is given to the analysis of statistical declaration and probable error for skin friction and Nusselt number. Furthermore, entropy rate is calculated. Entropy rate is discussed in the presence of four main irreversibilities i.e., heat transfer, Joule heating, porosity and dissipation.<br><br>METHOD: Homotopy technique is utilized to develop the convergence series solutions.<br><br>RESULTS: Impacts of sundry variables subject to both SWCNTs (single) and MWCNTs (multi) are graphically discussed. Statistical analysis and probable error for surface drag force and Nusselt number are numerically calculated subject to various flow variables. Numerical results for such engineering quantities are displayed through tables. In addition, comparative analysis for SWCNTs and MWCNTs are presented for the velocity, concentration and thermal fields.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Results for entropy rate is calculated in the presence of various sundry variable through implementation of second law of thermodynamics. It is examined from the results that velocity decreases for both CNTs via higher magnetic, inertia coefficient and porosity parameters. Secondary velocity i.e., velocity in g-direction boosts up versus rotation parameter while it declines for larger slip parameter for both CNTs. thermal field intensifies for both CNTs via larger heat generation/absorption parameter. Concentration which shows the mass transfer of species increases subject to higher homogeneous parameter and Schmidt number in case of both CNTs. Entropy rate in more for larger magnetic, Reynolds number and slip parameter. Bejan number boosts up for higher Reynold number and slip parameter while it declines for magnetic parameter.}, }
@article {pmid31657131, year = {2019}, author = {Dincau, B and Dressaire, E and Sauret, A}, title = {Pulsatile Flow in Microfluidic Systems.}, journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e1904032}, doi = {10.1002/smll.201904032}, pmid = {31657131}, issn = {1613-6829}, support = {ACS-PRF 60108-DNI9//American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund/ ; }, abstract = {This review describes the current knowledge and applications of pulsatile flow in microfluidic systems. Elements of fluid dynamics at low Reynolds number are first described in the context of pulsatile flow. Then the practical applications in microfluidic processes are presented: the methods to generate a pulsatile flow, the generation of emulsion droplets through harmonic flow rate perturbation, the applications in mixing and particle separation, and the benefits of pulsatile flow for clog mitigation. The second part of the review is devoted to pulsatile flow in biological applications. Pulsatile flows can be used for mimicking physiological systems, to alter or enhance cell cultures, and for bioassay automation. Pulsatile flows offer unique advantages over a steady flow, especially in microfluidic systems, but also require some new physical insights and more rigorous investigation to fully benefit future applications.}, }
@article {pmid31656395, year = {2019}, author = {Folkersma, M and Schmehl, R and Viré, A}, title = {Boundary layer transition modeling on leading edge inflatable kite airfoils.}, journal = {Wind energy (Chichester, England)}, volume = {22}, number = {7}, pages = {908-921}, pmid = {31656395}, issn = {1099-1824}, abstract = {We present a computational fluid dynamic analysis of boundary layer transition on leading edge inflatable kite airfoils used for airborne wind energy generation. Because of the operation in pumping cycles, the airfoil is generally subject to a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The analysis is based on the combination of the shear stress transport turbulence model with the γ - R ˜ e θ t transition model, which can handle the laminar boundary layer and its transition to turbulence. The implementation of both models in OpenFOAM is described. We show a validation of the method for a sailwing (ie, a wing with a membrane) airfoil and an application to a leading edge inflatable kite airfoil. For the sailwing airfoil, the results computed with transition model agree well with the existing low Reynolds number experiment over the whole range of angles of attack. For the leading edge inflatable kite airfoil, the transition modeling has both favorable and unfavorable effects on the aerodynamics. On the one hand, the aerodynamics suffer from the laminar separation. But, on the other hand, the laminar boundary layer thickens slower than the turbulent counterpart, which, in combination with transition, delays the separation. The results also indicate that the aerodynamics of the kite airfoil could be improved by delaying the boundary layer transition during the traction phase and tripping the transition in the retraction phase.}, }
@article {pmid31648622, year = {2020}, author = {Ozden, K and Sert, C and Yazicioglu, Y}, title = {Numerical investigation of wall pressure fluctuations downstream of concentric and eccentric blunt stenosis models.}, journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine}, volume = {234}, number = {1}, pages = {48-60}, doi = {10.1177/0954411919884167}, pmid = {31648622}, issn = {2041-3033}, abstract = {Pressure fluctuations that cause acoustic radiation from vessel models with concentric and eccentric blunt stenoses are investigated. Large eddy simulations of non-pulsatile flow condition are performed using OpenFOAM. Calculated amplitude and spatial-spectral distribution of acoustic pressures at the post-stenotic region are compared with previous experimental and theoretical results. It is found that increasing the Reynolds number does not change the location of the maximum root mean square wall pressure, but causes a general increase in the spectrum level, although the change in the shape of the spectrum is not significant. On the contrary, compared to the concentric model at the same Reynolds number, eccentricity leads to an increase both at the distance of the location of the maximum root mean square wall pressure from the stenosis exit and the spectrum level. This effect becomes more distinct when radial eccentricity of the stenosis increases. Both the flow rate and the eccentricity of the stenosis shape are evaluated to be clinically important parameters in diagnosing stenosis.}, }
@article {pmid31640254, year = {2019}, author = {Su, L and Duan, Z and He, B and Ma, H and Xu, Z}, title = {Thermally Developing Flow and Heat Transfer in Elliptical Minichannels with Constant Wall Temperature.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {31640254}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {2019YJS158//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; }, abstract = {Laminar convective heat transfer of elliptical minichannels is investigated for hydrodynamically fully developed but thermal developing flow with no-slip condition. A three-dimensional numerical model is developed in different elliptical geometries with the aspect ratio varying from 0.2 to 1. The effect of Reynolds number (25 ≤ Re ≤ 2000) on the local Nusselt number is examined in detail. The results indicate that the local Nusselt number is a decreasing function of Reynolds number and it is sensitive to Reynolds number especially for Re less than 250. The effect of aspect ratio on local Nusselt number is small when compared with the effect of Reynolds number on local Nusselt number. The local Nusselt number is independent of cross-section geometry at the inlet. The maximum effect of aspect ratio on local Nusselt number arises at the transition section rather than the fully developed region. However, the non-dimensional thermal entrance length is a monotonic decreasing concave function of aspect ratio but a weak function of Reynolds number. Correlations for the local Nusselt number and the thermal developing length for elliptical channels are developed with good accuracy, which may provide guidance for design and optimization of elliptical minichannel heat sinks.}, }
@article {pmid31640175, year = {2019}, author = {Raza, W and Ma, SB and Kim, KY}, title = {Single and Multi-Objective Optimization of a Three-Dimensional Unbalanced Split-and-Recombine Micromixer.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {31640175}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {No. 2019R1A2C1007657//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {The three-dimensional geometry of a micromixer with an asymmetrical split-and-recombine mechanism was optimized to enhance the fluid-mixing capability at a Reynolds number of 20. Single and multi-objective optimizations were carried out by using particle swarm optimization and a genetic algorithm on a modeled surrogate surface. Surrogate modeling was performed using the computational results for the mixing. Mixing and flow analyses were carried out by solving the convection-diffusion equation in combination with the three-dimensional continuity and momentum equations. The optimization was carried out with two design variables related to dimensionless geometric parameters. The mixing effectiveness was chosen as the objective function for the single-objective optimization, and the pressure drop and mixing index at the outlet were chosen for the multi-objective optimization. The sampling points in the design space were determined using a design of experiment technique called Latin hypercube sampling. The surrogates for the objective functions were developed using a Kriging model. The single-objective optimization resulted in 58.9% enhancement of the mixing effectiveness compared to the reference design. The multi-objective optimization provided Pareto-optimal solutions that showed a maximum increase of 48.5% in the mixing index and a maximum decrease of 55.0% in the pressure drop in comparison to the reference design.}, }
@article {pmid31639948, year = {2019}, author = {Basu, A and Bhattacharjee, JK}, title = {Kolmogorov or Bolgiano-Obukhov scaling: Universal energy spectra in stably stratified turbulent fluids.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {100}, number = {3-1}, pages = {033117}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.100.033117}, pmid = {31639948}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We set up the scaling theory for stably stratified turbulent fluids. For a system having infinite extent in the horizontal directions, but with a finite width in the vertical direction, this theory predicts that the inertial range can display three possible scaling behavior, which are essentially parametrized by the buoyancy frequency N, or dimensionless horizontal Froude number F_{h}, and the vertical length scale l_{v} that sets the scale of variation of the velocity field in the vertical direction for a fixed Reynolds number. For very low N or very high Re_{b} or F_{h}, and with l_{v}≫l_{h}, the typical horizontal length scale, buoyancy forces are irrelevant and hence, unsurprisingly, the kinetic energy spectra show the well-known K41 scaling in the inertial range. In this regime, the local temperature behaves as a passively advected scalar, without any effect on the flow fields. For intermediate ranges of values of N,F_{h}∼O(1), corresponding to moderate stratification, buoyancy forces are important enough to affect the scaling. This leads to the Bolgiano-Obukhov scaling which is isotropic, when l_{v}∼l_{h}. Finally, for very large N, corresponding to strong stratification, together with a very small l_{v}, the inertial-range flow fields effectively two-dimensionalize. The kinetic energy spectra are predicted to be anisotropic with only the horizontal part of the kinetic energy spectra following the K41 scaling. This suggests an intriguing re-entrant K41 scaling, as a function of stratification, for the horizontal components of the velocity field in this regime. The scaling theory further predicts the scaling of the thermal energy in each of these three scaling regimes. Our theory can be tested in large-scale simulations and appropriate laboratory-based experiments.}, }
@article {pmid31631905, year = {2019}, author = {Bae, HJ and Lozano-Durán, A and Bose, ST and Moin, P}, title = {Dynamic slip wall model for large-eddy simulation.}, journal = {Journal of fluid mechanics}, volume = {859}, number = {}, pages = {400-432}, pmid = {31631905}, issn = {0022-1120}, support = {NNX15AU93A//NASA/United States ; }, abstract = {Wall modelling in large-eddy simulation (LES) is necessary to overcome the prohibitive near-wall resolution requirements in high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows. Most existing wall models rely on assumptions about the state of the boundary layer and require a priori prescription of tunable coefficients. They also impose the predicted wall stress by replacing the no-slip boundary condition at the wall with a Neumann boundary condition in the wall-parallel directions while maintaining the no-transpiration condition in the wall-normal direction. In the present study, we first motivate and analyse the Robin (slip) boundary condition with transpiration (non-zero wall-normal velocity) in the context of wall-modelled LES. The effect of the slip boundary condition on the one-point statistics of the flow is investigated in LES of turbulent channel flow and a flat-plate turbulent boundary layer. It is shown that the slip condition provides a framework to compensate for the deficit or excess of mean momentum at the wall. Moreover, the resulting non-zero stress at the wall alleviates the well-known problem of the wall-stress under-estimation by current subgrid-scale (SGS) models (Jiménez &amp; Moser, AIAA J., vol. 38 (4), 2000, pp. 605-612). Second, we discuss the requirements for the slip condition to be used in conjunction with wall models and derive the equation that connects the slip boundary condition with the stress at the wall. Finally, a dynamic procedure for the slip coefficients is formulated, providing a dynamic slip wall model free of a priori specified coefficients. The performance of the proposed dynamic wall model is tested in a series of LES of turbulent channel flow at varying Reynolds numbers, non-equilibrium three-dimensional transient channel flow and a zero-pressure-gradient flat-plate turbulent boundary layer. The results show that the dynamic wall model is able to accurately predict one-point turbulence statistics for various flow configurations, Reynolds numbers and grid resolutions.}, }
@article {pmid31631902, year = {2019}, author = {Lozano-Durán, A and Bae, HJ}, title = {Error scaling of large-eddy simulation in the outer region of wall-bounded turbulence.}, journal = {Journal of computational physics}, volume = {392}, number = {}, pages = {532-555}, pmid = {31631902}, issn = {0021-9991}, support = {NNX15AU93A//NASA/United States ; }, abstract = {We study the error scaling properties of large-eddy simulation (LES) in the outer region of wall-bounded turbulence at moderately high Reynolds numbers. In order to avoid the additional complexity of wall-modeling, we perform LES of turbulent channel flows in which the no-slip condition at the wall is replaced by a Neumann condition supplying the exact mean wall-stress. The statistics investigated are the mean velocity profile, turbulence intensities, and kinetic energy spectra. The errors follow (Δ / L) α R e τ γ , where Δ is the characteristic grid resolution, Reτ is the friction Reynolds number, and L is the meaningful length-scale to normalize Δ in order to collapse the errors across the wall-normal distance. We show that Δ can be expressed as the L2-norm of the grid vector and that L is well represented by the ratio of the friction velocity and mean shear. The exponent α is estimated from theoretical arguments for each statistical quantity of interest and shown to roughly match the values computed by numerical simulations. For the mean profile and kinetic energy spectra, α ≈ 1, whereas the turbulence intensities converge at a slower rate α < 1. The exponent γ is approximately 0, i.e. the LES solution is independent of the Reynolds number. The expected behavior of the turbulence intensities at high Reynolds numbers is also derived and shown to agree with the classic log-layer profiles for grid resolutions lying within the inertial range. Further examination of the LES turbulence intensities and spectra reveals that both quantities resemble their filtered counterparts from direct numerical simulation (DNS) data, but that the mechanism responsible for this similarity is related to the balance between the input power and dissipation rather than to filtering.}, }
@article {pmid31627151, year = {2019}, author = {Hayat, T and Waqar Ahmad, M and Ijaz Khan, M and Alsaedi, A}, title = {Entropy optimization in CNTs based nanomaterial flow induced by rotating disks: A study on the accuracy of statistical declaration and probable error.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {184}, number = {}, pages = {105105}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105105}, pmid = {31627151}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: CNTs (Carbon nanotubes) being allotropes of carbon, made of graphene and diameters of single and multi-walls carbon nanotubes are typically 0.8 to 2 nm and 5 to 20 mn, although diameter of MWCNTs can exceed 100 nm. Carbon nanotubes lengths range from less than 100 nm to 0.5 m. Their impressive structural, electronic and mechanical attributes subject to their small size and mass, their high electrical and thermal conductivities, and their strong mechanical potency. CNTs based materials are successfully applied in medicine and pharmacy subject to their huge surface area that is proficient of conjugating or adsorbing with a wide variety of genes, drugs, antibodies, vaccines and biosensors etc. Therefore, we have presented a theoretical study about mathematical modeling of CNTs based viscous material flow between two rotating disks. Both types of nanotubes i.e., SWCNTs and MWCNTs are considered. Xue model is used for the mathematical modeling. Fluid flow is due to rotating disks. Main focus here is given to probable error and statistical declaration. Entropy is calculated for both single and multi-walls nanotubes.<br><br>METHOD: Nonlinear PDEs are first converted into ODEs and then computed for homotopy convergent solutions.<br><br>RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Statistical declaration and probable error for skin friction and Nusselt number are numerically computed and discussed through Tables. From obtained outcomes it is concluded that magnitude of skin friction increases at both disks surface for higher values of Reynolds number, lower stretching parameter and porosity parameter while it decays for both of disks versus larger rotation parameter. Nusselt number or heat transfer rate also enhances at both disks in the presence of radiation and Reynolds number while it decays against Eckert number.}, }
@article {pmid31620754, year = {2019}, author = {Bukowicki, M and Ekiel-Jeżewska, ML}, title = {Sedimenting pairs of elastic microfilaments.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {15}, number = {46}, pages = {9405-9417}, doi = {10.1039/c9sm01373c}, pmid = {31620754}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {The dynamics of two identical elastic filaments settling under gravity in a viscous fluid in the low Reynolds number regime is investigated numerically. A large family of initial configurations symmetric with respect to a vertical plane is considered, as well as their non-symmetric perturbations. The behaviour of the filaments is primarily governed by the elasto-gravitational number, which depends on the filament's length and flexibility, and the strength of the external force. Flexible filaments usually converge toward horizontal and parallel orientation. We explain this phenomenon and show that it occurs also for curved rigid particles of similar shapes. Once aligned, the two fibres either converge toward a stationary, flexibility-dependent distance, or tend to collide or continuously repel each other. Rigid and straight rods perform periodic motions while settling down. Apart from very stiff particles, the dynamics is robust to non-symmetric perturbations.}, }
@article {pmid31611726, year = {2019}, author = {Holdenried-Chernoff, D and Chen, L and Jackson, A}, title = {A trio of simple optimized axisymmetric kinematic dynamos in a sphere.}, journal = {Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {475}, number = {2229}, pages = {20190308}, pmid = {31611726}, issn = {1364-5021}, abstract = {Planetary magnetic fields are generated by the motion of conductive fluid in the planet's interior. Complex flows are not required for dynamo action; simple flows have been shown to act as efficient kinematic dynamos, whose physical characteristics are more straightforward to study. Recently, Chen et al. (2018, J. Fluid Mech.839, 1-32. (doi:10.1017/jfm.2017.924)) found the optimal, unconstrained kinematic dynamo in a sphere, which, despite being of theoretical importance, is of limited practical use. We extend their work by restricting the optimization to three simple two-mode axisymmetric flows based on the kinematic dynamos of Dudley &amp; James (1989, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A425, 407-429. (doi:10.1098/rspa.1989.0112)). Using a Lagrangian optimization, we find the smallest critical magnetic Reynolds number for each flow type, measured using an enstrophy-based norm. A Galerkin method is used, in which the spectral coefficients of the fluid flow and magnetic field are updated in order to maximize the final magnetic energy. We consider the t01s01, t01s02 and t02s02 flows and find enstrophy-based critical magnetic Reynolds numbers of 107.7, 142.4 and 125.5 (13.7, 19.6 and 16.4, respectively, with the energy-based definition). These are up to four times smaller than the original flows. These simple and efficient flows may be used as benchmarks in future studies.}, }
@article {pmid31602809, year = {2019}, author = {Browne, CA and Shih, A and Datta, SS}, title = {Pore-Scale Flow Characterization of Polymer Solutions in Microfluidic Porous Media.}, journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e1903944}, doi = {10.1002/smll.201903944}, pmid = {31602809}, issn = {1613-6829}, support = {//American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund/ ; DGE-1656466//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Polymer solutions are frequently used in enhanced oil recovery and groundwater remediation to improve the recovery of trapped nonaqueous fluids. However, applications are limited by an incomplete understanding of the flow in porous media. The tortuous pore structure imposes both shear and extension, which elongates polymers; moreover, the flow is often at large Weissenberg numbers, Wi, at which polymer elasticity in turn strongly alters the flow. This dynamic elongation can even produce flow instabilities with strong spatial and temporal fluctuations despite the low Reynolds number, Re. Unfortunately, macroscopic approaches are limited in their ability to characterize the pore-scale flow. Thus, understanding how polymer conformations, flow dynamics, and pore geometry together determine these nontrivial flow patterns and impact macroscopic transport remains an outstanding challenge. This review describes how microfluidic tools can shed light on the physics underlying the flow of polymer solutions in porous media at high Wi and low Re. Specifically, microfluidic studies elucidate how steady and unsteady flow behavior depends on pore geometry and solution properties, and how polymer-induced effects impact nonaqueous fluid recovery. This work thus provides new insights for polymer dynamics, non-Newtonian fluid mechanics, and applications such as enhanced oil recovery and groundwater remediation.}, }
@article {pmid31594959, year = {2019}, author = {Houba, T and Dasgupta, A and Gopalakrishnan, S and Gosse, R and Roy, S}, title = {Supersonic turbulent flow simulation using a scalable parallel modal discontinuous Galerkin numerical method.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {14442}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-50546-w}, pmid = {31594959}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {GS04T09DBC0017//Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)/ ; GS04T09DBC0017//Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)/ ; GS04T09DBC0017//Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)/ ; GS04T09DBC0017//Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)/ ; ACI-1548562//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; ACI-1548562//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; ACI-1548562//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; ACI-1548562//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; ACI-1548562//NSF | National Science Board (NSB)/ ; }, abstract = {The scalability and efficiency of numerical methods on parallel computer architectures is of prime importance as we march towards exascale computing. Classical methods like finite difference schemes and finite volume methods have inherent roadblocks in their mathematical construction to achieve good scalability. These methods are popularly used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for fluid flow simulations. The discontinuous Galerkin family of methods for solving continuum partial differential equations has shown promise in realizing parallel efficiency and scalability when approaching petascale computations. In this paper an explicit modal discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method utilizing Implicit Large Eddy Simulation (ILES) is proposed for unsteady turbulent flow simulations involving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. A study of the method was performed for the Taylor-Green vortex case at a Reynolds number ranging from 100 to 1600. The polynomial order P = 2 (third order accurate) was found to closely match the Direct Navier-Stokes (DNS) results for all Reynolds numbers tested outside of Re = 1600, which had a normalized RMS error of 3.43 × 10-4 in the dissipation rate for a 603 element mesh. The scalability and performance study of the method was then conducted for a Reynolds number of 1600 for polynomials orders from P = 2 to P = 6. The highest order polynomial that was tested (P = 6) was found to have the most efficient scalability using both the MPI and OpenMP implementations.}, }
@article {pmid31590559, year = {2019}, author = {Porteous, R and Moreau, DJ and Doolan, CJ}, title = {The effect of the incoming boundary layer thickness on the aeroacoustics of finite wall-mounted square cylinders.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {146}, number = {3}, pages = {1808}, doi = {10.1121/1.5126693}, pmid = {31590559}, issn = {1520-8524}, abstract = {This paper is concerned with the influence of the incoming wall boundary layer thickness on the noise produced by a square finite wall-mounted cylinder in cross-flow. Acoustic and near wake velocity measurements have been taken in an anechoic wind tunnel for a cylinder in two different near-zero-pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers with thicknesses of 130% and 370% of the cylinder width, W. The cylinders have an aspect ratio of 0.29≤L/W≤22.9 (where L is the cylinder span) and were examined at a Reynolds number, based on width, of ReW = 1.4 × 104. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that increasing the height of the boundary layer delays the production of acoustic tones to higher aspect ratios. The height of the boundary layer changes the balance between upwash and downwash across the cylinder span, resulting in a delayed onset of the shedding regimes and correspondingly, the production of acoustic tones.}, }
@article {pmid31590317, year = {2019}, author = {Kawaguchi, M and Fukui, T and Funamoto, K and Tanaka, M and Tanaka, M and Murata, S and Miyauchi, S and Hayase, T}, title = {Viscosity Estimation of a Suspension with Rigid Spheres in Circular Microchannels Using Particle Tracking Velocimetry.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {31590317}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Suspension flows are ubiquitous in industry and nature. Therefore, it is important to understand the rheological properties of a suspension. The key to understanding the mechanism of suspension rheology is considering changes in its microstructure. It is difficult to evaluate the influence of change in the microstructure on the rheological properties affected by the macroscopic flow field for non-colloidal particles. In this study, we propose a new method to evaluate the changes in both the microstructure and rheological properties of a suspension using particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) and a power-law fluid model. Dilute suspension (0.38%) flows with fluorescent particles in a microchannel with a circular cross section were measured under low Reynolds number conditions (Re ≈ 10-4). Furthermore, the distribution of suspended particles in the radial direction was obtained from the measured images. Based on the power-law index and dependence of relative viscosity on the shear rate, we observed that the non-Newtonian properties of the suspension showed shear-thinning. This method will be useful in revealing the relationship between microstructural changes in a suspension and its rheology.}, }
@article {pmid31574775, year = {2019}, author = {Singh, G and Lakkaraju, R}, title = {Wall-mounted flexible plates in a two-dimensional channel trigger early flow instabilities.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {100}, number = {2-1}, pages = {023109}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.100.023109}, pmid = {31574775}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {A high level of mixing by passive means is a desirable feature in microchannels for various applications, and use of flexible obstacles (or plates) is one of the prime choices in that regard. To gain further insight, we carry out two-dimensional numerical simulations for flow past one or two flexible plates anchored to a channel's opposite walls using a fluid-structure interaction framework. For the inlet flow Reynolds number vs the Strouhal number plane, we observe a sudden flow change from a laminar to a time-periodic vortex shedding state when flexible plates are present in the channel. We found the critical Reynolds number to be Re_{cr}≈370 when a single plate is anchored on the channel wall and Re_{cr}≈290 or even lower when two plates are anchored. With an increase in the inlet flow Reynolds number (up to 3200), we found that vortices detach regularly at the plates' tips, which causes the flow to meander in the channel. In a two-plate anchored configuration, primary vortices generated at the first plate are constrained by the second plate and result in an energetic secondary vortex generation in the downstream side. The overall flow features and the energy dissipation in the channel are mainly controlled by the separation gap between the plates. At high-inlet-flow Reynolds numbers (≥1600), the probability density function (F) of the kinetic energy dissipation in a flexible plate configuration shows a stretched exponential shape in the form F(Z)∼1/sqrt[Z]e^{-pZ^{q}}, where Z is the normalized kinetic energy dissipation and the constants p=0.89 and q=0.86. The observed increase in energy dissipation comes at the cost of an increase in pressure loss in the channel, and we found that the loss is inversely related to the plates' separation gap. From our simulations, we found that if high mixing levels are desired, then two flexible plates anchored to the channel walls is a better choice than a channel flow without obstacles or flow past a single plate. The two-plate configuration with zero separation gap between the plates is best suited to achieve a high mixing level.}, }
@article {pmid31574747, year = {2019}, author = {Feng, Y and Boivin, P and Jacob, J and Sagaut, P}, title = {Hybrid recursive regularized lattice Boltzmann simulation of humid air with application to meteorological flows.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {100}, number = {2-1}, pages = {023304}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.100.023304}, pmid = {31574747}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {An extended version of the hybrid recursive regularized lattice-Boltzmann model which incorporates external force is developed to simulate humid air flows with phase change mechanisms under the Boussinesq approximation. Mass and momentum conservation equations are solved by a regularized lattice Boltzmann approach well suited for high Reynolds number flows, whereas the energy and humidity related equations are solved by a finite volume approach. Two options are investigated to account for cloud formation in atmospheric flow simulations. The first option considers a single conservation equation for total water and an appropriate invariant variable of temperature. In the other approach, liquid and vapor are considered via two separated equations, and phase transition is accounted for via a relaxation procedure. The obtained models are then systematically validated on four well-established benchmark problems including a double diffusive Rayleigh Bénard convection of humid air, two- and three-dimensional thermal moist rising bubble under convective atmospheric environment, as well as a shallow cumulus convection in the framework of large-eddy simulation.}, }
@article {pmid31574698, year = {2019}, author = {Topayev, S and Nouar, C and Bernardin, D and Neveu, A and Bahrani, SA}, title = {Taylor-vortex flow in shear-thinning fluids.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {100}, number = {2-1}, pages = {023117}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.100.023117}, pmid = {31574698}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {This paper deals with the Taylor-Couette flow of shear-thinning fluids. It focuses on the first principles understanding of the influence of the viscosity stratification and the nonlinear variation of the effective viscosity μ with the shear rate γ[over ̇] on the flow structure in the Taylor-vortex flow regime. A wide gap configuration (η=0.4) is mainly considered. A weakly nonlinear analysis, using the amplitude expansion method at high order, is adopted as a first approach to study nonlinear effects. For the numerical computation, the shear-thinning behavior is described by the Carreau model. The rheological parameters are varied in a wide range. The results indicate that the flow field undergoes a significant change as shear-thinning effects increase. First, vortices are squeezed against the inner wall and the center of the patterns is shifted axially toward the radial outflow boundaries (z=0,z/λ_{z}=1). This axial shift leads to increasing concentration of vorticity at these positions. The outflow becomes stronger than the inflow and the extent of the inflow zone where the vorticity is low increases acoordingly. Nevertheless, the strength of the vortices relative to the velocity of the inner cylinder is weaker. Second, the pseudo-Nusselt number, ratio of the torque to that obtained in the laminar flow, decreases. Third, higher harmonics become more relevant and grow faster with Reynolds number. Finally, the modification of the viscosity field is described.}, }
@article {pmid31574640, year = {2019}, author = {Krämer, A and Wilde, D and Küllmer, K and Reith, D and Foysi, H}, title = {Pseudoentropic derivation of the regularized lattice Boltzmann method.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {100}, number = {2-1}, pages = {023302}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.100.023302}, pmid = {31574640}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) facilitates efficient simulations of fluid turbulence based on advection and collision of local particle distribution functions. To ensure stable simulations on underresolved grids, the collision operator must prevent drastic deviations from local equilibrium. This can be achieved by various methods, such as the multirelaxation time, entropic, quasiequilibrium, regularized, and cumulant schemes. Complementing a part of a unified theoretical framework of these schemes, the present work presents a derivation of the regularized lattice Boltzmann method (RLBM), which follows a recently introduced entropic multirelaxation time LBM by Karlin, Bösch, and Chikatamarla (KBC). It is shown that both methods can be derived by locally maximizing a quadratic Taylor expansion of the entropy function. While KBC expands around the local equilibrium distribution, the RLBM is recovered by expanding entropy around a global equilibrium. Numerical tests were performed to elucidate the role of pseudoentropy maximization in these models. Simulations of a two-dimensional shear layer show that the RLBM successfully reproduces the largest eddies even on a 16×16 grid, while the conventional LBM becomes unstable for grid resolutions of 128×128 and lower. The RLBM suppresses spurious vortices more effectively than KBC. In contrast, simulations of the three-dimensional Taylor-Green and Kida vortices show that KBC performs better in resolving small scale vortices, outperforming the RLBM by a factor of 1.8 in terms of the effective Reynolds number.}, }
@article {pmid31574614, year = {2019}, author = {Morris, RG and Rao, M}, title = {Active morphogenesis of epithelial monolayers.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {100}, number = {2-1}, pages = {022413}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.100.022413}, pmid = {31574614}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {During typical early-stage embryo development, single-cell-thick tissues of tightly bound epithelial cells autonomously generate profound changes in their shape, forming the basis of organism anatomy. We report on a (covariant) active-hydrodynamic theory of such monolayer morphogenesis that is closed under its shape-changing dynamics-i.e., the degrees of freedom that encode monolayer geometry appear properly as broken-symmetry variables. In our theory, the salient physics of tissue-scale deformations emerges from a balance between the displacement and/or shear of a low-Reynolds-number embedding fluid (the &quot;yolk&quot;) and cell-autonomous stresses, themselves a result of combining apical contractile stresses with an elastic-like mechanical response under the constraint of constant cell volume. The leading-order hydrodynamic instabilities include both passive constrained-buckling and active deformation, which can be further categorized by cell shape changes that are either &quot;squamous to columnar&quot; or &quot;regular-prism to truncated-pyramid.&quot; The deformations resulting from the latter qualitatively reproduce in vivo observations of the onset of both mesoderm and posterior midgut invaginations, which take place during gastrulation in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster.}, }
@article {pmid31546025, year = {2020}, author = {Phuong, NL and Quang, TV and Khoa, ND and Kim, JW and Ito, K}, title = {CFD analysis of the flow structure in a monkey upper airway validated by PIV experiments.}, journal = {Respiratory physiology &amp; neurobiology}, volume = {271}, number = {}, pages = {103304}, doi = {10.1016/j.resp.2019.103304}, pmid = {31546025}, issn = {1878-1519}, abstract = {Inhalation exposure to airborne contaminants has adverse effects on humans; however, related research is typically conducted using in vivo/in vitro tests on animals. Extrapolating the test results is complicated by anatomical and physiological differences between animals and humans and a lack of understanding of the transport mechanism inside their respective respiratory tracts. This study determined the detailed air-flow structure in the upper airway of a monkey. A steady computational fluid dynamics simulation, which was validated by previous particle image velocimetry measurements, was adopted for flow rates of 4 L/min and 10 L/min to analyze the flow structure from the nasal/oral cavities to the trachea region in a monkey airway model. The low Reynolds number type k-ε model provided a reasonably accurate prediction of the airflow in a monkey upper airway. Furthermore, it was confirmed that large velocity gradients were generated in the nasal vestibule and larynx regions, as well as increased turbulent air kinetic energy and wall sheer stress.}, }
@article {pmid31542476, year = {2020}, author = {Shi, L and Wu, J and Krenn, HW and Yang, Y and Yan, S}, title = {Temporal model of fluid-feeding mechanisms in a long proboscid orchid bee compared to the short proboscid honey bee.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {484}, number = {}, pages = {110017}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110017}, pmid = {31542476}, issn = {1095-8541}, abstract = {Bees (Apidae) are flower-visiting insects that possess highly efficient mouthparts for the ingestion of nectar and other sucrose fluids. Their mouthparts are composed of mandibles and a tube-like proboscis. The proboscis forms a food canal, which encompasses a protrusible and hairy tongue to load and imbibe nectar, representing a fluid-feeding technique with a low Reynolds number. The western honey bee, Apis mellifera ligustica, can rhythmically erect the tongue microtrichia to regulate the glossal shape, achieving a tradeoff between nectar intake rate and viscous drag. Neotropical orchid bees (Euglossa imperialis) possess a proboscis longer than the body and combines this lapping-sucking mode of fluid-feeding with suction feeding. This additional technique of nectar uptake may have different biophysics. In order to reveal the effect of special structures of mouthparts in terms of feeding efficiency, we build a temporal model for orchid bees considering fluid transport in multi-states including active suction, tongue protraction and viscous dipping. Our model indicates that the dipping technique employed by honey bees can contribute to more than seven times the volumetric and energetic intake rate at a certain nectar concentration compared with the combined mode used by orchid bees. The high capability of the honey bee's proboscis to ingest nectar may inspire micropumps for transporting viscous liquid with higher efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid31538112, year = {2019}, author = {Onyiriuka, EJ and Ighodaro, OO and Adelaja, AO and Ewim, DRE and Bhattacharyya, S}, title = {A numerical investigation of the heat transfer characteristics of water-based mango bark nanofluid flowing in a double-pipe heat exchanger.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {5}, number = {9}, pages = {e02416}, pmid = {31538112}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {In this study, the heat transfer characteristics of a new class of nanofluids made from mango bark was numerically simulated and studied during turbulent flow through a double pipe heat exchanger. A range of volume fractions was considered for a particle size of 100 nm. A two-phase flow was considered using the mixture model. The mixture model governing equations of continuity, momentum, energy and volume fraction were solved using the finite-volume method. The results showed an increase of the Nusselt number by 68% for a Reynolds number of 5,000 and 45% for a Reynolds number of 13 000, and the heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluid was about twice that of the base fluid. In addition, the Nusselt number decreased by an average value of 0.76 with an increase of volume fraction by 1%. It was also found that there was a range of Reynolds numbers in which the trend of the average heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluid was completely reversed, and several plots showing zones of higher heat transfer which if taken advantage of in design will lead to higher heat transfer while avoiding other zones that have low heat transfer. It is hoped that these results will influence the thermal design of new heat exchangers.}, }
@article {pmid31534269, year = {2019}, author = {Blumenthal, BT and Elmiligui, AA and Geiselhart, KA and Campbell, RL and Maughmer, MD and Schmitz, S}, title = {Computational Investigation of a Boundary-Layer Ingesting Propulsion System for the Common Research Model.}, journal = {Journal of aircraft}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, pages = {1141-1153}, doi = {10.2514/1.C034454}, pmid = {31534269}, issn = {0021-8669}, support = {//Langley Research Center NASA/United States ; N-999999//Intramural NASA/United States ; }, abstract = {The present paper examines potential propulsive and aerodynamic benefits of integrating a Boundary-Layer Ingestion (BLI) propulsion system into the Common Research Model (CRM) geometry and the NASA Tetrahedral Unstructured Software System (TetrUSS). The Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) environment is used to generate engine conditions for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses. Improvements to the BLI geometry are made using the Constrained Direct Iterative Surface Curvature (CDISC) design method. Potential benefits of the BLI system relating to cruise propulsive power are quantified using a power balance method, and a comparison to the baseline case is made. Iterations of the BLI geometric design are shown, and improvements between subsequent BLI designs are presented. Simulations are conducted for a cruise flight condition of Mach 0.85 at an altitude of 38,500 feet, with Reynolds number of 40 million based on mean aerodynamic chord and an angle of attack of 2° for all geometries. Results indicate an 8% reduction in engine power requirements at cruise for the BLI configuration compared to the baseline geometry. Small geometric alterations of the aft portion of the fuselage using CDISC has been shown to marginally increase the benefit from boundary-layer ingestion further, resulting in an 8.7% reduction in power requirements for cruise, as well as a drag reduction of approximately twelve counts over the baseline geometry.}, }
@article {pmid31533305, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, R and Wang, J and Yuan, W}, title = {Analysis and Optimization of a Microchannel Heat Sink with V-Ribs Using Nanofluids for Micro Solar Cells.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {31533305}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {11572107, 51376055//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {It is crucial to control the temperature of solar cells for enhancing efficiency with the increasing power intensity of multiple photovoltaic systems. In order to improve the heat transfer efficiency, a microchannel heat sink (MCHS) with V-ribs using a water-based nanofluid as a coolant for micro solar cells was designed. Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the flows and heat transfers in the MCHS when the Reynolds number ranges from 200 to 1000. The numerical results showed that the periodically arranged V-ribs can interrupt the thermal boundary, induce chaotic convection, increase heat transfer area, and subsequently improve the heat transfer performance of a MCHS. In addition, the preferential values of the geometric parameters of V-ribs and the physical parameters of the nanofluid were obtained on the basis of the Nusselt numbers at identical pump power. For MCHS with V-ribs on both the top and bottom wall, preferential values of V-rib are rib width d / W = 1 , flare angle α = 75 ° , rib height h r / H = 0.3 , and ratio of two slant sides b / a = 0.75 , respectively. This can provide sound foundations for the design of a MCHS in micro solar cells.}, }
@article {pmid31533232, year = {2019}, author = {Tang, L and Pan, X and Feng, J and Pu, X and Liang, R and Li, R and Li, K}, title = {Experimental Investigation on the Relationship Between COD Degradation and Hydrodynamic Conditions in Urban Rivers.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {16}, number = {18}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph16183447}, pmid = {31533232}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {Due to extensive pollution and the relatively weak flow replacement in urban rivers, determining how to fully utilize the self-purification abilities of water bodies for water quality protection has been a complex and popular topic of research and social concern. Organic pollution is an important type of urban river pollution, and COD (chemical oxygen demand) is one of the key pollution factors. Currently, there is a lack of research on the relationship between COD degradation and the flow characteristics of urban rivers. In this paper, COD degradation experiments were conducted in an annular flume with Jinjiang River water at controlled flow velocities and the COD degradation coefficients under different hydraulic conditions were analyzed. A good correlation was observed between the degradation coefficient and hydraulic conditions. According to dimensional analysis, the relationship between the COD degradation coefficient and hydraulic conditions such as the flow velocity, water depth, Reynolds number (Re), and Froude number (Fr) was established as K COD = 86400 u h F r 0.8415 R e - 1.2719 + 0.258 . The COD degradation coefficients of the Chishui River in Guizhou Province ranged from 0.175-0.373 1/d based on this formula, and the field-measured values varied from 0.234-0.463 1/d. The error in the formula ranged from 5.4-25.3%. This study provides a scientific basis for the prediction of the COD degradation coefficients of urban rivers.}, }
@article {pmid31533091, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, C and Ren, F and Tang, H}, title = {Enhancing propulsion performance of a flexible heaving foil through dynamically adjusting its flexibility.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {064002}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/ab45d9}, pmid = {31533091}, issn = {1748-3190}, abstract = {This study investigates how dynamically adjusting the bending stiffness of a heaving foil affects its propulsion performance in a flow of Reynolds number 200. The foil is forced to oscillate sinusoidally at the leading edge, and its bending stiffness is tuned in a square-wave manner. Such a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problem is explored using an immersed boundary lattice Boltzmann method (IBLBM) based numerical framework. The results reveal that when the lower and upper bounds of the foil's time-dependent bending stiffness are moderate, the net thrust can be evidently enhanced compared to those in the corresponding constant-bending-stiffness cases, while the propulsion efficiency is not apparently ameliorated. The most significant enhancement is observed when the bending stiffness has lower and upper bounds of the same duration (i.e. a duty cycle of 1/2) and also it remains at the lower bound during stroke reversals (corresponding to an actuation phase angle of [Formula: see text]). When the two bounds simultaneously increase or decrease, however, dynamically adjusting the bending stiffness fails to improve the net thrust. Through this study, competitions among various forces/moments, including the inertial force, tension force, bending moment and fluid loading, acting on the foil and their influences on the foil's dynamics are also unveiled.}, }
@article {pmid31511924, year = {2019}, author = {Acosta-Avalos, D and Rodrigues, E}, title = {On the motion of magnetotactic bacteria: theoretical predictions and experimental observations.}, journal = {European biophysics journal : EBJ}, volume = {48}, number = {8}, pages = {691-700}, pmid = {31511924}, issn = {1432-1017}, abstract = {The movement of magnetotactic bacteria is done in a viscous media in the low Reynolds number regime. In the present research, the simple model for magnetotactic bacteria motion, proposed by Nogueira and Lins de Barros (Eur Biophys J 24:13-21, 1995), was used to numerically simulate their trajectory. The model was done considering a spherical bacterium with a single flagellum and a magnetic moment positioned in the sphere center and parallel to the flagella. The numerical solution shows that the trajectory is a cylindrical helix and that the body Euler angles have linear dependencies on time. Using that information, analytical expressions were obtained for the first time for the center-of-mass coordinates, showing that the trajectories are helixes oriented to the magnetic field direction. They also show that the magnetic moment does not align to the magnetic field, but it precesses around it, being fully oriented only for very high magnetic fields. The analytical solution obtained permits to relate for the first time the flagellar force to the axial velocity and helical radius. Trajectories of uncultivated magnetotactic bacteria were registered in video and the coordinates were obtained for several bacteria in different magnetic fields. The trajectories showed to be a complex mixture of two oscillating functions: one with frequency lower than 5 Hz and the other one with frequency higher than 10 Hz. The simple model of Nogueira and Lins de Barros shows to be incomplete, because is unable to explain the trajectories composed of two oscillating functions observed in uncultivated magnetotactic bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid31499817, year = {2019}, author = {Falsaperla, P and Giacobbe, A and Mulone, G}, title = {Nonlinear stability results for plane Couette and Poiseuille flows.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {100}, number = {1-1}, pages = {013113}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.100.013113}, pmid = {31499817}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We prove that the plane Couette and Poiseuille flows are nonlinearly stable if the Reynolds number is less than Re_{Orr}(2π/(λsinθ))/sinθ when a perturbation is a tilted perturbation in the direction x^{'} which forms an angle θ∈(0,π/2] with the direction i of the basic motion and does not depend on x^{'}. Re_{Orr} is the critical Orr-Reynolds number for spanwise perturbations which is computed for wave number 2π/(λsinθ), with λ being any positive wavelength. By taking the minimum with respect to λ, we obtain the critical energy Reynolds number for a fixed inclination angle and any wavelength: for plane Couette flow, it is Re_{Orr}=44.3/sinθ, and for plane Poiseuille flow, it is Re_{Orr}=87.6/sinθ (in particular, for θ=π/2 we have the classical values Re_{Orr}=44.3 for plane Couette flow and Re_{Orr}=87.6 for plane Poiseuille flow). Here the nondimensional interval between the planes bounding the channel is [-1,1]. In particular, these results improve those obtained by Joseph, who found for streamwise perturbations a critical nonlinear value of 20.65 in the plane Couette case, and those obtained by Joseph and Carmi who found the value 49.55 for plane Poiseuille flow for streamwise perturbations. If we fix some wavelengths from the experimental data and the numerical simulations, the critical Reynolds numbers that we obtain are in a very good agreement both with the the experiments and the numerical simulation. These results partially solve the Couette-Sommerfeld paradox.}, }
@article {pmid31499421, year = {2019}, author = {Shah, F and Khan, MI and Hayat, T and Khan, MI and Alsaedi, A and Khan, WA}, title = {Theoretical and mathematical analysis of entropy generation in fluid flow subject to aluminum and ethylene glycol nanoparticles.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {182}, number = {}, pages = {105057}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105057}, pmid = {31499421}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Here we have conducted a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of viscous material with alumina water and ethylene glycol over a stretched surface. The flow is discussed with and without effective Prandtl number. MHD liquid is considered. Electric field is absent. Effect of uniform magnetic field is taken in the vertical direction to the surface. Influence of thermal radiation as well as Joule heating are taken into account for both aluminum oxide-water and aluminum oxide-Ethylene glycol nanofluids. Velocity slip and melting heat effects are considered.<br><br>METHODS: The nonlinear flow expressions are numerically solved via ND-solve technique (built-in-Shooting).<br><br>RESULTS: The physical impacts of flow variables like mixed convection parameter, magnetic parameter, Reynold number, Eckert number, melting parameter and heat source/sink parameter are graphically discussed. Moreover, entropy generation (irreversibility) and Bejan number are discussed graphically through various flow variables. Physical quantities like skin friction coefficient and Sherwood and Nusselt numbers are numerically calculated and discussed through Tables.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Impact of magnetic and slip parameters on the velocity field show decreasing behavior for both effective and without effective Prandtl number. Temperature field increases for both effective and without effective Prandtl number for higher values of magnetic and radiative parameters. Entropy number is an increasing function of Reynolds number while Bejan number shows opposite impact against Reynolds number. Moreover, heat transfer rate upsurges versus larger melting and radiative parameter.}, }
@article {pmid31481279, year = {2019}, author = {DeJonckere, P and Lebacq, J}, title = {Intraglottal Aerodynamics at Vocal Fold Vibration Onset.}, journal = {Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jvoice.2019.08.002}, pmid = {31481279}, issn = {1873-4588}, abstract = {The most frequently observed type of voice onset in spontaneous speech in normal subjects is the soft onset, and it may be considered as the &quot;physiological&quot; onset. It starts from an immobile narrow glottal slit crossed by a continuous airflow, and then a few oscillations (even a single one in some cases) precede the first glottal closure. It is a transient event, during which the acting forces, lung pressure, intraglottal pressure, myoelastic tension of the vocal fold (VF) oscillator and inertance of the supraglottal vocal tract, interact to progressively reach the steady state of a sustained oscillation. Combined measurements of flow, area, and pressure provide a detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of the intraglottal mechanical events at the precise moment of starting oscillation in a physiological (soft or soft/breathy) onset. Our in vivo measurements of airflow and glottal area show that the very first oscillation occurs exactly at the time when turbulence appears at the level of the glottal narrowing, ie, when the Reynolds number reaches its critical value. The turbulence may be assumed to trigger an oscillator consisting in the ensemble of the VFs and the air of the vocal tract, which is known to be weakly damped. Turbulence can act here as an aspecific flick, triggering the oscillator, the frequency of oscillation being determined by its mechanical properties. Furthermore, the first noticeable glottal oscillations are sinusoidal: the VFs are neither steeply sucked together by a negative Bernoulli pressure, nor burst apart by the lung pressure. Our measurements show that, at the critical time, the rising positive lung pressure is balanced by the rising negative Bernoulli pressure generated by the transglottal flow.}, }
@article {pmid31480452, year = {2019}, author = {Tsai, CD and Lin, XY}, title = {Experimental Study on Microfluidic Mixing with Different Zigzag Angles.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {31480452}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {108-2321-B-009-004-//Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan/ ; 108-2221-E-009-107-//Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan/ ; 108-2218-E-009-013-//Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan/ ; }, abstract = {This paper presents experimental investigations of passive mixing in a microfluidic channel with different zigzag angles. Zigzag channel is commonly used for microfluidic mixing because it does not need an additional control unit and can be easily implemented in a lab-on-a-chip system. In this work, microfluidic channels with six different zigzag angles, from θ = 0° to θ = 75°, are tested under ten different flow rates corresponding to Reynolds number from 0.309 to 309. Two colored liquids are mixed with the zigzag channels and mixing performance is evaluated based on the color of the pixels on the region of interest from captured images. According to the results, we found that the mixing performance is almost independent of the zigzag angle in the low-speed regime where its Reynolds number is less than 4. The mixing became very much depending on the zigzag angle in the high-speed regime where its Reynolds number is greater than 100. Microfluidic mixing is needed for Lab-on-a-chip applications in both low flow speed, such as medium perfusion for cell culture, and high flow speed, such as high-speed sensing on a point-of-care device. This work is aimed to provide practical information on zigzag mixing for chip design and applications.}, }
@article {pmid31473843, year = {2019}, author = {Waheed, W and Alazzam, A and Al-Khateeb, AN and Abu-Nada, E}, title = {Dissipative particle dynamics for modeling micro-objects in microfluidics: application to dielectrophoresis.}, journal = {Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s10237-019-01216-3}, pmid = {31473843}, issn = {1617-7940}, abstract = {The dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) technique is employed to model the trajectories of micro-objects in a practical microfluidic device. The simulation approach is first developed using an in-house Fortran code to model Stokes flow at Reynolds number of 0.01. The extremely low Reynolds number is achieved by adjusting the DPD parameters, such as force coefficients, thermal energies of the particles, and time steps. After matching the numerical flow profile with the analytical results, the technique is developed further to simulate the deflection of micro-objects under the effect of a deflecting external force in a rectangular microchannel. A mapping algorithm is introduced to establish the scaling relationship for the deflecting force between the physical device and the DPD domain. Dielectrophoresis is studied as a case study for the deflecting force, and the trajectory of a single red blood cell under the influence of the dielectrophoretic force is simulated. The device is fabricated using standard microfabrication techniques, and the experiments involving a dilute sample of red blood cells are performed at two different cases of the actuation voltage. Good agreement between the numerical and experimental results is achieved.}, }
@article {pmid31473190, year = {2019}, author = {Chaput, R and Majoris, JE and Buston, PM and Paris, CB}, title = {Hydrodynamic and biological constraints on group cohesion in plankton.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {482}, number = {}, pages = {109987}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.08.018}, pmid = {31473190}, issn = {1095-8541}, abstract = {The dynamics of plankton in the ocean are determined by biophysical interactions. Although physics and biotic behaviors are known to influence the observed patchiness of planktonic populations, it is still unclear how much, and if, group behavior contributes to this biophysical interaction. Here, we demonstrate how simple rules of behavior can enhance or inhibit active group cohesion in plankton in a turbulent environment. In this study, we used coral-reef fish larvae as a model to investigate the interaction between microscale turbulence and planktonic organisms. We synthesized available information on the swimming speeds and sizes of reef fish larvae, and developed a set of equations to investigate the effects of viscosity and turbulence on larvae dispersion. We then calculated the critical dispersion rates for three different swimming strategies - cruise, random-walk, and pause-travel - to determine which strategies could facilitate group cohesion during dispersal. Our results indicate that swimming strategies and migration to low-turbulence regions are the key to maintaining group cohesion, suggesting that many reef fish species have the potential to remain together, from hatching to settlement. In addition, larvae might change their swimming strategies to maintain group cohesion, depending on environmental conditions and/or their ontogenic stage. This study provides a better understanding of the hydrodynamic and biological constraints on group formation and cohesion in planktonic organisms, and reveals a wide range of conditions under which group formation may occur.}, }
@article {pmid31472558, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, C and Sanjose, M and Moreau, S}, title = {Aeolian noise of a cylinder in the critical regime.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {146}, number = {2}, pages = {1404}, doi = {10.1121/1.5122185}, pmid = {31472558}, issn = {1520-8524}, abstract = {The noise from the flow around a circular cylinder in the critical regime is investigated by combining a compressible wall-resolved large eddy simulation and a Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings analogy on solid and porous surfaces. This simulation is validated by comparing several flow parameters with previous experimental and numerical data in the same flow regime. Significantly reduced drag and increased vortex shedding Strouhal number (0.33) are observed. Two slightly asymmetric laminar separation bubbles (LSBs) on the cylinder surface at about 100° are shown to trigger turbulence through Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) shear-layer instability. The latter contributes to a narrowband hump in the wall-pressure fluctuations with a tone at a Strouhal number of 27, which can be as intense as the dominant vortex shedding tone. The ratio of the corresponding Strouhal numbers is consistent with the proposed variation with the Reynolds number by Prasad and Williamson [(1997). J. Fluid Mech. 333, 375-402]. The dominant far-field noise source is still the vortex shedding dipolar tone radiating mostly at 90°. Yet, two additional broadband noise sources are evidenced in the wake, one at low frequencies caused by the wake oscillation and another one at high frequencies caused by the KH instability mostly directly toward the LSB locations.}, }
@article {pmid31462974, year = {2019}, author = {Gholampour, S and Bahmani, M and Shariati, A}, title = {Comparing the Efficiency of Two Treatment Methods of Hydrocephalus: Shunt Implantation and Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy.}, journal = {Basic and clinical neuroscience}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {185-198}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.285}, pmid = {31462974}, issn = {2008-126X}, abstract = {Introduction: Hydrocephalus is one of the most common diseases in children, and its treatment requires brain operation. However, the pathophysiology of the disease is very complicated and still unknown.<br><br>Methods: Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV) and Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt (VPS) implantation are among the common treatments of hydrocephalus. In this study, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) hydrodynamic parameters and efficiency of the treatment methods were compared with numerical simulation and clinical follow-up of the treated patients.<br><br>Results: Studies have shown that in patients under 19 years of age suffering from hydrocephalus related to a Posterior Fossa Brain Tumor (PFBT), the cumulative failure rate was 21% and 29% in ETV and VPS operation, respectively. At first, the ETV survival curve shows a sharp decrease and after two months it gets fixed while VPS curve makes a gradual decrease and reaches to a level lower than ETV curve after 5.7 months. Post-operative complications in ETV and VPS methods are 17% and 31%, respectively. In infants younger than 12 months with hydrocephalus due to congenital Aqueduct Stenosis (AS), and also in the elderly patients suffering from Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH), ETV is a better treatment option. Computer simulations show that the maximum CSF pressure is the most reliable hydrodynamic index for the evaluation of the treatment efficacy in these patients. After treatment by ETV and shunt methods, CSF pressure decreases about 9 and 5.3 times, respectively and 2.5 years after shunt implantation, this number returns to normal range.<br><br>Conclusion: In infants with hydrocephalus, initial treatment by ETV was more reasonable than implanting the shunt. In adult with hydrocephalus, the initial failure in ETV occurred sooner compared to shunt therapy; however, ETV was more efficient.}, }
@article {pmid31446522, year = {2019}, author = {Foo, YY and Pant, S and Tay, HS and Imangali, N and Chen, N and Winkler, C and Yap, CH}, title = {4D modelling of fluid mechanics in the zebrafish embryonic heart.}, journal = {Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s10237-019-01205-6}, pmid = {31446522}, issn = {1617-7940}, abstract = {Abnormal blood flow mechanics can result in pathological heart malformation, underlining the importance of understanding embryonic cardiac fluid mechanics. In the current study, we performed image-based computational fluid dynamics simulation of the zebrafish embryonic heart ventricles and characterized flow mechanics, organ dynamics, and energy dynamics in detail. 4D scans of 5 days post-fertilization embryonic hearts with GFP-labelled myocardium were acquired using line-scan focal modulation microscopy. This revealed that the zebrafish hearts exhibited a wave-like contractile/relaxation motion from the inlet to the outlet during both systole and diastole, which we showed to be an energy efficient configuration. No impedance pumping effects of pressure and velocity waves were observed. Due to its tube-like configuration, inflow velocities were higher near the inlet and smaller at the outlet and vice versa for outflow velocities. This resulted in an interesting spatial wall shear stress (WSS) pattern where WSS waveforms near the inlet and those near the outlet were out of phase. There was large spatial variability in WSS magnitudes. Peak WSS was in the range of 47.5-130 dyne/cm2 at the inflow and outflow tracts, but were much smaller, in the range of 4-11 dyne/cm2, in the mid-ventricular segment. Due to very low Reynolds number and the highly viscous environment, intraventricular pressure gradients were high, suggesting substantial energy losses of flow through the heart.}, }
@article {pmid31431815, year = {2019}, author = {Rackus, DG and Riedel-Kruse, IH and Pamme, N}, title = {&quot;Learning on a chip:&quot; Microfluidics for formal and informal science education.}, journal = {Biomicrofluidics}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {041501}, doi = {10.1063/1.5096030}, pmid = {31431815}, issn = {1932-1058}, abstract = {Microfluidics is a technique for the handling of small volumes of liquids on the order of picoliters to nanoliters and has impact for miniaturized biomedical science and fundamental research. Because of its multi- and interdisciplinary nature (i.e., combining the fields of biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering), microfluidics offers much potential for educational applications, both at the university level as well as primary and secondary education. Microfluidics is also an ideal &quot;tool&quot; to enthuse and educate members of the general public about the interdisciplinary aspects of modern sciences, including concepts of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics subjects such as (bio)engineering, chemistry, and biomedical sciences. Here, we provide an overview of approaches that have been taken to make microfluidics accessible for formal and informal learning. We also point out future avenues and desired developments. At the extreme ends, we can distinguish between projects that teach how to build microfluidic devices vs projects that make various microscopic phenomena (e.g., low Reynolds number hydrodynamics, microbiology) accessible to learners and the general public. Microfluidics also enables educators to make experiments low-cost and scalable, and thereby widely accessible. Our goal for this review is to assist academic researchers working in the field of microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip technologies as well as educators with translating research from the laboratory into the lecture hall, teaching laboratory, or public sphere.}, }
@article {pmid31421603, year = {2019}, author = {Hayat, T and Aslam, N and Ijaz Khan, M and Imran Khan, M and Alsaedi, A}, title = {MHD peristaltic motion of Johnson-Segalman fluid in an inclined channel subject to radiative flux and convective boundary conditions.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {180}, number = {}, pages = {104999}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.104999}, pmid = {31421603}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In abundant of a digestive tract like smooth muscle tissue, human gastrointestinal tract contracts in sequence to generate a peristaltic wave, which pushes a food along the tract. The peristaltic motion contains circular relaxation smooth muscles, then their shrinkage (contraction) behind the chewed material to keep it from moving backward, then longitudinal contraction to shove it ahead. Therefore, we have conducted a theoretical investigation on peristaltic transport in flow of Johnson-Segalman liquid subject to inclined magnetic field. The energy equation is developed with extra heat transport assumptions like thermal radiative flux and dissipation. The channel walls are heated convectively.<br><br>METHODS: Dimensionless problems subject to small Reynolds number and long wavelength are tackled. Perturbation technique is implemented for small Weissenberg number.<br><br>RESULTS: The physical importance of involved parameters that directly affect the heat transfer rate temperature and velocity. The pertinent variables are amplitude ratio, wave number, Reynolds number, Hartman number, Prandtl number, Weissenberg number, thermal radiative heat flux, Biot number, elasticity variables and Froude number are graphically discussed. The obtained outcome shows that the velocity field increases against higher values of elasticity variables but velocity the material decays through higher fluid parameter. Temperature field declines through higher Hartman number. Furthermore, it is also examined that the heat transfer rate decays against rising Hartman number.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The impact of complaint walls on radiative peristaltic transport of Johnson-Segalman liquid in symmetric channel subject to inclined angle. The influence of Johnson-Segalman variable on the velocity field shows decreasing behavior. Velocity also declines against larger Hartman number. Temperature and heat transfer rate boosts through rising values of E1 E2 while decays versus larger E3. Furthermore, reduction in heat transfer coefficient is observed when the values of α and Br are increased.}, }
@article {pmid31421600, year = {2019}, author = {Tanveer, A and Khan, M and Salahuddin, T and Malik, MY}, title = {Numerical simulation of electroosmosis regulated peristaltic transport of Bingham nanofluid.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {180}, number = {}, pages = {105005}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105005}, pmid = {31421600}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {The effects of slip condition and Joule heating on the peristaltic flow of Bingham nanofluid are investigated. The flow is taken in a porous channel with elastic walls. Mathematical formulation is presented under the assumption of long wavelength and small Reynolds number. The transformed equations for the flow are solved to seek values for the nanoparticles velocity, concentration and temperature along the channel length. Graphs are plotted to evaluate the behavior of various physical parameters on flow quantities in both slip and no-slip cases. The main features of the physical parameters are highlighted on the inclined non uniform channel. The results show an increment in velocity with rise in inclination and porosity while it reduces with magnetic field. Moreover, nanofluid favors the heat transfer and decline the concentration.}, }
@article {pmid31417749, year = {2019}, author = {Lambert, WB and Stanek, MJ and Gurka, R and Hackett, EE}, title = {Leading-edge vortices over swept-back wings with varying sweep geometries.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, pages = {190514}, doi = {10.1098/rsos.190514}, pmid = {31417749}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Micro air vehicles are used in a myriad of applications, such as transportation and surveying. Their performance can be improved through the study of wing designs and lift generation techniques including leading-edge vortices (LEVs). Observation of natural fliers, e.g. birds and bats, has shown that LEVs are a major contributor to lift during flapping flight, and the common swift (Apus apus) has been observed to generate LEVs during gliding flight. We hypothesize that nonlinear swept-back wings generate a vortex in the leading-edge region, which can augment the lift in a similar manner to linear swept-back wings (i.e. delta wing) during gliding flight. Particle image velocimetry experiments were performed in a water flume to compare flow over two wing geometries: one with a nonlinear sweep (swift-like wing) and one with a linear sweep (delta wing). Experiments were performed at three spanwise planes and three angles of attack at a chord-based Reynolds number of 26 000. Streamlines, vorticity, swirling strength, and Q-criterion were used to identify LEVs. The results show similar LEV characteristics for delta and swift-like wing geometries. These similarities suggest that sweep geometries other than a linear sweep (i.e. delta wing) are capable of creating LEVs during gliding flight.}, }
@article {pmid31411455, year = {2020}, author = {Brown, AI and Sivak, DA}, title = {Theory of Nonequilibrium Free Energy Transduction by Molecular Machines.}, journal = {Chemical reviews}, volume = {120}, number = {1}, pages = {434-459}, doi = {10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00254}, pmid = {31411455}, issn = {1520-6890}, abstract = {Biomolecular machines are protein complexes that convert between different forms of free energy. They are utilized in nature to accomplish many cellular tasks. As isothermal nonequilibrium stochastic objects at low Reynolds number, they face a distinct set of challenges compared with more familiar human-engineered macroscopic machines. Here we review central questions in their performance as free energy transducers, outline theoretical and modeling approaches to understand these questions, identify both physical limits on their operational characteristics and design principles for improving performance, and discuss emerging areas of research.}, }
@article {pmid31406979, year = {2019}, author = {Berg, O and Singh, K and Hall, MR and Schwaner, MJ and Müller, UK}, title = {Thermodynamics of the Bladderwort Feeding Strike-Suction Power from Elastic Energy Storage.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {59}, number = {6}, pages = {1597-1608}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icz144}, pmid = {31406979}, issn = {1557-7023}, abstract = {The carnivorous plant bladderwort exemplifies the use of accumulated elastic energy to power motion: respiration-driven pumps slowly load the walls of its suction traps with elastic energy (∼1 h). During a feeding strike, this energy is released suddenly to accelerate water (∼1 ms). However, due to the traps' small size and concomitant low Reynolds number, a significant fraction of the stored energy may be dissipated as viscous friction. Such losses and the mechanical reversibility of Stokes flow are thought to degrade the feeding success of other suction feeders in this size range, such as larval fish. In contrast, triggered bladderwort traps are generally successful. By mapping the energy budget of a bladderwort feeding strike, we illustrate how this smallest of suction feeders can perform like an adult fish.}, }
@article {pmid31394810, year = {2019}, author = {Alazzam, A and Al-Khaleel, M and Riahi, MK and Mathew, B and Gawanmeh, A and Nerguizian, V}, title = {Dielectrophoresis Multipath Focusing of Microparticles through Perforated Electrodes in Microfluidic Channels.}, journal = {Biosensors}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {31394810}, issn = {2079-6374}, support = {CIRA-2019-014//Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research/ ; }, abstract = {This paper presents focusing of microparticles in multiple paths within the direction of the flow using dielectrophoresis. The focusing of microparticles is realized through partially perforated electrodes within the microchannel. A continuous electrode on the top surface of the microchannel is considered, while the bottom side is made of a circular meshed perforated electrode. For the mathematical model of this microfluidic channel, inertia, buoyancy, drag and dielectrophoretic forces are brought up in the motion equation of the microparticles. The dielectrophoretic force is accounted for through a finite element discretization taking into account the perforated 3D geometry within the microchannel. An ordinary differential equation is solved to track the trajectories of the microparticles. For the case of continuous electrodes using the same mathematical model, the numerical simulation shows a very good agreement with the experiments, and this confirms the validation of focusing of microparticles within the proposed perforated electrode microchannel. Microparticles of silicon dioxide and polystyrene are used for this analysis. Their initial positions and radius, the Reynolds number, and the radius of the pore in perforated electrodes mainly conduct microparticles trajectories. Moreover, the radius of the pore of perforated electrode is the dominant factor in the steady state levitation height.}, }
@article {pmid31386484, year = {2019}, author = {Samanta, T and Tian, H and Nakariakov, VM}, title = {Evidence for Vortex Shedding in the Sun's Hot Corona.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {123}, number = {3}, pages = {035102}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.035102}, pmid = {31386484}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {Vortex shedding is an oscillating flow that is commonly observed in fluids due to the presence of a blunt body in a flowing medium. Numerical simulations have shown that the phenomenon of vortex shedding could also develop in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) domain. The dimensionless Strouhal number, the ratio of the blunt body diameter to the product of the period of vortex shedding and the speed of a flowing medium, is a robust indicator for vortex shedding, and, generally of the order of 0.2 for a wide range of Reynolds number. Using an observation from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory, we report a wavelike or oscillating plasma flow propagating upward against the Sun's gravitational force. A newly formed shrinking loop in the postflare region possibly generates the oscillation of the upflow in the wake of the hot and dense loop through vortex shedding. The computed Strouhal number is consistent with the prediction from previous MHD simulations. Our observation suggests the possibility of vortex shedding in the solar corona.}, }
@article {pmid31382385, year = {2019}, author = {Yu, X and Li, Y and Liu, Y and Yang, Y and Wu, Y}, title = {Flow Patterns of Viscoelastic Fracture Fluids in Porous Media: Influence of Pore-Throat Structures.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/polym11081291}, pmid = {31382385}, issn = {2073-4360}, support = {U1663206, 51704313, 51425406, 21706284//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 18CX02028A, 24720182146A//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; }, abstract = {Viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluid and hydrolyzed polyacryamide (HPAM) solution are two of the most common fracturing fluids used in the hydraulic fracturing development of unconventional reservoirs. The filtration of fracturing fluids in porous media is mainly determined by the flow patterns in pore-throat structures. In this paper, three different microdevices analogue of porous media allow access to a large range of Deborah number (De) and concomitantly low Reynolds number (Re). Continuous pore-throat structures were applied to study the feedback effect of downstream structure on upstream flow of VES fluid and HPAM solution with Deborah (De) number from 1.11 to 146.4. In the infinite straight channel, flow patterns between VES fluids and HPAM solution were similar. However, as pore length shortened to 800 μm, flow field of VES fluid exhibited the triangle shape with double-peaks velocity patterns. The flow field of HPAM solution presented stable and centralized streamlines when Re was larger than 4.29 × 10-2. Additionally, when the pore length was further shortened to 400 μm, double-peaks velocity patterns were vanished for VES fluid and the stable convergent flow characteristic of HPAM solution was observed with all flow rates.}, }
@article {pmid31380864, year = {2019}, author = {Feng, X and Ren, Y and Hou, L and Tao, Y and Jiang, T and Li, W and Jiang, H}, title = {Tri-fluid mixing in a microchannel for nanoparticle synthesis.}, journal = {Lab on a chip}, volume = {19}, number = {17}, pages = {2936-2946}, doi = {10.1039/c9lc00425d}, pmid = {31380864}, issn = {1473-0189}, abstract = {It is becoming more difficult to use bulk mixing and bi-fluid micromixing in multi-step continuous-flow reactions, multicomponent reactions, and nanoparticle synthesis because they typically involve multiple reactants. To date, most micromixing studies, both passive and active, have focused on how to efficiently mix two fluids, while micromixing of three or more fluids together (multi-fluid mixing) has been rarely explored. This study is the first on tri-fluid mixing in microchannels. We investigated tri-fluid mixing in three microchannel models: a straight channel, a classical staggered herringbone mixing (SHM) channel, and a three-dimensional (3D) X-crossing microchannel. Numerical simulations and experiments were jointly conducted. A two-step experimental process was performed to determine the tri-fluid mixing efficiencies of these microchannels. We found that the SHM cannot significantly enhance mixing of three streams especially for a Reynolds number (Re) higher than 10. However, the 3D X-crossing channel based on splitting-and-recombination (SAR) showed effective tri-mixing performance over a wide Re range up to 275 (with a corresponding flow rate of 1972.5 μL min-1), thereby enabling high microchannel throughput. Furthermore, this tri-fluid micromixing process was used to synthesize a kind of Si-based nanoparticle. This achieved a narrower particle size distribution than traditional bulk mixing. Therefore, SAR-based tri-fluid mixing is an alternative for chemical and biochemical reactions where three reactants need to be mixed.}, }
@article {pmid31374925, year = {2019}, author = {Henein, C and Awwad, S and Ibeanu, N and Vlatakis, S and Brocchini, S and Tee Khaw, P and Bouremel, Y}, title = {Hydrodynamics of Intravitreal Injections into Liquid Vitreous Substitutes.}, journal = {Pharmaceutics}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pharmaceutics11080371}, pmid = {31374925}, issn = {1999-4923}, support = {513211//NIHR Biomedical Research Centre/ ; }, abstract = {Intravitreal injections have become the cornerstone of retinal care and one of the most commonly performed procedures across all medical specialties. The impact of hydrodynamic forces of intravitreal solutions when injected into vitreous or vitreous substitutes has not been well described. While computational models do exist, they tend to underestimate the starting surface area of an injected bolus of a drug. Here, we report the dispersion profile of a dye bolus (50 µL) injected into different vitreous substitutes of varying viscosities, surface tensions, and volumetric densities. A novel 3D printed in vitro model of the vitreous cavity of the eye was designed to visualize the dispersion profile of solutions when injected into the following vitreous substitutes-balanced salt solution (BSS), sodium hyaluronate (HA), and silicone oils (SO)-using a 30G needle with a Reynolds number (Re) for injection ranging from approximately 189 to 677. Larger bolus surface areas were associated with faster injection speeds, lower viscosity of vitreous substitutes, and smaller difference in interfacial surface tensions. Boluses exhibited buoyancy when injected into standard S1000. The hydrodynamic properties of liquid vitreous substitutes influence the initial injected bolus dispersion profile and should be taken into account when simulating drug dispersion following intravitreal injection at a preclinical stage of development, to better inform formulations and performance.}, }
@article {pmid31370481, year = {2019}, author = {Gvozdić, B and Dung, OY and van Gils, DPM and Bruggert, GH and Alméras, E and Sun, C and Lohse, D and Huisman, SG}, title = {Twente mass and heat transfer water tunnel: Temperature controlled turbulent multiphase channel flow with heat and mass transfer.}, journal = {The Review of scientific instruments}, volume = {90}, number = {7}, pages = {075117}, doi = {10.1063/1.5092967}, pmid = {31370481}, issn = {1089-7623}, abstract = {A new vertical water tunnel with global temperature control and the possibility for bubble and local heat and mass injection has been designed and constructed. The new facility offers the possibility to accurately study heat and mass transfer in turbulent multiphase flow (gas volume fraction up to 8%) with a Reynolds-number range from 1.5 × 104 to 3 × 105 in the case of water at room temperature. The tunnel is made of high-grade stainless steel permitting the use of salt solutions in excess of 15% mass fraction. The tunnel has a volume of 300 l. The tunnel has three interchangeable measurement sections of 1 m height but with different cross sections (0.3 × 0.04 m2, 0.3 × 0.06 m2, and 0.3 × 0.08 m2). The glass vertical measurement sections allow for optical access to the flow, enabling techniques such as laser Doppler anemometry, particle image velocimetry, particle tracking velocimetry, and laser-induced fluorescent imaging. Local sensors can be introduced from the top and can be traversed using a built-in traverse system, allowing, for example, local temperature, hot-wire, or local phase measurements. Combined with simultaneous velocity measurements, the local heat flux in single phase and two phase turbulent flows can thus be studied quantitatively and precisely.}, }
@article {pmid31369336, year = {2019}, author = {O'Neill, G and Tolley, NS}, title = {The Complexities of Nasal Airflow - Theory and Practice.}, journal = {Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1152/japplphysiol.01118.2018}, pmid = {31369336}, issn = {1522-1601}, abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nasal valve area, valve stiffness and turbinate region cross-sectional area on airflowrate, nasal resistance, flow limitation and inspiratory 'hysteresis' by the use of a mathematical model of nasal airflow. The model of O'Neill and Tolley (1988) describing the effects of valve area and stiffness on the nasal pressure-flow relationship was improved by the incorporation of additional terms involving i) airflow through the turbinate region, ii) the dependency of the flow coefficients for the valve and turbinate region on the Reynolds number and iii) effects of unsteady flow. The model was found to provide a good fit for normal values for nasal resistance and for pressure-flow curves reported in the literature for both congested and decongested states. Also, by showing the relative contribution of the nasal valve and turbinate region to nasal resistance, the model sheds light in explaining the generally poor correlation between nasal resistance measurements and the results from acoustic rhinometry. Furthermore, by proposing different flow conditions for the acceleration and deceleration phases of inspiration, the model produces an inspiratory loop (commonly referred to as 'hysteresis') consistent with those reported in the literature. With simulation of nasal flaring, the magnitude of the loop, the nasal resistance and flow limitation all show a similar change as observed in the experimental results.}, }
@article {pmid31363000, year = {2019}, author = {R Ferreira, R and Fukui, H and Chow, R and Vilfan, A and Vermot, J}, title = {The cilium as a force sensor-myth versus reality.}, journal = {Journal of cell science}, volume = {132}, number = {14}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jcs.213496}, pmid = {31363000}, issn = {1477-9137}, abstract = {Cells need to sense their mechanical environment during the growth of developing tissues and maintenance of adult tissues. The concept of force-sensing mechanisms that act through cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions is now well established and accepted. Additionally, it is widely believed that force sensing can be mediated through cilia. Yet, this hypothesis is still debated. By using primary cilia sensing as a paradigm, we describe the physical requirements for cilium-mediated mechanical sensing and discuss the different hypotheses of how this could work. We review the different mechanosensitive channels within the cilium, their potential mode of action and their biological implications. In addition, we describe the biological contexts in which cilia are acting - in particular, the left-right organizer - and discuss the challenges to discriminate between cilium-mediated chemosensitivity and mechanosensitivity. Throughout, we provide perspectives on how quantitative analysis and physics-based arguments might help to better understand the biological mechanisms by which cells use cilia to probe their mechanical environment.}, }
@article {pmid31359287, year = {2019}, author = {Jain, K}, title = {Transition to turbulence in an oscillatory flow through stenosis.}, journal = {Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s10237-019-01199-1}, pmid = {31359287}, issn = {1617-7940}, abstract = {Onset of flow transition in a sinusoidally oscillating flow through a rigid, constant area circular pipe with a smooth sinusoidal obstruction in the center of the pipe is studied by performing direct numerical simulations, with resolutions close to the Kolmogorov microscales. The studied pipe is stenosed in the center with a 75% reduction in area in two distinct configurations-one that is symmetric to the axis of the parent pipe and the other that is offset by 0.05 diameters to introduce an eccentricity, which disturbs the flow thereby triggering the onset of flow transition. The critical Reynolds number at which the flow transitions to turbulence for a zero-mean oscillatory flow through a stenosis is shown to be nearly tripled in comparison with studies of pulsating unidirectional flow through the same stenosis. The onset of transition is further explored with three different flow pulsation frequencies resulting in a total of 90 simulations conducted on a supercomputer. It is found that the critical Reynolds number at which the oscillatory flow transitions is not affected by the pulsation frequencies. The locations of flow breakdown and re-stabilization post-stenosis are, however, respectively shifted closer to the stenosis throat with increasing pulsation frequencies. The results show that oscillatory physiological flows, while more stable, exhibit fluctuations due to geometric complexity and have implications in studies of dispersion and solute transport in the cerebrospinal fluid flow and understanding of pathological conditions.}, }
@article {pmid31345119, year = {2019}, author = {Krishnam, U and Sharma, V and Jha, PK}, title = {The Reynolds number modulated low frequency dynamical modes of aqueous medium embedded spherical virus and implications to detecting and killing viruses.}, journal = {Journal of biomolecular structure &amp; dynamics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-7}, doi = {10.1080/07391102.2019.1648320}, pmid = {31345119}, issn = {1538-0254}, }
@article {pmid31342935, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, G and Xue, Q and Zheng, X}, title = {Phase-difference on seal whisker surface induces hairpin vortices in the wake to suppress force oscillation.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {066001}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/ab34fe}, pmid = {31342935}, issn = {1748-3190}, abstract = {Seals are able to use their uniquely shaped whiskers to track hydrodynamic trails generated 30 s ago and detect hydrodynamic velocities as low as 245 [Formula: see text]m s-1. The high sensibility has long thought to be related to the wavy shape of the whiskers. This work revisited the hydrodynamics of a seal whisker model in a uniform flow, and discovered a new mechanism of seal whiskers in reducing self-induced noises, which is different from the long thought-of effect of the wavy shape. It was reported that the major and minor axes of the elliptical cross-sections of seal whisker are out of phase by approximately 180 degrees. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of laminar flow (Reynolds number range: 150-500) around seal-whisker-like cylinders were performed to examine the effect of the phase-difference on hydrodynamic forces and wake structures. It was found that the phase-difference induced hairpin vortices in the wake over a wide range of geometric and flow parameters (wavelength, wavy amplitude and Reynolds number), therefore substantially reducing lift-oscillations and self-induced noises. The formation mechanism of the hairpin vortices was analyzed and is discussed in details. The results provide valuable insights into an innovative vibration reduction and hydrodynamic sensing mechanism.}, }
@article {pmid31330717, year = {2019}, author = {Jian, X and Zhang, W and Deng, Q and Huang, Y}, title = {Turbulent lithosphere deformation in the Tibetan Plateau.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {99}, number = {6-1}, pages = {062122}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.99.062122}, pmid = {31330717}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {In this work, we show that the Tibetan Plateau deformation demonstrates turbulence-like statistics, e.g., spatial invariance across continuous scales. A dual-power-law behavior is evident to show the existence of two possible conservation laws for the enstrophy-like cascade in the range 500≲r≲2000km and kinetic-energy-like cascade in the range 50≲r≲500km. The measured second-order structure-function scaling exponents ζ(2) are similar to their counterparts in the Fourier scaling exponents observed in the atmosphere, where in the latter case the earth's rotation is relevant. The turbulent statistics observed here for nearly zero-Reynolds-number flow can be interpreted by the geostrophic turbulence theory. Moreover, the intermittency correction is recognized with an intensity close to that of the hydrodynamic turbulence of high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows, implying a universal scaling feature of very different turbulent flows. Our results not only shed new light on the debate regarding the mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau deformation but also lead to new challenges for the geodynamic modeling using Newton or non-Newtonian models because the observed turbulence-like features have to be taken into account.}, }
@article {pmid31318280, year = {2019}, author = {Dölger, J and Kiørboe, T and Andersen, A}, title = {Dense Dwarfs versus Gelatinous Giants: The Trade-Offs and Physiological Limits Determining the Body Plan of Planktonic Filter Feeders.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {194}, number = {2}, pages = {E30-E40}, doi = {10.1086/703656}, pmid = {31318280}, issn = {1537-5323}, abstract = {Most marine plankton have a high energy (carbon) density, but some are gelatinous with approximately 100 times more watery bodies. How do those distinctly different body plans emerge, and what are the trade-offs? We address this question by modeling the energy budget of planktonic filter feeders across life-forms, from micron-sized unicellular microbes such as choanoflagellates to centimeter-sized gelatinous tunicates such as salps. We find two equally successful strategies, one being small with high energy density (dense dwarf) and the other being large with low energy density (gelatinous giant). The constraint that forces large-but not small-filter feeders to be gelatinous is identified as a lower limit to the size-specific filter area, below which the energy costs lead to starvation. A further limit is found from the maximum size-specific motor force that restricts the access to optimum strategies. The quantified constraints are discussed in the context of other resource-acquisition strategies. We argue that interception feeding strategies can be accessed by large organisms only if they are gelatinous. On the other hand, organisms that use remote prey sensing do not need to be gelatinous, even if they are large.}, }
@article {pmid31315935, year = {2019}, author = {Samson, JE and Miller, LA and Ray, D and Holzman, R and Shavit, U and Khatri, S}, title = {A novel mechanism of mixing by pulsing corals.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 15}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.192518}, pmid = {31315935}, issn = {1477-9145}, abstract = {The dynamic pulsation of xeniid corals is one of the most fascinating phenomena observed in coral reefs. We quantify for the first time the flow near the tentacles of these soft corals, the active pulsations of which are thought to enhance their symbionts' photosynthetic rates by up to an order of magnitude. These polyps are approximately 1 cm in diameter and pulse at frequencies between approximately 0.5 and 1 Hz. As a result, the frequency-based Reynolds number calculated using the tentacle length and pulse frequency is on the order of 10 and rapidly decays as with distance from the polyp. This introduces the question of how these corals minimize the reversibility of the flow and bring in new volumes of fluid during each pulse. We estimate the Péclet number of the bulk flow generated by the coral as being on the order of 100-1000 whereas the flow between the bristles of the tentacles is on the order of 10. This illustrates the importance of advective transport in removing oxygen waste. Flow measurements using particle image velocimetry reveal that the individual polyps generate a jet of water with positive vertical velocities that do not go below 0.1 cm s-1 and with average volumetric flow rates of approximately 0.71 cm3 s-1 Our results show that there is nearly continual flow in the radial direction towards the polyp with only approximately 3.3% back flow. 3D numerical simulations uncover a region of slow mixing between the tentacles during expansion. We estimate that the average flow that moves through the bristles of the tentacles is approximately 0.03 cm s-1 The combination of nearly continual flow towards the polyp, slow mixing between the bristles, and the subsequent ejection of this fluid volume into an upward jet ensures the polyp continually samples new water with sufficient time for exchange to occur.}, }
@article {pmid31314164, year = {2019}, author = {Liao, P and Xing, L and Zhang, S and Sun, D}, title = {Magnetically Driven Undulatory Microswimmers Integrating Multiple Rigid Segments.}, journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {15}, number = {36}, pages = {e1901197}, doi = {10.1002/smll.201901197}, pmid = {31314164}, issn = {1613-6829}, support = {11267916//Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China/ ; 9610384//City University of Hong Kong/ ; 9610357//City University of Hong Kong/ ; }, abstract = {Mimicking biological locomotion strategies offers important possibilities and motivations for robot design and control methods. Among bioinspired microrobots, flexible microrobots exhibit remarkable efficiency and agility. These microrobots traditionally rely on soft material components to achieve undulatory propulsion, which may encounter challenges in design and manufacture including the complex fabrication processes and the interfacing of rigid and soft components. Herein, a bioinspired magnetically driven microswimmer that mimics the undulatory propulsive mechanism is proposed. The designed microswimmer consists of four rigid segments, and each segment is connected to the succeeding segment by joints. The microswimmer is fabricated integrally by 3D laser lithography without further assembly, thereby simplifying microrobot fabrication while enhancing structural integrity. Experimental results show that the microswimmer can successfully swim forward along guided directions via undulatory locomotion in the low Reynolds number (Re) regime. This work demonstrates for the first time that the flexible characteristic of microswimmers can be emulated by 3D structures with multiple rigid segments, which broadens possibilities in microrobot design. The proposed magnetically driven microswimmer can potentially be used in biomedical applications, such as medical diagnosis and treatment in precision medicine.}, }
@article {pmid31300927, year = {2019}, author = {Hoell, C and Löwen, H and Menzel, AM and Daddi-Moussa-Ider, A}, title = {Creeping motion of a solid particle inside a spherical elastic cavity: II. Asymmetric motion.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {42}, number = {7}, pages = {89}, doi = {10.1140/epje/i2019-11853-4}, pmid = {31300927}, issn = {1292-895X}, abstract = {An analytical method is proposed for computing the low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamic mobility function of a small colloidal particle asymmetrically moving inside a large spherical elastic cavity, the membrane of which is endowed with resistance toward shear and bending. In conjunction with the results obtained in the first part (A. Daddi-Moussa-Ider, H. Löwen, S. Gekle, Eur. Phys. J. E 41, 104 (2018)), in which the axisymmetric motion normal to the surface of an elastic cavity is investigated, the general motion for an arbitrary force direction can now be addressed. The elastohydrodynamic problem is formulated and solved using the classic method of images through expressing the hydrodynamic flow fields as a multipole expansion involving higher-order derivatives of the free-space Green's function. In the quasi-steady limit, we demonstrate that the particle self-mobility function of a particle moving tangent to the surface of the cavity is larger than that predicted inside a rigid stationary cavity of equal size. This difference is justified by the fact that a stationary rigid cavity introduces additional hindrance to the translational motion of the encapsulated particle, resulting in a reduction of its hydrodynamic mobility. Furthermore, the motion of the cavity is investigated, revealing that the translational pair (composite) mobility, which linearly couples the velocity of the elastic cavity to the force exerted on the solid particle, is solely determined by membrane shear properties. Our analytical predictions are favorably compared with fully-resolved computer simulations based on a completed-double-layer boundary integral method.}, }
@article {pmid31299253, year = {2019}, author = {Novelli, GL and Ferrari, LA and Vargas, GG and Loureiro, BV}, title = {A synergistic analysis of drag reduction on binary polymer mixtures containing guar gum.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {137}, number = {}, pages = {1121-1129}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.042}, pmid = {31299253}, issn = {1879-0003}, abstract = {Drag reduction by the addition of polymer additives has been widely studied. However, there are only a few studies on binary polymer mixtures, here named blends. In this work, xanthan gum, polyacrylamide and poly(ethylene oxide) were associated with guar gum and drag reduction was used as a parameter to determine the synergistic interaction between polymers. The aim was to verify the relation of the synergy with the rigidity of the polymeric chains, the molecular weights and the magnitude of the molecular interactions between the studied polymers. To that end, several ratios of mixtures were tested at different Reynolds numbers in a rotational rheometer with double-gap concentric cylinders geometry. Finally, experiments were done to verify the behaviour of the blends over time at a fixed Reynolds number. From all these tests, it was documented that blends containing rigid chain polymers show positive synergism in the interaction in at least one of the ratios and that this interaction is more pronounced when the molecular weights are closer and intermolecular forces are stronger. It was also noted that, in general, blends are great substitutes for solutions containing only one type of polymer.}, }
@article {pmid31294955, year = {2019}, author = {Mazinani, S and Al-Shimmery, A and Chew, YMJ and Mattia, D}, title = {3D Printed Fouling-Resistant Composite Membranes.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {11}, number = {29}, pages = {26373-26383}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.9b07764}, pmid = {31294955}, issn = {1944-8252}, abstract = {Fouling remains a long-standing unsolved problem that hinders the widespread use of membrane applications in industry. This article reports the use of numerical simulations coupled with extensive material synthesis and characterization to fabricate fouling-resistant 3D printed composite membranes. The membranes consist of a thin polyethersulfone selective layer deposited onto a 3D printed flat and double sinusoidal (wavy) support. Fouling and cleaning of the composite membranes were tested by using bovine serum albumin solution in a cross-flow ultrafiltration setup. The transmembrane pressure was regulated at 1 bar and the cross-flow Reynolds number (Re) varied between 400 and 1000. In comparison to the flat membrane, the wavy membrane showed superior performance in terms of pure water permeance (PWP) (10% higher) and permeance recovery ratio (87% vs 53%) after the first filtration cycle at Re = 1000. Prolong testing showed that the wavy membrane could retain approximately 87% of its initial PWP after 10 complete filtration cycles. This impressive fouling-resistant behavior is attributed to the localized fluid turbulence induced by the 3D printed wavy structure. These results show that not only the lifetime of membrane operations could be favorably extended but also the operational costs and environmental damage of membrane-based processes could also be significantly reduced.}, }
@article {pmid31283274, year = {2019}, author = {Chajwa, R and Menon, N and Ramaswamy, S}, title = {Kepler Orbits in Pairs of Disks Settling in a Viscous Fluid.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {122}, number = {22}, pages = {224501}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.224501}, pmid = {31283274}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {We show experimentally that a pair of disks settling at negligible Reynolds number (∼10^{-4}) displays two classes of bound periodic orbits, each with transitions to scattering states. We account for these dynamics, at leading far-field order, through an effective Hamiltonian in which gravitational driving endows orientation with the properties of momentum. This treatment is successfully compared against the measured properties of orbits and critical parameters of transitions between types of orbits. We demonstrate a precise correspondence with the Kepler problem of planetary motion for a wide range of initial conditions, find and account for a family of orbits with no Keplerian analog, and highlight the role of orientation as momentum in the many-disk problem.}, }
@article {pmid31266939, year = {2019}, author = {Ren, Z and Hu, W and Dong, X and Sitti, M}, title = {Multi-functional soft-bodied jellyfish-like swimming.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {2703}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-10549-7}, pmid = {31266939}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Elastomers/chemistry ; *Equipment Design ; Locomotion ; Magnetics/instrumentation ; Robotics/*instrumentation ; Scyphozoa/*physiology ; Swimming ; }, abstract = {The functionalities of the untethered miniature swimming robots significantly decrease as the robot size becomes smaller, due to limitations of feasible miniaturized on-board components. Here we propose an untethered jellyfish-inspired soft millirobot that could realize multiple functionalities in moderate Reynolds number by producing diverse controlled fluidic flows around its body using its magnetic composite elastomer lappets, which are actuated by an external oscillating magnetic field. We particularly investigate the interaction between the robot's soft body and incurred fluidic flows due to the robot's body motion, and utilize such physical interaction to achieve different predation-inspired object manipulation tasks. The proposed lappet kinematics can inspire other existing jellyfish-like robots to achieve similar functionalities at the same length and time scale. Moreover, the robotic platform could be used to study the impacts of the morphology and kinematics changing in ephyra jellyfish.}, }
@article {pmid31236828, year = {2019}, author = {Klusak, E and Quinlan, NJ}, title = {High-Resolution Measurements of Leakage Flow Inside the Hinge of a Large-scale Bileaflet Mechanical Heart Valve Hinge Model.}, journal = {Cardiovascular engineering and technology}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {469-481}, doi = {10.1007/s13239-019-00423-4}, pmid = {31236828}, issn = {1869-4098}, support = {RFP2011/SFI_/Science Foundation Ireland/Ireland ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: It is believed that non-physiological leakage flow through hinge gaps during diastole contributes to thrombus formation in Bileaflet Mechanical Heart Valves (BMHVs). Because of the small scale and difficulty of experimental access, fluid dynamics inside the hinge cavity has not yet been characterised in detail. The objective is to investigate small-scale structure inside the hinge experimentally, and gain insight into its role in stimulating cellular responses.<br><br>METHODS: An optically accessible scaled-up model of a BMHV hinge was designed and built, preserving dynamic similarity to a clinical BMHV. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used to visualize and quantify the flow fields inside the hinge at physiological Reynolds number and dimensionless pressure drop. The flow was measured at in-plane and out-of-plane spatial resolution of 32 and 86 μm, respectively, and temporal resolution of [Formula: see text] RESULTS: Likely flow separation on the ventricular surface of the cavity has been observed for the first time, and is a source of unsteadiness and perhaps turbulence. The shear stress found in all planes exceeds the threshold of platelet activation, ranging up to 168 Pa.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The scale-up approach provided new insight into the nature of the hinge flow and enhanced understanding of its complexity. This study revealed flow features that may induce blood element damage.}, }
@article {pmid31236057, year = {2019}, author = {Cafiero, G and Vassilicos, JC}, title = {Non-equilibrium turbulence scalings and self-similarity in turbulent planar jets.}, journal = {Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {475}, number = {2225}, pages = {20190038}, doi = {10.1098/rspa.2019.0038}, pmid = {31236057}, issn = {1364-5021}, abstract = {We study the self-similarity and dissipation scalings of a turbulent planar jet and the theoretically implied mean flow scalings. Unlike turbulent wakes where such studies have already been carried out (Dairay et al. 2015 J. Fluid Mech. 781, 166-198. (doi:10.1017/jfm.2015.493); Obligado et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. Fluids1, 044409. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevFluids.1.044409)), this is a boundary-free turbulent shear flow where the local Reynolds number increases with distance from inlet. The Townsend-George theory revised by (Dairay et al. 2015 J. Fluid Mech. 781, 166-198. (doi:10.1017/jfm.2015.493)) is applied to turbulent planar jets. Only a few profiles need to be self-similar in this theory. The self-similarity of mean flow, turbulence dissipation, turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stress profiles is supported by our experimental results from 18 to at least 54 nozzle sizes, the furthermost location investigated in this work. Furthermore, the non-equilibrium dissipation scaling found in turbulent wakes, decaying grid-generated turbulence, various instances of periodic turbulence and turbulent boundary layers (Dairay et al. 2015 J. Fluid Mech. 781, 166-198. (doi:10.1017/jfm.2015.493); Vassilicos 2015 Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 95, 114. (doi:10.1146/annurev-fluid-010814-014637); Goto &amp; Vassilicos 2015 Phys. Lett. A3790, 1144-1148. (doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2015.02.025); Nedic et al. 2017 Phys. Rev. Fluids2, 032601. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevFluids.2.032601)) is also observed in the present turbulent planar jet and in the turbulent planar jet of (Antonia et al. 1980 Phys. Fluids23, 863055. (doi:10.1063/1.863055)). Given these observations, the theory implies new mean flow and jet width scalings which are found to be consistent with our data and the data of (Antonia et al. 1980 Phys. Fluids23, 863055. (doi:10.1063/1.863055)). In particular, it implies a hitherto unknown entrainment behaviour: the ratio of characteristic cross-stream to centreline streamwise mean flow velocities decays as the -1/3 power of streamwise distance in the region, where the non-equilibrium dissipation scaling holds.}, }
@article {pmid31229600, year = {2019}, author = {Garwood, RJ and Behnsen, J and Haysom, HK and Hunt, JN and Dalby, LJ and Quilter, SK and Maclaine, JS and Cox, JPL}, title = {Olfactory flow in the sturgeon is externally driven.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {235}, number = {}, pages = {211-225}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.06.013}, pmid = {31229600}, issn = {1531-4332}, abstract = {Fluid dynamics plays an important part in olfaction. Using the complementary techniques of dye visualisation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), we investigated the hydrodynamics of the nasal region of the sturgeon Huso dauricus. H. dauricus offers several experimental advantages, including a well-developed, well-supported, radial array (rosette) of visible-by-eye olfactory sensory channels. We represented these features in an anatomically accurate rigid model derived from an X-ray scan of the head of a preserved museum specimen. We validated the results from the CFD simulation by comparing them with data from the dye visualisation experiments. We found that flow through both the nasal chamber and, crucially, the sensory channels could be induced by an external flow (caused by swimming in vivo) at a physiologically relevant Reynolds number. Flow through the nasal chamber arises from the anatomical arrangement of the incurrent and excurrent nostrils, and is assisted by the broad, cartilage-supported, inner wall of the incurrent nostril. Flow through the sensory channels arises when relatively high speed flow passing through the incurrent nostril encounters the circular central support of the olfactory rosette, decelerates, and is dispersed amongst the sensory channels. Vortices within the olfactory flow may assist odorant transport to the sensory surfaces. We conclude that swimming alone is sufficient to drive olfactory flow in H. dauricus, and consider the implications of our results for the three other extant genera of sturgeons (Acipenser, Pseudoscaphirhynchus and Scaphirhynchus), and for other fishes with olfactory rosettes.}, }
@article {pmid31215548, year = {2019}, author = {Man, Y and Kanso, E}, title = {Morphological transitions of axially-driven microfilaments.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {15}, number = {25}, pages = {5163-5173}, doi = {10.1039/c8sm02397b}, pmid = {31215548}, issn = {1744-6848}, mesh = {Actin Cytoskeleton/*metabolism ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Elasticity ; *Models, Molecular ; }, abstract = {The interactions of microtubules with motor proteins are ubiquitous in cellular and sub-cellular processes that involve motility and cargo transport. In vitro motility assays have demonstrated that motor-driven microtubules exhibit rich dynamical behaviors from straight to curved configurations. Here, we theoretically investigate the dynamic instabilities of elastic filaments, with free-ends, driven by single follower forces that emulate the action of molecular motors. Using the resistive force theory at low Reynolds number, and a combination of numerical techniques with linear stability analysis, we show the existence of four distinct regimes of filament behavior, including a novel buckled state with locked curvature. These successive instabilities recapitulate the full range of experimentally-observed microtubule behavior, implying that neither structural nor actuation asymmetry are needed to elicit this rich repertoire of motion.}, }
@article {pmid31212518, year = {2019}, author = {He, G and Wang, J and Rinoshika, A}, title = {Orthogonal wavelet multiresolution analysis of the turbulent boundary layer measured with two-dimensional time-resolved particle image velocimetry.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {99}, number = {5-1}, pages = {053105}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.99.053105}, pmid = {31212518}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The turbulent boundary layer flow measured by two-dimensional time-resolved particle image velocimetry is analyzed using the discrete orthogonal wavelet method. The Reynolds number of the turbulent boundary layer based on the friction velocity is Re_{τ}=235. The flow field is decomposed into a number of wavelet levels which have different characteristic scales. The velocity statistics and coherent structures at different wavelet levels are investigated. It is found that the fluctuation intensities and their peak locations differ for varying scales. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of different wavelet components reveals a cascade of scales of coherent structures, especially the small-scale ones that are usually difficult to be identified in POD modes of the undecomposed flow field. The interactions among the scales are investigated in terms of large-scale amplitude modulations of the small-scale structures. In previous studies the velocity fluctuations are separated into two parts, the large scale and the small scale, divided usually by the boundary layer thickness. In the present study, however, the scales smaller than the boundary layer thickness are further separated. Therefore, the modulation analysis is a refined investigation that differentiates the modulation effects on separated small scales. The results reveal that the modulation effects vary among the small scales.}, }
@article {pmid31212497, year = {2019}, author = {Puljiz, M and Menzel, AM}, title = {Displacement field around a rigid sphere in a compressible elastic environment, corresponding higher-order Faxén relations, as well as higher-order displaceability and rotateability matrices.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {99}, number = {5-1}, pages = {053002}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.99.053002}, pmid = {31212497}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {An efficient route to the displacement field around a rigid spherical inclusion in an infinitely extended homogeneous elastic medium is presented in a slightly alternative way when compared to some common textbook methods. Moreover, two Faxén relations of next-higher order beyond the stresslet are calculated explicitly for compressible media. They quantify higher-order moments involving the force distribution on a rigid spherical particle in a deformed elastic medium. As a consequence, additional contributions to the distortions of the deformed elastic medium are identified that are absent to lower order. Furthermore, the displaceability and rotateability matrices for an ensemble of rigid spheres are calculated up to (including) sixth order in inverse particle separation distance. These matrices describe the interactions mediated between the rigid embedded particles by the elastic environment. In this way, additional coupling effects are identified that are absent to lower order, particularly when rotations and torques are involved. All methods and results can formally be transferred to the corresponding case of incompressible hydrodynamic low-Reynolds-number Stokes flow by considering the limit of an incompressible environment. The roles of compressibility of the embedding medium and of the here additionally derived higher-order contributions are highlighted by some selected example configurations.}, }
@article {pmid31212461, year = {2019}, author = {Nie, D and Lin, J}, title = {Discontinuity in the sedimentation system with two particles having different densities in a vertical channel.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {99}, number = {5-1}, pages = {053112}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.99.053112}, pmid = {31212461}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The two-dimensional lattice Boltzmann method was used to numerically study a sedimentation system with two particles having different densities in a vertical channel for Galileo numbers in the range of 5≤Ga≤15 (resulting in a Reynolds number, based on the settling velocity, approximately ranging between 0.6 and 7). Two types of periodic motion, differing from each other in terms of the size of the limit cycle, the magnitude of the time period, and their changes upon increasing the density difference between particles, are identified depending on whether there is a wake effect. The most prominent features of this system are discontinuous changes in the settling velocity (6.7≤Ga<9.7) and time period of oscillation (10.5≤Ga≤15) at a critical value of the density difference between particles. The first discontinuity results in an abrupt increase in the Reynolds number, associated with a Hopf bifurcation without the presence of vortex shedding. The second discontinuity is accompanied by the disappearance of &quot;abnormal rotation&quot; (referring to the situation in which a particle appears to roll up a wall when settling) of the heavy particle, which directly results from a sharp increase in the amplitude of oscillation induced by the enhanced wake effect at another critical density difference between particles. The wall effects on these discontinuous changes were also examined.}, }
@article {pmid31212451, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, L and Tian, FB}, title = {Numerical simulation of flow over a parallel cantilevered flag in the vicinity of a rigid wall.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {99}, number = {5-1}, pages = {053111}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.99.053111}, pmid = {31212451}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Flow over a parallel cantilevered flag in the vicinity of a rigid wall is numerically studied using an immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) in two-dimensional domain, where the dynamics of the fluid and structure are, respectively, solved by the LBM and a finite-element method (FEM), with a penalty IB to handle the fluid-structure interaction (FSI). Specifically, a benchmark case considering a plate attached to the downstream of a stationary cylinder is first conducted to validate the current solver. Then, the wall effects on the flag are systemically studied, considering the effects of off-wall distance, structure-to-fluid mass ratio, bending rigidity, and Reynolds number. Three flapping modes, including symmetrical flapping, asymmetrical flapping, and chaotic flapping, along with a steady state are observed in the simulations. It is found that the flag is vibrating or stable with a mean angle inclined in the fluid when it is mounted in the vicinity of a rigid wall. The mean inclined angle first increases in the steady state and then decreases in the unsteady state with the off-wall distance. In the unsteady regime, the dependency of the inclined angle on the off-wall distance is similar to that of the gradient of the fluid velocity. In addition, the rigid wall near the flag decreases the lift and drag generation and further stabilizes the flag-fluid system. Contrarily, the flag inertia destabilizes the flag, and large flag inertia induces chaotic vibrating modes.}, }
@article {pmid31207995, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, H and Li, X and Chuai, R and Zhang, Y}, title = {Chaotic Micromixer Based on 3D Horseshoe Transformation.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi10060398}, pmid = {31207995}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {20180550950//Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning/ ; }, abstract = {To improve the efficiency of mixing under laminar flow with a low Reynolds number (Re), a novel three-dimensional Horseshoe Transformation (3D HT) was proposed as the basis for the design of a micromixer. Compared with the classical HT, the Lyapunov exponent of the 3D HT, which was calculated based on a symbolic dynamic system, proved the chaotic enhancement. Based on the 3D HT, a micromixer with a mixing length of 12 mm containing six mixing units was obtained by sequentially applying &quot;squeeze&quot;, &quot;stretch&quot;, &quot;twice fold&quot;, &quot;inverse transformation&quot;, and &quot;intersection&quot; operations. Numerical simulation and Peclet Number (Pe) calculations indicated that when the squeeze amplitude 0 < α < 1/2, 0 < β < 1/2, the stretch amplitude γ > 4, and Re ≥ 1, the mass transfer in the mixer was dominated by convective diffusion induced by chaotic flow. When Re = 10, at the outlet of the mixing chamber, the simulated mixing index was 96.4%, which was far less than the value at Re = 0.1 (σ = 0.041). Microscope images of the mixing chamber and the curve trend of pH buffer solutions obtained from a mixing experiment were both consistent with the results of the simulation. When Re = 10, the average mixing index of the pH buffer solutions was 91.75%, which proved the excellent mixing efficiency of the mixer based on the 3D HT.}, }
@article {pmid31206776, year = {2019}, author = {Belut, E and Sánchez Jiménez, A and Meyer-Plath, A and Koivisto, AJ and Koponen, IK and Jensen, ACØ and MacCalman, L and Tuinman, I and Fransman, W and Domat, M and Bivolarova, M and van Tongeren, M}, title = {Indoor dispersion of airborne nano and fine particles: Main factors affecting spatial and temporal distribution in the frame of exposure modeling.}, journal = {Indoor air}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, pages = {803-816}, doi = {10.1111/ina.12579}, pmid = {31206776}, issn = {1600-0668}, abstract = {A particle exposure experiment inside a large climate-controlled chamber was conducted. Data on spatial and temporal distribution of nanoscale and fine aerosols in the range of mobility diameters 8-600 nm were collected with high resolution, for sodium chloride, fluorescein sodium, and silica particles. Exposure scenarios studied included constant and intermittent source emissions, different aggregation conditions, high (10 h-1) and low (3.5 h-1) air exchange rates (AERs) corresponding to chamber Reynolds number, respectively, equal to 1 × 105 and 3 × 104 . Results are presented and analyzed to highlight the main determinants of exposure and to determine whether the assumptions underlying two-box models hold under various scenarios. The main determinants of exposure found were the source generation rate and the ventilation rate. The effect of particles nature was indiscernible, and the decrease of airborne total number concentrations attributable to surface deposition was estimated lower than 2% when the source was active. A near-field/far-field structure of aerosol concentration was always observed for the AER = 10 h-1 but for AER = 3.5 h-1 , a single-field structure was found. The particle size distribution was always homogeneous in space but a general shift of particle diameter (-8% to +16%) was observed between scenarios in correlation with the AER and with the source position, presumably largely attributable to aggregation.}, }
@article {pmid31186821, year = {2019}, author = {Aghilinejad, A and Aghaamoo, M and Chen, X}, title = {On the transport of particles/cells in high-throughput deterministic lateral displacement devices: Implications for circulating tumor cell separation.}, journal = {Biomicrofluidics}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {034112}, doi = {10.1063/1.5092718}, pmid = {31186821}, issn = {1932-1058}, abstract = {Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD), which takes advantage of the asymmetric bifurcation of laminar flow around the embedded microposts, has shown promising capabilities in separating cells and particles of different sizes. Growing interest in utilizing high-throughput DLD devices for practical applications, such as circulating tumor cell separation, necessitates employing higher flow rates in these devices, leading to operating in moderate to high Reynolds number (Re) regimes. Despite extensive research on DLD devices in the creeping regime, limited research has focused on the physics of flow, critical size of the device, and deformable cell behavior in DLD devices at moderate to high Re. In this study, the transport behavior of particles/cells is investigated in realistic high-throughput DLD devices with hundreds of microposts by utilizing multiphysics modeling. A practical formula is proposed for the prediction of the device critical size, which could serve as a design guideline for high-throughput DLD devices. Then, the complex hydrodynamic interactions between a deformable cell and DLD post arrays are investigated. A dimensionless index is utilized for comparing different post designs to quantify the cell-post interaction. It is shown that the separation performances in high-throughput devices are highly affected by Re as well as the micropost shapes. These findings can be utilized for the design and optimization of high-throughput DLD microfluidic devices.}, }
@article {pmid31185351, year = {2019}, author = {Tshumah-Mutingwende, RRMS and Takahashi, F}, title = {Physio-chemical effects of freshwaters on the dissolution of elementary mercury.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {252}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {627-636}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.130}, pmid = {31185351}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Gold/analysis ; Humans ; Mercury/*analysis/chemistry ; Methylmercury Compounds/analysis ; Solubility ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Elemental mercury (Hg0) is widely used by Artisanal and small-scale gold miners (ASGMs) to extract gold from ore. Due to the unavailability of appropriate waste disposal facilities, Hg0-rich amalgamation tailings are often discharged into nearby aquatic systems where the Hg0 droplets settle in bottom sediment and sediment-water interfaces. Hg0 dissolution and following biogeochemical transformations to methylmercury (MeHg) have been concerned owing to its potential risk to human health and the ecosystem. For reliable estimates of Hg exposure to human bodies using pollutant environmental fate and transport models, knowledge of the Hg0 dissolution rate is important. However, only limited literature is available. Therefore, it was investigated in this study. Dissolution tests in a 'dark chamber' revealed that an increase in medium pH resulted in a decrease in the dissolution rate, whereas, a large Hg0 droplet surface area (SA) and high Reynolds number (Re) resulted in a faster dissolution. A multivariate first order dissolution model of the form:kˆ=-7.9×10-5[pH]+7.0×10-4[logRe]+7.9×10-4[SA]-2.5×10-3 was proposed (adjusted R2 = 0.99). The Breusch-Pagan and White heteroscedasticity tests revealed that the model residuals are homoscedastic (p-value = 0.05) at the 5% significance level. Parameter sensitivity analysis suggests that slow mercury dissolution from the Hg0 droplets to aquatic systems might mask emerging environmental risk of mercury. Even after mercury usage in ASGM is banned, mercury dissolution and following contamination will continue for about 40 years or longer owing to previously discharged Hg0 droplets.}, }
@article {pmid31176976, year = {2019}, author = {Almohammadi, H and Amirfazli, A}, title = {Droplet impact: Viscosity and wettability effects on splashing.}, journal = {Journal of colloid and interface science}, volume = {553}, number = {}, pages = {22-30}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcis.2019.05.101}, pmid = {31176976}, issn = {1095-7103}, abstract = {HYPOTHESES: The wettability of a surface affects the splashing behavior of a droplet upon impact onto a surface only when surface exhibits either a very high or a very low contact angle. Viscosity affects the splashing threshold in a non-monotony way.<br><br>EXPERIMENTS: To examine the roles of drop viscosity and surface wettability on splashing, a wide range of liquid viscosities (1-100 cSt), surface wettabilities (from hydrophilic to hydrophobic), drop velocities (0.5-3.3 m/s), and liquid surface tensions (∼20 and 70 mN/m) were examined. High speed imaging was used.<br><br>FINDINGS: Wettability affects the splashing threshold at very extreme limits of the wettability i.e. at very high or very low contact angle values; however, the wettability effect is less prominent on spreading-splashing regime map. For drops of any surface tension impacting surfaces with any wettability, an increase in viscosity (up to ∼5 cSt or Reynolds number of 2000) promotes splashing; whereas using liquids with viscosities larger than 5 cSt, suppress splashing. We explained such behaviors using evolution of the lamella rim, dynamic contact angle, and velocity of the expanding lamella. Finally, to predict the splashing, we developed a general empirical relationship which explains all of ours, and previously reported data.}, }
@article {pmid31167483, year = {2019}, author = {Siddiqui, AA and Turkyilmazoglu, M}, title = {A New Theoretical Approach of Wall Transpiration in the Cavity Flow of the Ferrofluids.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi10060373}, pmid = {31167483}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {An idea of permeable (suction/injection) chamber is proposed in the current work to control the secondary vortices appearing in the well-known lid-driven cavity flow by means of the water based ferrofluids. The Rosensweig model is conveniently adopted for the mathematical analysis of the physical problem. The governing equation of model is first transformed into the vorticity transport equation. A special finite difference method in association with the successive over-relaxation method (SOR) is then employed to numerically simulate the flow behavior. The effects of intensity of magnetic source (controlled by the Stuart number), aspect ratio of the cavity, rate of permeability (i.e., α p = V 0 U), ratio of speed of suction/injection V 0 to the sliding-speed U of the upper wall of a cavity, and Reynolds number on the ferrofluid in the cavity are fully examined. It is found that the secondary vortices residing on the lower wall of the cavity are dissolved by the implementation of the suction/injection chamber. Their character is dependent on the rate of permeability. The intensity of magnetic source affects the system in such a way to alter the flow and to transport the fluid away from the magnetic source location. It also reduces the loading effects on the walls of the cavity. If the depth of cavity (or the aspect ratio) is increased, the secondary vortices join together to form a single secondary vortex. The number of secondary vortices is shown to increase if the Reynolds number is increased for both the clear fluid as well as the ferrofluids. The suction and injection create resistance in settlement of solid ferroparticles on the bottom. The results obtained are validated with the existing data in the literature and satisfactory agreement is observed. The presented problem may find applications in biomedical, pharmaceutical, and engineering industries.}, }
@article {pmid31165744, year = {2019}, author = {Arumuru, V and Dash, JN and Dora, D and Jha, R}, title = {Vortex Shedding Optical Flowmeter based on Photonic Crystal Fiber.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {8313}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-40464-2}, pmid = {31165744}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {In the present work we propose a PCF (photonic crystal fiber) based Modal interferometer detector for sensing low flow velocity by detecting the frequency of vortices shed from a bluff body. The proposed novel design encapsulates the interferometric arm inside a metal casing to protect the sensor from harsh process fluids. The characterization of the developed probe is conducted under no flow conditions using a piezo actuator to evaluate the sensor response over wide frequency range (0-500 Hz). The developed sensors shows a reasonably flat response in the tested frequency range. Experiments are conducted by employing the developed sensor behind a bluff body of a vortex flowmeter to measure the frequency of the shed vortices and hence, the fluid flow rate. The low flow rate sensitivity of the vortex flowmeter is improved many folds by using the present sensor and the minimum Reynolds number detected is Re = 5000. A linear trend is observed between the frequency of the vortices and the flow velocity which is desirable for fluid flow measurement. The PCF based interferometric sensor with metal encapsulation makes the vortex flowmeter, sensitive at low flow rates, robust and economical to be used in industrial application.}, }
@article {pmid31153354, year = {2019}, author = {Farouk, B and Antao, DS and Hasan, N}, title = {Acoustically driven oscillatory flow fields in a cylindrical resonator at resonance.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {145}, number = {5}, pages = {2932}, doi = {10.1121/1.5097594}, pmid = {31153354}, issn = {1520-8524}, abstract = {Generation and development of acoustic waves in an air-filled cylindrical resonator driven by a conical electro-mechanical speaker are studied experimentally and simulated numerically. The driving frequencies of the speaker are chosen such that a standing wave field is produced at each chosen frequency in the resonator. The amplitude of the generated acoustic (pressure) waves is measured along the axis of the resonator by a fast response piezo-resistive pressure transducer, while the radial distribution of the oscillatory axial velocities is measured at the corresponding velocity anti-node locations by a constant temperature hot-film anemometer. For the cases studied, the acoustic Reynolds number ranged between 20.0 and 60.0 and the flow fields were always found to be in the laminar regime. The flow field in the resonator is also simulated by a high-fidelity numerical scheme with low numerical diffusion. Formation of the standing wave and quasi-steady acoustic streaming are numerically simulated by solving the fully compressible form of the Navier-Stokes equations. The effects of the sound field intensity (i.e., input power to the speaker) and driving frequency on the standing wave field and the resultant formation process of the streaming structures are also investigated.}, }
@article {pmid31144946, year = {2019}, author = {Kaneda, Y and Yamamoto, Y and Tsuji, Y}, title = {Linear Response Theory for One-Point Statistics in the Inertial Sublayer of Wall-Bounded Turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {122}, number = {19}, pages = {194502}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.194502}, pmid = {31144946}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {The idea of linear response theory well known in the statistical mechanics for thermal equilibrium systems is applied to one-point statistics in the inertial sublayer of wall-bounded turbulence (WBT). A close analogy between the energy transfer from large to small scales in isotropic turbulence and the momentum transfer in the wall normal direction in WBT plays a key role in the application. The application gives estimates of the influence of the finite Reynolds number on the statistics. The estimates are consistent with data by high-resolution direct numerical simulations of turbulent channel flow.}, }
@article {pmid31140495, year = {2019}, author = {Fadel, M and Daurelle, JV and Fourmond, V and Vicente, J}, title = {A new electrochemical cell with a uniformly accessible electrode to study fast catalytic reactions.}, journal = {Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP}, volume = {21}, number = {23}, pages = {12360-12371}, doi = {10.1039/c9cp01487j}, pmid = {31140495}, issn = {1463-9084}, abstract = {The electrochemical study of fast catalytic reactions is limited by mass transport when using the conventional electrochemical cell with a rotating disk electrode (RDE). To overcome this issue, it is important to find a new device with improved transport properties that respects electrochemical constraints. We used numerical simulations of computational fluid dynamics to design a new electrochemical cell based on the so-called &quot;jet flow&quot; design for the kinetic studies of catalytic chemical reactions at the surface of an electrode. The new cell is characterized by a high, reliable and uniform mass transport over the electroactive part of its surface. We investigated the effects of the nozzle and the electrode diameters, the nozzle-electrode distance and the Reynolds number on the performance of the jet-electrode in the flow system. Through the optimization of the geometry of this jet electrode cell, we achieved a factor of 3 enhancement in transport compared to the rotating disk electrode. We succeeded in constructing the designed electrode, characterized it with electrochemical techniques, and found an excellent agreement between the transport properties deduced from the numerical simulations and those from the measurements.}, }
@article {pmid31123743, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, P and Zhang, Q and Wang, M and Yin, B and Hou, D and Zhang, Y}, title = {Atomistic insights into cesium chloride solution transport through the ultra-confined calcium-silicate-hydrate channel.}, journal = {Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP}, volume = {21}, number = {22}, pages = {11892-11902}, doi = {10.1039/c8cp07676f}, pmid = {31123743}, issn = {1463-9084}, abstract = {The transport of water and ions in the gel pores of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) determines the durability of cement material. In this study, molecular dynamics was employed to investigate the capillary imbibition process of CsCl solution in the C-S-H channel. The advanced frontier of CsCl solution flow inside the C-S-H capillary shows a concave meniscus shape, which reflects the hydrophilic properties of the C-S-H substrate. Reynolds number calculations show that the transport process is laminar flow and dominated by viscous forces. The invading depth of the CsCl solution deviates from the theoretical prediction of the classic Lucas-Washburn (L-W) equation, but the modified theoretical equation, by incorporating the effect of slip length, dynamic contact angle, and effective viscosity into the L-W equation, can describe the penetration curve of the solution very well. The validity of our developed theoretical equation was confirmed by additional systems with different ion concentrations. In addition, the local structure of ions was analyzed to elucidate the effect of ion concentration on the transport process. The adsorption and accumulation of ions retard the transport process of water. With an increase in the ionic concentration, the effects of immobilization and cluster accumulation became more pronounced, further reducing the transport rate of water. This study provides fundamental insight into the transport behavior of liquid in the gel pores of cement-based material.}, }
@article {pmid31120757, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, J and Liu, H and Ba, Y}, title = {Numerical Study of Droplet Dynamics on a Solid Surface with Insoluble Surfactants.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {35}, number = {24}, pages = {7858-7870}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00495}, pmid = {31120757}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {Surfactants are widely used in many industrial processes, where the presence of surfactants not only reduces the interfacial tension between fluids but also alters the wetting properties of solid surfaces. To understand how the surfactants influence the droplet motion on a solid surface, a hybrid method for interfacial flows with insoluble surfactants and contact-line dynamics is developed. This method solves immiscible two-phase flows through a lattice Boltzmann color-gradient model and simultaneously solves the convection-diffusion equation for surfactant concentration through a finite difference method. In addition, a dynamic contact angle formulation that describes the dependence of the local contact angle on the surfactant concentration is derived, and the resulting contact angle is enforced by a geometrical wetting condition. Our method is first used to simulate static contact angles for a droplet resting on a solid surface, and the results show that the presence of surfactants can significantly modify surface wettability, especially when the surface is more hydrophilic or more hydrophobic. This is then applied to simulate a surfactant-laden droplet moving on a substrate subject to a linear shear flow for varying effective capillary number (Cae), Reynolds number (Re), and surface wettability, where the results are often compared with those of a clean droplet. For varying Cae, the simulations are conducted by considering a neutral surface. At low values of Cae, the droplet eventually reaches a steady deformation and moves at a constant velocity. In either a clean or surfactant-laden case, the moving velocity of the droplet linearly increases with the moving wall velocity, but the slope is always higher (i.e., the droplet moves faster) in the surfactant-laden case where the droplet exhibits a bigger deformation. When Cae is increased beyond a critical value (Cae,c), the droplet breakup would happen. The presence of surfactants is found to decrease the value of Cae,c, but it shows a non-monotonic effect on the droplet breakup. An increase in Re is able to increase not only droplet deformation but also surfactant dilution. The role of surfactants in the droplet behavior is found to greatly depend upon the surface wettability. For a hydrophilic surface, the presence of surfactants can decrease the wetting length and enables the droplet to reach a steady state faster; while for a hydrophobic surface, it increases the wetting length and delays the departure of the droplet from the solid surface.}, }
@article {pmid31083953, year = {2019}, author = {Tian, C and Wang, X and Liu, Y and Yang, W and Hu, H and Pei, X and Zhou, F}, title = {In Situ Grafting Hydrophilic Polymeric Layer for Stable Drag Reduction.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {35}, number = {22}, pages = {7205-7211}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00321}, pmid = {31083953}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {Developing drag reduction techniques has attracted great attention because of their need in practical applications. However, many of the proposed strategies exhibit some inevitable limitations, especially for long period of adhibition. In this work, the dynamic but stable drag reduction effect of superhydrophilic hydrogel-coated iron sphere falling freely in a cylindrical water tank was investigated. The absolute instantaneous velocities and displacements of either the hydrogel-encapsulated or unmodified iron sphere falling freely in water were monitored via a high-speed video. It was revealed that, in the range of Reynolds number from 104 to 106, the optimized hydrogel-coated iron sphere with uniform stability could reduce the resistance by up to 40%, which was mainly due to the boundary slip of water and the delayed boundary separation that resulted from the coated hydrogel. Besides, the deliberate experiments and analysis further indicated that the superhydrophilic hydrogel layer accompanied by the emergence of the drag crisis has largely effected the distribution of flow field at the boundary around the sphere. More importantly, the drag reduction behavior based on the proposed method was thermodynamically stable and resistant to external stimulus, including fluidic oscillator and hydrodynamic pressure. The effective long-term drag reduction performance of the hydrophilic substrate can be expected, correspondingly, and also provides a novel preliminary protocol and avenues for the development of durable drag reduction technologies.}, }
@article {pmid31083496, year = {2019}, author = {Li, H and Huang, B and Wu, M}, title = {Experimental and Numerical Investigations on the Flow Characteristics within Hydrodynamic Entrance Regions in Microchannels.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi10050317}, pmid = {31083496}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Flow characteristics within entrance regions in microchannels are important due to their effect on heat and mass transfer. However, relevant research is limited and some conclusions are controversial. In order to reveal flow characteristics within entrance regions and to provide empiric correlation estimating hydrodynamic entrance length, experimental and numerical investigations were conducted in microchannels with square cross-sections. The inlet configuration was elaborately designed in a more common pattern for microdevices to diminish errors caused by separation flow near the inlet and fabrication faults so that conclusions which were more applicable to microchannels could be drawn. Three different microchannels with hydraulic diameters of 100 μm, 150 μm, and 200 μm were investigated with Reynolds (Re) number ranging from 0.5 to 50. For the experiment, deionized water was chosen as the working fluid and microscopic particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV) was adopted to record and analyze velocity profiles. For numerical simulation, the test-sections were modeled and incompressible laminar Navier-Stokes equations were solved with commercial software. Strong agreement was achieved between the experimental data and the simulated data. According to the results of both the experiments and the simulations, new correlations were proposed to estimate entrance length. Re numbers ranging from 12.5 to 15 was considered as the transition region where the relationship between entrance length and Re number converted. For the microchannels and the Reynolds number range investigated compared with correlations for conventional channels, noticeable deviation was observed for lower Re numbers (Re < 12.5) and strong agreement was found for higher Re numbers (Re > 15).}, }
@article {pmid31074118, year = {2019}, author = {Xin, C and Yang, L and Li, J and Hu, Y and Qian, D and Fan, S and Hu, K and Cai, Z and Wu, H and Wang, D and Wu, D and Chu, J}, title = {Conical Hollow Microhelices with Superior Swimming Capabilities for Targeted Cargo Delivery.}, journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)}, volume = {31}, number = {25}, pages = {e1808226}, doi = {10.1002/adma.201808226}, pmid = {31074118}, issn = {1521-4095}, support = {51875544//National Science Foundation of China/ ; 51675503//National Science Foundation of China/ ; 61805230//National Science Foundation of China/ ; 51805508//National Science Foundation of China/ ; 51805509//National Science Foundation of China/ ; WK2090000011//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; WK2090090012//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; WK2090000013//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; WK2480000002//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; WK2090090021//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; 2017495//Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS/ ; YZ201566//Chinese Academy of Sciences Instrument/ ; 2017YFB1104303//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2018YFB1105400//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {Inspired by flagellate microorganisms in nature, the microhelix is considered as an ideal model for transportation in fluid environment with low Reynolds number. However, how to promote the swimming and loading capabilities of microhelices with controllable geometries remains challenging. In this study, a novel kind of conical hollow microhelices is proposed and a method is developed to rapidly fabricate these microhelices with controllable parameters by femtosecond vortex beams generated from spatial light modulation along helical scanning. Conical hollow microhelices with designable heights (H = 45-75 µm), diameters (D = 6-18 µm), pitch numbers (Pi = 2-4), taper angles (T = 0.1-0.6 rad), and pitch periods (ΔP = 10-30 µm) are efficiently fabricated. In addition, compared with straight microhelices, the forward swimming capability of conical microhelices increases by 50% and the lateral drift of the conical hollow microhelices is reduced by 70%. Finally, the capabilities of these conical hollow microhelices for nanocargo loading and release by the inner hollow core, as well as transportation of neural stem cells by the outer surface are demonstrated. This work provides new insights into faster and simultaneous transportation of multicargoes for hybrid drug delivery, targeted therapy, and noninvasive surgery in vivo.}, }
@article {pmid31067939, year = {2019}, author = {Feng, Y and Gao, Y and Tang, K and Jin, T}, title = {Numerical investigation on turbulent oscillatory flow through a jet pump.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {145}, number = {3}, pages = {1417}, doi = {10.1121/1.5094346}, pmid = {31067939}, issn = {1520-8524}, abstract = {A jet pump with an asymmetrical channel can induce a time-averaged pressure drop in oscillatory flow, which can effectively suppress Gedeon streaming in looped thermoacoustic engines. In this work, the flow characteristics and time-averaged pressure drop caused by a jet pump in turbulent oscillatory flow are investigated through numerical simulation. Through the analysis of the dimensionless governing equations, the emphasis is put on the effects of Womersley number and maximum acoustic Reynolds number on the performance of the jet pump. Meanwhile, the steady flow resistance coefficients are also measured numerically. The results indicate that the oscillatory flow resistance coefficients are relatively insensitive to Womersley number when it is less than 46. Moreover, the oscillatory flow resistance coefficients agree well with the steady state flow results, which validate the quasi-static assumption in turbulent oscillatory flow. However, further increasing Womersley number will lead to a reduction in the time-averaged pressure drop. The simulation method and results, as well as the hydrodynamic mechanism beneath the results, are presented and discussed in detail.}, }
@article {pmid31067919, year = {2019}, author = {Ramadan, AB and Abd El-Rahman, AI and Sabry, AS}, title = {Assessment of the transition k-k-ω model application to transitional oscillatory pipe flows.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {145}, number = {3}, pages = {1195}, doi = {10.1121/1.5092605}, pmid = {31067919}, issn = {1520-8524}, abstract = {The flow transition from laminar to turbulent inside of typical thermoacoustic devices influences the heat-exchange capacities of these devices and dramatically impacts overall performances as well. A few measurements [Eckmann and Grotberg (1991), J. Fluid Mech. 222, 329-350; Hino, Sawamoto, and Takasu (1976). J. Fluid Mech. 75, 193-207] and direct simulations [Feldmann and Wagner (2012). J. Turbul. 13(32), 1-28; Feldmann and Wagner (2016a). New Results in Numerical and Experimental Fluid Mechanics X, pp. 113-122] were reported that describe the transitional oscillatory flows; however, almost no turbulence model has been developed that enables accurate detection and characterization of the reported intermittent turbulent fluctuations. The present work aims to assess the applicability of the k-kL-ω transition model to transitional oscillatory pipe flows. A sinusoidal pressure gradient is introduced into ANSYS finite-volume solver for flow field simulation at different acoustic frequencies, while a friction Reynolds number of 1440 is retained. The stationary turbulent and the laminar oscillatory pipe flows are first considered for validation and model calibration against published LDA measurements [Durst, Kikura, Lekakis, Jovanovic, and Ye (1996). Exp. Fluids 20, 417-428] and DNS results [Feldmann and Wagner (2012). J. Turbul. 13(32), 1-28] in addition to the Sexl's laminar-flow theory [Sexl (1930). Zeitschrift Phys. 61(5), 349-362]. Investigation of the total fluctuation kinetic energy of transitional oscillations reveals the appearance of intermittent fluctuations within the near-wall region at Wo = 13 during deceleration, while fully turbulent oscillations are predicted in the entire pipe domain at Wo = 5. Although the present results are qualitatively in good agreement with reported experimental [Eckmann and Grotberg (1991). J. Fluid Mech. 222, 329-350] and DNS findings [Feldmann and Wagner (2012). J. Turbul. 13(32), 1-28], the velocity profiles show poor agreement with corresponding DNS data during flow acceleration at Wo = 5.}, }
@article {pmid31046340, year = {2019}, author = {Zhou, T and Sun, Y and Fattah, R and Zhang, X and Huang, X}, title = {An experimental study of trailing edge noise from a pitching airfoil.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {145}, number = {4}, pages = {2009}, doi = {10.1121/1.5094898}, pmid = {31046340}, issn = {1520-8524}, abstract = {In this study, the far-field noise from a pitching NACA 0012 airfoil was measured at a Reynolds number of 6.6 × 104. The pitching motion was in sinusoidal functions with a mean incident angle of 0°. Cases with the pitching amplitude varying from 7.5° to 15° and frequency from 3 to 8 Hz were tested, corresponding to the reduced frequency from 0.094 to 0.25. A microphone was placed in the far-field and the particle image velocimetry technique was utilized to study the flow structures near the trailing edge. The short-time Fourier transformation results of the noise signals revealed that a high-level narrow-band noise hump occurred at a specific angle of attack in a pitching cycle. At the corresponding moment, a coherent vortex street convecting on the airfoil surface was observed, and the vortex shedding frequency was in good agreement with the central frequency of the noise hump. The occurrence of the noise humps was attributed to the laminar boundary layer separation. In one pitching period, the moment when the narrow-band noise hump occurs is independent from the pitching amplitude and it is delayed as the pitching frequency increases. Larger pitching frequency or amplitude results in lower peak level of the noise humps.}, }
@article {pmid31045081, year = {2019}, author = {Gao, Y and Yang, X and Fu, C and Yang, Y and Li, Z and Zhang, H and Qi, F}, title = {10 kHz simultaneous PIV/PLIF study of the diffusion flame response to periodic acoustic forcing.}, journal = {Applied optics}, volume = {58}, number = {10}, pages = {C112-C120}, doi = {10.1364/AO.58.00C112}, pmid = {31045081}, issn = {1539-4522}, abstract = {Response of a laminar diffusion dimethyl-ether flame forced by an acoustic field is provided. A forcing frequency of 100 Hz, which is chosen based on the typical thermo-acoustic instability frequency in a practical combustor, is applied to the flame at a Reynolds number of 250. The development of the forced vortical structures present in this flame has been investigated utilizing a burst mode laser with a repetition rate of 10 kHz. Flame/vortex interaction is visualized by planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of formaldehyde, which is used to identify the early-stage fuel decomposition in the flame. The flame structure is also correlated with the velocity field, which is obtained utilizing particle imaging velocimetry (PIV). The resulting phase-resolved and time-averaged velocity and vortex images indicate that the amplitude of excitation has pronounced effects on the flame via modifying the local heat release.}, }
@article {pmid31045033, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, S and Liu, X and Wang, G and Xu, L and Li, L and Liu, Y and Huang, Z and Qi, F}, title = {High-repetition-rate burst-mode-laser diagnostics of an unconfined lean premixed swirling flame under external acoustic excitation.}, journal = {Applied optics}, volume = {58}, number = {10}, pages = {C68-C78}, doi = {10.1364/AO.58.000C68}, pmid = {31045033}, issn = {1539-4522}, abstract = {Lean premixed swirling flames are important in practical combustors, but a commonly encountered problem of practical swirl combustors is thermo-acoustic instability, which may cause internal structure damage to combustors. In this research, a high-repetition-rate burst-mode laser is used for simultaneous particle image velocimetry and planar laser-induced fluorescence measurement in an unconfined acoustically excited swirl burner. The time-resolved flow field and transient flame response to the acoustic perturbation are visualized at 20 kHz, offering insight into the heat release rate oscillation. The premixed mixture flow rate and acoustic modulation are varied to study the effects of Reynolds number, Strouhal number, and acoustic modulation amplitude on the swirling flame. The results suggest that the Strouhal number has a notable effect on the periodic movements of the inner recirculation zone and swirling flame configuration.}, }
@article {pmid31039316, year = {2019}, author = {Mozhi Devan Padmanathan, A and Sneha Ravi, A and Choudhary, H and Varanakkottu, SN and Dalvi, SV}, title = {Predictive Framework for the Spreading of Liquid Drops and the Formation of Liquid Marbles on Hydrophobic Particle Bed.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {35}, number = {20}, pages = {6657-6668}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00698}, pmid = {31039316}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {In this work, we have developed a model to describe the behavior of liquid drops upon impaction on hydrophobic particle bed and verified it experimentally. Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) particles were used to coat drops of water, aqueous solutions of glycerol (20, 40, and 60% v/v), and ethanol (5 and 12% v/v). The experiments were conducted for Weber number (We) ranging from 8 to 130 and Reynolds number (Re) ranging from 370 to 4460. The bed porosity was varied from 0.8 to 0.6. The experimental values of βmax (ratio of the diameter at the maximum spreading condition to the initial drop diameter) were estimated from the time-lapsed images captured using a high-speed camera. The theoretical βmax was estimated by making energy balances on the liquid drop. The proposed model accounts for the energy losses due to viscous dissipation and crater formation along with a change in kinetic energy and surface energy. A good agreement was obtained between the experimental βmax and the estimated theoretical βmax. The proposed model yielded a least % absolute average relative deviation (% AARD) of 5.5 ± 4.3 compared to other models available in the literature. Further, it was found that the liquid drops impacting on particle bed are completely coated with PTFE particles with βmax values greater than 2.}, }
@article {pmid31037445, year = {2019}, author = {Hatoum, H and Mo, XM and Crestanello, JA and Dasi, LP}, title = {Modeling of the Instantaneous Transvalvular Pressure Gradient in Aortic Stenosis.}, journal = {Annals of biomedical engineering}, volume = {47}, number = {8}, pages = {1748-1763}, doi = {10.1007/s10439-019-02275-4}, pmid = {31037445}, issn = {1573-9686}, support = {R01HL119824//National Institutes of Health/ ; R01 HL119824/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; 19POST34380804//American Heart Association/ ; R01 HL135505/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R03 EB014255/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aortic Valve/*physiopathology ; Aortic Valve Stenosis/*physiopathology ; Cardiac Output ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; Pressure ; }, abstract = {The simplified and modified Bernoulli equations break down in estimating the true pressure gradient across the stenotic aortic valve due to their over simplifying assumptions of steady and inviscid conditions as well as the fundamental nature in which aortic valves are different than idealized orifices. Nevertheless, despite having newer models based on time-dependent momentum balance across an orifice, the simplified and modified Bernoulli continue to be the clinical standard because to date, they remain the only models clinically implementable. The objective of this study is to (1) illustrate the fundamental considerations necessary to accurately model the time-dependent instantaneous pressure gradient across a fixed orifice and (2) propose empirical corrections when applying orifice based models to severely stenotic aortic valves. We introduce a general model to predict the time-dependent instantaneous pressure gradient across an orifice that explicitly model the Reynolds number dependence of both the steady and unsteady terms. The accuracy of this general model is assessed with respect to previous models through pulse duplicator experiments on a round orifice model as well as an explanted stenotic surgical aortic valve both with geometric areas of 0.6 cm2 (less than 1 cm2 which is the threshold for stenosis determination) over cardiac outputs of 3 and 5 L/min and heart rates of 60, 90 and 120 bpm. The model and the raw experimental data corresponding to the orifice showed good agreement over a wide range of cardiac outputs and heart rates (R2 exceeding 0.91). The derived average and peak transvalvular pressure gradients also demonstrated good agreement with no significant differences between the respective peaks (p > 0.09). The new model proposed holds promise with its physical and closed form representation of pressure drop, however accurate modeling of the time-variability of the valve area is necessary for the model to be applied on stenotic valves.}, }
@article {pmid31028849, year = {2019}, author = {Heidarinejad, G and Roozbahani, MH and Heidarinejad, M}, title = {Studying airflow structures in periodic cylindrical hills of human tracheal cartilaginous rings.}, journal = {Respiratory physiology &amp; neurobiology}, volume = {266}, number = {}, pages = {103-114}, doi = {10.1016/j.resp.2019.04.012}, pmid = {31028849}, issn = {1878-1519}, abstract = {The objective of this study is to assess tracheobronchial flow features with the cartilaginous rings during a light exercising. Tracheobronchial is part of human's body airway system that carries oxygen-rich air to human's lungs as well as takes carbon dioxide out of the human's lungs. Consequently, evaluation of the flow structures in tracheobronchial is important to support diagnosis of tracheal disorders. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) allows evaluating effectiveness of tracheal cartilage rings in human body under different configurations. This study utilizes Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to model an anatomically-based human large conducting airway model with and without cartilaginous rings at the breathing conditions at Reynolds number of 5,176 in trachea region. It is observed that small recirculating areas shaped between rings cavities. While these recirculating areas are decaying, similar to periodic 2D-hills, the cartilaginous rings contribute to the construction of a vortical flow structure in the main flow. The separated vortically-shaped zone creates a wake in the flow and passes inside of the next ring cavity and disturb its boundary layer. At last, the small recirculation flow impinges onto tracheal wall. The outcome of this impinge flow is a latitudinal rotating flow perpendicular to the main flow in a cavity between the two cartilaginous rings crest which appear and disappear within a hundredth of a second. Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is observed in trachea caused by shear flow created behind of interaction between these flow structures near to tracheal wavy wall and main flow. A comparison of the results between a smooth wall model named simplified model and a rough wall model named modified model shows that these structures do not exist in simplified model, which is common in modeling tracheobronchial flow. This study proposes to consider macro surface roughness to account for the separating and rotating instantaneous flow structures. Finally, solving trachea airflow with its cartilages can become one of major issues in measuring the validity and capability of solving flow in developing types of sub-grid scale models as a turbulence studies benchmark.}, }
@article {pmid31008408, year = {2019}, author = {Vasilopoulos, K and Sarris, IE and Tsoutsanis, P}, title = {Assessment of air flow distribution and hazardous release dispersion around a single obstacle using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {e01482}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01482}, pmid = {31008408}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The flow around a cubical building, with a pollution source at the central point of the top of the cube, is studied. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes and species concentration equations are solved for Reynolds number, Re = 40,000, is based on the height of the cube. The predictions obtained with the standard, the Kato-Launder, and the low-Reynolds number k-epsilon models are examined with various wall functions for the near wall treatment of the flow. Results are compared against Martinuzzi and Tropea measurements (J. of Fluids Eng., 115, 85-92, 1993) for the flow field and against Li and Meroney (J. of Wind Eng. and Industrial Aerodynamics, 81, 333-345, 1983) experiments and Gaussian models for the concentration distribution. It is found that the present unstructured mesh model performs similarly to the structured mesh models. Results from the Kato-Launder model are closer to the experimental data for the flow patterns and contaminant distribution on the cube's roof. However, the Kato-Launder model has an over-prediction for the recirculation zone and the contaminant distribution windward of the cube. The standard k-epsilon and the low-Reynolds number k-epsilon models predict similar flow patterns and are closer to the experimental data of the cube's windward and side face.}, }
@article {pmid31007546, year = {2019}, author = {Martins Afonso, M and Mitra, D and Vincenzi, D}, title = {Kazantsev dynamo in turbulent compressible flows.}, journal = {Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {475}, number = {2223}, pages = {20180591}, doi = {10.1098/rspa.2018.0591}, pmid = {31007546}, issn = {1364-5021}, abstract = {We consider the kinematic fluctuation dynamo problem in a flow that is random, white-in-time, with both solenoidal and potential components. This model is a generalization of the well-studied Kazantsev model. If both the solenoidal and potential parts have the same scaling exponent, then, as the compressibility of the flow increases, the growth rate decreases but remains positive. If the scaling exponents for the solenoidal and potential parts differ, in particular if they correspond to typical Kolmogorov and Burgers values, we again find that an increase in compressibility slows down the growth rate but does not turn it off. The slow down is, however, weaker and the critical magnetic Reynolds number is lower than when both the solenoidal and potential components display the Kolmogorov scaling. Intriguingly, we find that there exist cases, when the potential part is smoother than the solenoidal part, for which an increase in compressibility increases the growth rate. We also find that the critical value of the scaling exponent above which a dynamo is seen is unity irrespective of the compressibility. Finally, we realize that the dimension d = 3 is special, as for all other values of d the critical exponent is higher and depends on the compressibility.}, }
@article {pmid31003548, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, M and Zhang, W and Wu, Z and Shen, Y and Chen, Y and Lan, C and Li, F and Cai, W}, title = {Comparison of Micro-Mixing in Time Pulsed Newtonian Fluid and Viscoelastic Fluid.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi10040262}, pmid = {31003548}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Fluid mixing plays an essential role in many microfluidic applications. Here, we compare the mixing in time pulsing flows for both a Newtonian fluid and a viscoelastic fluid at different pulsing frequencies. In general, the mixing degree in the viscoelastic fluid is higher than that in the Newtonian fluid. Particularly, the mixing in Newtonian fluid with time pulsing is decreased when the Reynolds number Re is between 0.002 and 0.01, while it is enhanced when Re is between 0.1 and 0.2 compared with that at a constant flow rate. In the viscoelastic fluid, on the other hand, the time pulsing does not change the mixing degree when the Weissenberg number Wi ≤ 20, while a larger mixing degree is realized at a higher pulsing frequency when Wi = 50.}, }
@article {pmid30999540, year = {2019}, author = {Duran-Matute, M and van Gorp, MD and van Heijst, GJF}, title = {Wavelength selection of vortex ripples in an oscillating cylinder: The effect of curvature and background rotation.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {99}, number = {3-1}, pages = {033105}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.99.033105}, pmid = {30999540}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We present results of laboratory experiments on the formation, evolution, and wavelength selection of vortex ripples. These ripples formed on a sediment bed at the bottom of a water-filled oscillating cylindrical tank mounted on top of a rotating table. The table is made to oscillate sinusoidally in time, while a constant background rotation was added for some experiments. The changes in bed thickness are measured using a light attenuation technique. It was found that the wavelength normalized with the excursion length depends on both a Reynolds number and the Strouhal number. This differs from straight or annular geometries where the wavelength is proportional to the excursion length. The flow in an oscillating cylinder has the peculiarity that it develops a secondary flow in the radial direction that depends on the excursion length. The effect of this secondary circulation is evident in the radial transport for small values of the Strouhal number or in the orientation of the ripples for strong enough background rotation. Additionally, ripples in an oscillating cylinder present a rich dynamic behavior where the number of ripples can oscillate even with constant forcing parameters.}, }
@article {pmid30999463, year = {2019}, author = {Dutta, AK and Ramachandran, G and Chaudhuri, S}, title = {Investigating thermoacoustic instability mitigation dynamics with a Kuramoto model for flamelet oscillators.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {99}, number = {3-1}, pages = {032215}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.99.032215}, pmid = {30999463}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {In this paper, we present experimental observations and phenomenological modeling of the intermittent dynamics that emerge while mitigating thermoacoustic instability by rotating the otherwise static swirler in a lean premixed, laboratory-scale combustor. Starting with a self-excited thermoacoustically unstable combustor, here we find that a progressive increase in swirler rotation rate does not uniformly decrease amplitudes of coherent, sinusoidal pressure or heat-release-rate oscillations. Instead, these oscillations emerge as high-amplitude bursts separated by low-amplitude noise in the signal. At increased rotational speeds, the high-amplitude coherent oscillations become scarce and their duration in the signal reduces. The velocity field from high-speed particle image velocimetry and simultaneous pressure and chemiluminescence data support these observations. Such an intermittent route to instability mitigation is reminiscent of the opposite transition implemented by changing the Reynolds number from a fully chaotic state to a fully unstable state. To model such dynamics phenomenologically, we discretize the swirling turbulent premixed flame into an ensemble of flamelet oscillators arranged circumferentially around the center body of the swirler. The Kuramoto model is proposed for these flamelet oscillators which is subsequently used to analyze their synchronization dynamics. The order parameter r, which is a measure of the synchronization between the oscillator phases, provides critical insights on the transition from the thermoacoustically unstable to stable states via intermittency. Finally, it is shown that the Kuramoto model for flamelet oscillator can qualitatively reproduce the time-averaged and intermittent dynamics while transitioning from the state of thermoacoustic instability to a state of incoherent noisy oscillations.}, }
@article {pmid30999454, year = {2019}, author = {Shaik, VA and Ardekani, AM}, title = {Swimming sheet near a plane surfactant-laden interface.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {99}, number = {3-1}, pages = {033101}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.99.033101}, pmid = {30999454}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {In this work we analyze the velocity of a swimming sheet near a plane surfactant-laden interface by assuming the Reynolds number and the sheet's deformation to be small. We observe a nonmonotonic dependence of the sheet's velocity on the Marangoni number (Ma) and the surface Péclet number (Pe_{s}). For a sheet passing only transverse waves, the swimming velocity increases with an increase in Ma for any fixed Pe_{s}. When Pe_{s} is increasing, on the other hand, the swimming velocity of the same sheet either increases (at large Ma) or it initially increases and then decreases (at small Ma). This dependence of the swimming velocity on Ma and Pe_{s} is altered if the sheet is passing longitudinal waves in addition to the transverse waves along its surface.}, }
@article {pmid30993773, year = {2019}, author = {Cheng, JL and Au, JS and MacDonald, MJ}, title = {Peripheral artery endothelial function responses to altered shear stress patterns in humans.}, journal = {Experimental physiology}, volume = {104}, number = {7}, pages = {1126-1135}, doi = {10.1113/EP087597}, pmid = {30993773}, issn = {1469-445X}, support = {DG #238819-13//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? What is the effect of altered shear stress pattern, with or without concurrent neurohumoral and metabolic activation, on the acute endothelial function response assessed via brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation? What is the main finding and its importance? Despite generating distinctive shear stress patterns (i.e. increases in anterograde only, anterograde only with neurohumoral and metabolic activation, and both anterograde and retrograde), similar acute improvements were observed in the brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation response in all conditions, indicating that anterograde and/or turbulent shear stress might be the essential element to induce acute increases in endothelial function.<br><br>ABSTRACT: Endothelial function is influenced by both the direction and the magnitude of shear stress. Acute improvements in endothelial function have mostly been attributed to increased anterograde shear, whereas results from many interventional models in humans suggest that enhancing shear stress in an oscillatory manner (anterograde and retrograde) might be optimal. Here, we determined the acute brachial artery shear stress (SS) and flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) responses to three shear-altering interventions [passive heat stress (HEAT), mechanical forearm compression (CUFF) and handgrip exercise (HGEX)] and examined the relationship between changes in oscillatory shear index (OSI) and changes in FMD. During separate visits, 10 young healthy men (22 ± 3 years old) underwent 10 min of HEAT, CUFF or HGEX in their left forearm. Anterograde and retrograde SS, Reynolds number, OSI and FMD were assessed at rest and during/after each intervention. Anterograde SS increased during all interventions in a stepwise manner (P < 0.05 between interventions), with the change in HGEX (∆37.7 ± 12.2 dyn cm-2 , P < 0.05) > CUFF (∆25.1 ± 11.9 dyn cm-2 , P < 0.05) > HEAT (∆14.5 ± 7.9 dyn cm-2 , P < 0.05). Retrograde SS increased during CUFF (∆-19.6 ± 4.3 dyn cm-2 , P < 0.05). Anterograde blood flow was turbulent (i.e. Reynolds number ≥ |2000|) during all interventions (P < 0.05). The relative FMD improved after all interventions (P = 0.01), and there was no relationship between ∆OSI and ∆FMD. We elicited changes in SS profiles including increased anterograde SS (HEAT and HGEX) and both increased anterograde and retrograde SS (CUFF); regardless of the SS pattern, FMD improved to the same extent. These findings suggest that the presence of anterograde and/or turbulent SS might be the key to optimizing endothelial function in acute assessment protocols.}, }
@article {pmid30978086, year = {2019}, author = {Wei, D and Dehnavi, PG and Aubin-Tam, ME and Tam, D}, title = {Is the Zero Reynolds Number Approximation Valid for Ciliary Flows?.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {122}, number = {12}, pages = {124502}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.124502}, pmid = {30978086}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {Stokes equations are commonly used to model the hydrodynamic flow around cilia on the micron scale. The validity of the zero Reynolds number approximation is investigated experimentally with a flow velocimetry approach based on optical tweezers, which allows the measurement of periodic flows with high spatial and temporal resolution. We find that beating cilia generate a flow, which fundamentally differs from the stokeslet field predicted by Stokes equations. In particular, the flow velocity spatially decays at a faster rate and is gradually phase delayed at increasing distances from the cilia. This indicates that the quasisteady approximation and use of Stokes equations for unsteady ciliary flow are not always justified and the finite timescale for vorticity diffusion cannot be neglected. Our results have significant implications in studies of synchronization and collective dynamics of microswimmers.}, }
@article {pmid30978052, year = {2019}, author = {Shekar, A and McMullen, RM and Wang, SN and McKeon, BJ and Graham, MD}, title = {Critical-Layer Structures and Mechanisms in Elastoinertial Turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {122}, number = {12}, pages = {124503}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.124503}, pmid = {30978052}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {Simulations of elastoinertial turbulence (EIT) of a polymer solution at low Reynolds number are shown to display localized polymer stretch fluctuations. These are very similar to structures arising from linear stability (Tollmien-Schlichting modes) and resolvent analyses, i.e., critical-layer structures localized where the mean fluid velocity equals the wave speed. Computations of self-sustained nonlinear Tollmien-Schlichting waves reveal that the critical layer exhibits stagnation points that generate sheets of large polymer stretch. These kinematics may be the genesis of similar structures in EIT.}, }
@article {pmid30976530, year = {2019}, author = {M, AA and V, M}, title = {Demand factor definition-A dimensionless parameter for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines.}, journal = {MethodsX}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {567-581}, doi = {10.1016/j.mex.2019.03.003}, pmid = {30976530}, issn = {2215-0161}, abstract = {The use of dimensionless numbers like Reynolds Number, Froude Number and Webber Number has historically simplified the process of comparison of phenomena irrespective of their scales and in their classification into different categories. This paper deals with the derivational aspects of a dimensionless parameter named &quot;Demand Factor&quot; for optimization of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). •The input parameters considered in this derivation are power, wind velocity, the aspect ratio of the turbine, density of air and viscosity of air and the output parameters are length of the blade, number of blades, chord length, aerofoil shape, radius of the turbine and angular velocity at rated speed.•Four rounds of variable definition trials are carried out through the arrangement of the input parameters on the numerator and denominator positions. With the filtering out of unsuitable combinations at different stages of elimination, out of 32 combinations the expression that holds the potential to represent demand factor was identified. The process of carrying out single point optimization based on Demand factor expression is discussed along with the steps involved in numerically calculating output parameters.•The expression of Demand factor developed provides a different perspective on the process of design and optimization of VAWTs.}, }
@article {pmid30960580, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, Y and Wang, Y and Cheng, Z}, title = {Direct Numerical Simulation of Gas-Liquid Drag-Reducing Cavity Flow by the VOSET Method.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/polym11040596}, pmid = {30960580}, issn = {2073-4360}, support = {No.51576210//National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; }, abstract = {Drag reduction by polymer is an important energy-saving technology, which can reduce pumping pressure or promote the flow rate of the pipelines transporting fluid. It has been widely applied to single-phase pipelines, such as oil pipelining, district heating systems, and firefighting. However, the engineering application of the drag reduction technology in two-phase flow systems has not been reported. The reason is an unrevealed complex mechanism of two-phase drag reduction and lack of numerical tools for mechanism study. Therefore, we aim to propose governing equations and numerical methods of direct numerical simulation (DNS) for two-phase gas-liquid drag-reducing flow and try to explain the reason for the two-phase drag reduction. Efficient interface tracking method-coupled volume-of-fluid and level set (VOSET) and typical polymer constitutive model Giesekus are combined in the momentum equation of the two-phase turbulent flow. Interface smoothing for conformation tensor induced by polymer is used to ensure numerical stability of the DNS. Special features and corresponding explanations of the two-phase gas-liquid drag-reducing flow are found based on DNS results. High shear in a high Reynolds number flow depresses the efficiency of the gas-liquid drag reduction, while a high concentration of polymer promotes the efficiency. To guarantee efficient drag reduction, it is better to use a high concentration of polymer drag-reducing agents (DRAs) for high shear flow.}, }
@article {pmid30958231, year = {2018}, author = {Stocking, JB and Laforsch, C and Sigl, R and Reidenbach, MA}, title = {The role of turbulent hydrodynamics and surface morphology on heat and mass transfer in corals.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {15}, number = {149}, pages = {20180448}, doi = {10.1098/rsif.2018.0448}, pmid = {30958231}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; *Coral Reefs ; *Hot Temperature ; *Hydrodynamics ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Corals require efficient heat and mass transfer with the overlying water column to support key biological processes, such as nutrient uptake and mitigation of thermal stress. Transfer rates are primarily determined by flow conditions, coral morphology and the physics of the resulting fluid-structure interaction, yet the relationship among these parameters is poorly understood especially for wave-dominated coral habitats. To investigate the interactive effects of these factors on fluxes of heat and mass, we measure hydrodynamic characteristics in situ over three distinct surface morphologies of massive stony corals in a Panamanian reef. Additionally, we implement a numerical model of flow and thermal transport for both current and wave conditions past a natural coral surface, as well as past three simplified coral morphologies with varying ratios of surface roughness spacing-to-height. We find oscillatory flow enhances rates of heat and mass transfer by 1.2-2.0× compared with unidirectional flow. Additionally, increases in Reynolds number and in surface roughness ratio produce up to a 3.3× and a 2.0× enhancement, respectively. However, as waves begin to dominate the flow regime relative to unidirectional currents, the underlying physical mechanisms mediating transfer rates shift from predominantly turbulence-driven to greater control by inertial accelerations, resulting in larger heat and mass transfer for small surface roughness ratios. We show that for rough corals in wave-dominated flows, novel trade-off dynamics for heat and mass transfer exist between broadly spaced roughness that enhances turbulence production versus narrowly spaced roughness that produces greater surface area. These findings have important implications for differential survivorship during heat-induced coral bleaching, particularly as thermal stress events become increasingly common with global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid30958200, year = {2019}, author = {Tuttle, LJ and Robinson, HE and Takagi, D and Strickler, JR and Lenz, PH and Hartline, DK}, title = {Going with the flow: hydrodynamic cues trigger directed escapes from a stalking predator.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {16}, number = {151}, pages = {20180776}, doi = {10.1098/rsif.2018.0776}, pmid = {30958200}, issn = {1742-5662}, abstract = {In the coevolution of predator and prey, different and less well-understood rules for threat assessment apply to freely suspended organisms than to substrate-dwelling ones. Particularly vulnerable are small prey carried with the bulk movement of a surrounding fluid and thus deprived of sensory information within the bow waves of approaching predators. Some planktonic prey have solved this apparent problem, however. We quantified cues generated by the slow approach of larval clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) that triggered a calanoid copepod (Bestiolina similis) to escape before the fish could strike. To estimate water deformation around the copepod immediately preceding its jump, we represented the body of the fish as a rigid sphere in a hydrodynamic model that we parametrized with measurements of fish size, approach speed and distance to the copepod. Copepods of various developmental stages (CII-CVI) were sensitive to the water flow caused by the live predator, at deformation rates as low as 0.04 s-1. This rate is far lower than that predicted from experiments that used artificial predator-mimics. Additionally, copepods localized the source, with 87% of escapes directed away (greater than or equal to 90°) from the predator. Thus, copepods' survival in life-threatening situations relied on their detection of small nonlinear signals within an environment of locally linear deformation.}, }
@article {pmid30958167, year = {2019}, author = {Nguyen, H and Koehl, MAR and Oakes, C and Bustamante, G and Fauci, L}, title = {Effects of cell morphology and attachment to a surface on the hydrodynamic performance of unicellular choanoflagellates.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {16}, number = {150}, pages = {20180736}, doi = {10.1098/rsif.2018.0736}, pmid = {30958167}, issn = {1742-5662}, abstract = {Choanoflagellates, eukaryotes that are important predators on bacteria in aquatic ecosystems, are closely related to animals and are used as a model system to study the evolution of animals from protozoan ancestors. The choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta has a complex life cycle with different morphotypes, some unicellular and some multicellular. Here we use computational fluid dynamics to study the hydrodynamics of swimming and feeding by different unicellular stages of S. rosetta: a swimming cell with a collar of prey-capturing microvilli surrounding a single flagellum, a thecate cell attached to a surface and a dispersal-stage cell with a slender body, long flagellum and short collar. We show that a longer flagellum increases swimming speed, longer microvilli reduce speed and cell shape only affects speed when the collar is very short. The flux of prey-carrying water into the collar capture zone is greater for swimming than sessile cells, but this advantage decreases with collar size. Stalk length has little effect on flux for sessile cells. We show that ignoring the collar, as earlier models have done, overestimates flux and greatly overestimates the benefit to feeding performance of swimming versus being attached, and of a longer stalk for attached cells.}, }
@article {pmid30958164, year = {2019}, author = {Asadzadeh, SS and Nielsen, LT and Andersen, A and Dölger, J and Kiørboe, T and Larsen, PS and Walther, JH}, title = {Hydrodynamic functionality of the lorica in choanoflagellates.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {16}, number = {150}, pages = {20180478}, doi = {10.1098/rsif.2018.0478}, pmid = {30958164}, issn = {1742-5662}, abstract = {Choanoflagellates are unicellular eukaryotes that are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats. They have a single flagellum that creates a flow toward a collar filter composed of filter strands that extend from the cell. In one common group, the loricate choanoflagellates, the cell is suspended in an elaborate basket-like structure, the lorica, the function of which remains unknown. Here, we use Computational Fluid Dynamics to explore the possible hydrodynamic function of the lorica. We use the choanoflagellate Diaphaoneca grandis as a model organism. It has been hypothesized that the function of the lorica is to prevent refiltration (flow recirculation) and to increase the drag and, hence, increase the feeding rate and reduce the swimming speed. We find no support for these hypotheses. On the contrary, motile prey are encountered at a much lower rate by the loricate organism. The presence of the lorica does not affect the average swimming speed, but it suppresses the lateral motion and rotation of the cell. Without the lorica, the cell jiggles from side to side while swimming. The unsteady flow generated by the beating flagellum causes reversed flow through the collar filter that may wash away captured prey while it is being transported to the cell body for engulfment. The lorica substantially decreases such flow, hence it potentially increases the capture efficiency. This may be the main adaptive value of the lorica.}, }
@article {pmid30958143, year = {2019}, author = {Asadzadeh, SS and Larsen, PS and Riisgård, HU and Walther, JH}, title = {Hydrodynamics of the leucon sponge pump.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {16}, number = {150}, pages = {20180630}, doi = {10.1098/rsif.2018.0630}, pmid = {30958143}, issn = {1742-5662}, abstract = {Leuconoid sponges are filter-feeders with a complex system of branching inhalant and exhalant canals leading to and from the close-packed choanocyte chambers. Each of these choanocyte chambers holds many choanocytes that act as pumping units delivering the relatively high pressure rise needed to overcome the system pressure losses in canals and constrictions. Here, we test the hypothesis that, in order to deliver the high pressures observed, each choanocyte operates as a leaky, positive displacement-type pump owing to the interaction between its beating flagellar vane and the collar, open at the base for inflow but sealed above. The leaking backflow is caused by small gaps between the vaned flagellum and the collar. The choanocyte pumps act in parallel, each delivering the same high pressure, because low-pressure and high-pressure zones in the choanocyte chamber are separated by a seal (secondary reticulum). A simple analytical model is derived for the pump characteristic, and by imposing an estimated system characteristic we obtain the back-pressure characteristic that shows good agreement with available experimental data. Computational fluid dynamics is used to verify a simple model for the dependence of leak flow through gaps in a conceptual collar-vane-flagellum system and then applied to models of a choanocyte tailored to the parameters of the freshwater demosponge Spongilla lacustris to study its flows in detail. It is found that both the impermeable glycocalyx mesh covering the upper part of the collar and the secondary reticulum are indispensable features for the choanocyte pump to deliver the observed high pressures. Finally, the mechanical pump power expended by the beating flagellum is compared with the useful (reversible) pumping power received by the water flow to arrive at a typical mechanical pump efficiency of about 70%.}, }
@article {pmid30940542, year = {2019}, author = {Janke, T and Koullapis, P and Kassinos, SC and Bauer, K}, title = {PIV measurements of the SimInhale benchmark case.}, journal = {European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences}, volume = {133}, number = {}, pages = {183-189}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejps.2019.03.025}, pmid = {30940542}, issn = {1879-0720}, mesh = {Acrylic Resins ; Benchmarking ; Butadienes ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Lung/*metabolism ; *Models, Biological ; Polystyrenes ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; *Rheology ; }, abstract = {Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements with the aim of providing experimental data for the SimInhale benchmark case are presented within this work. We, therefore, present a refractive index matched, transparent model of the benchmark geometry, in which the velocity and turbulent kinetic energy fields are examined at flow rates comparable to 15, 30 and 60 L/min (Re ≈ 1000-4500) in air. Furthermore, these results are compared with Large Eddy Simulations (LES). The results reveal a Reynolds number independence of the qualitative velocity field in the range covered within this work. Good agreement is found between the PIV and LES data, with a slight over-prediction of turbulent kinetic energies by the simulations. The obtained experimental data will be part of a common, publicly accessible ERCOFTAC database along with additional results published recently.}, }
@article {pmid30937853, year = {2019}, author = {Mancini, V and Bergersen, AW and Vierendeels, J and Segers, P and Valen-Sendstad, K}, title = {High-Frequency Fluctuations in Post-stenotic Patient Specific Carotid Stenosis Fluid Dynamics: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Strategy Study.}, journal = {Cardiovascular engineering and technology}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {277-298}, doi = {10.1007/s13239-019-00410-9}, pmid = {30937853}, issn = {1869-4098}, abstract = {PURPOSE: Screening of asymptomatic carotid stenoses is performed by auscultation of the carotid bruit, but the sensitivity is poor. Instead, it has been suggested to detect carotid bruit as neck's skin vibrations. We here take a first step towards a computational fluid dynamics proof-of-concept study, and investigate the robustness of our numerical approach for capturing high-frequent fluctuations in the post-stenotic flow. The aim was to find an ideal solution strategy from a pragmatic point of view, balancing accuracy with computational cost comparing an under-resolved direct numerical simulation (DNS) approach vs. three common large eddy simulation (LES) models (static/dynamic Smagorinsky and Sigma).<br><br>METHOD: We found a reference solution by performing a spatial and temporal refinement study of a stenosed carotid bifurcation with constant flow rate. The reference solution [Formula: see text] was compared against LES for both a constant and pulsatile flow.<br><br>RESULTS: Only the Sigma and Dynamic Smagorinsky models were able to replicate the flow field of the reference solution for a pulsatile simulation, however the computational cost of the Sigma model was lower. However, none of the sub-grid scale models were able to replicate the high-frequent flow in the peak-systolic constant flow rate simulations, which had a higher mean Reynolds number.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The Sigma model was the best combination between accuracy and cost for simulating the pulsatile post-stenotic flow field, whereas for the constant flow rate, the under-resolved DNS approach was better. These results can be used as a reference for future studies investigating high-frequent flow features.}, }
@article {pmid30934360, year = {2019}, author = {Ma, J and Xu, L and Tian, FB and Young, J and Lai, JCS}, title = {Dynamic characteristics of a deformable capsule in a simple shear flow.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {99}, number = {2-1}, pages = {023101}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.99.023101}, pmid = {30934360}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The dynamic characteristics of a two-dimensional deformable capsule in a simple shear flow are studied with an immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method. Simulations are conducted by varying the Reynolds number (Re) from 0.0125 to 2000 and the dimensionless shear rate (G) from 0.001 to 0.5. The G-Re plane can be divided into four regions according to the deformation dependence on the parameters considered: viscous dominant, inertia dominant, transitional, and anomalous regions. There are four typical dynamic behaviors over the G-Re plane: steady deformation, prerupture state, quasisteady deformation, and continuous elongation. Analysis indicates that the pressure distribution and its variations due to the interplay of the fluid inertia force, the viscous shear stress, and the membrane elastic force determines the complex behaviors of the capsule. The effects of the bending rigidity and the internal-to-external viscosity ratio on the dynamics of the capsule are further studied. It is found that the capsule experiences smaller deformation when the higher bending rigidity is included, and the low bending rigidity does not have a remarkable influence on the capsule deformation. The capsule normally experiences smaller deformation due to the increase of the internal-to-external viscosity ratio.}, }
@article {pmid30934349, year = {2019}, author = {Pereira, M and Gissinger, C and Fauve, S}, title = {1/f noise and long-term memory of coherent structures in a turbulent shear flow.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {99}, number = {2-1}, pages = {023106}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.99.023106}, pmid = {30934349}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {A shear flow of liquid metal (Galinstan) is driven in an annular channel by counter-rotating traveling magnetic fields imposed at the end caps. When the traveling velocities are large, the flow is turbulent and its azimuthal component displays random reversals. Power spectra of the velocity field exhibit a 1/f^{α} power law on several decades and are related to power-law probability distributions P(τ)∼τ^{-β} of the waiting times between successive reversals. This 1/f type spectrum is observed only when the Reynolds number is large enough. In addition, the exponents α and β are controlled by the symmetry of the system; a continuous transition between two different types of Flicker noise is observed as the equatorial symmetry of the flow is broken, in agreement with theoretical predictions.}, }
@article {pmid30899783, year = {2019}, author = {Tang, X and Staack, D}, title = {Bioinspired mechanical device generates plasma in water via cavitation.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {eaau7765}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aau7765}, pmid = {30899783}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {Nature can generate plasma in liquids more efficiently than human-designed devices using electricity, acoustics, or light. In the animal world, snapping shrimp can induce cavitation that collapses to produce high pressures and temperatures, leading to efficient plasma formation with photon and shock wave emission via energy focusing. Here, we report a bioinspired mechanical device that mimics the plasma generation technique of the snapping shrimp. This device was manufactured using additive manufacturing based on micro-x-ray computed tomography of a snapping shrimp claw molt. A spring fixture was designed to reliably actuate the claw with appropriate force and velocity to produce a high-speed water jet that matches the cavitation number and Reynolds number of the shrimp. Light emission and shocks were imaged, which indicate that our device reproduces the shrimp's plasma generation technique and is more efficient than other plasma generation methods.}, }
@article {pmid30891517, year = {2019}, author = {Nagaraju, G and Garvandha, M}, title = {Magnetohydrodynamic viscous fluid flow and heat transfer in a circular pipe under an externally applied constant suction.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {e01281}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01281}, pmid = {30891517}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {An analytical investigation of two-dimensional heat transfer behavior of an axisymmetric incompressible dissipative viscous fluid flow in a circular pipe is considered. The flow is subjected to an externally applied uniform suction over the pipe wall in the transverse direction and a constant magnetic field opposite to the wall. The reduced Navier-Stokes equations in the cylindrical system are applied for the velocity and temperature fields. Constant wall temperature is considered as the thermal boundary condition. The velocity components are expressed into stream function and its solution is acquired by the Homotopy analysis method (HAM). The effects of magnetic body force parameter(M), suction Reynolds number (Re), Prandtl number (Pr)and Eckert number (Ec) on velocity and temperature are examined and are presented in a graphical frame. Streamlines, isotherms and pressure contours are likewise pictured. It is observed that with increasing suction Reynold number decelerates axial flow, whereas it enhances the radial flow. The temperature distribution increases with an increase in Prandtl number, whereas it decreases with an increase in Eckert number (viscous dissipation effect).}, }
@article {pmid30879156, year = {2019}, author = {El-Sapa, S}, title = {Settling slip velocity of a spherical particle in an unbounded micropolar fluid.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {32}, doi = {10.1140/epje/i2019-11791-1}, pmid = {30879156}, issn = {1292-895X}, abstract = {The gravitational settling of small spherical particles in an unbounded micropolar fluid with slip surfaces is considered. The motion is studied under the assumption of low Reynolds number. The slip boundary conditions on velocity and microrotation at the surface of the spherical particle is used. The solution for the stream function of the fluid flow is obtained analytically. The settling velocity is obtained and is plotted against the Knudsen number for various values of the micropolarity parameter and constants depending on the material of the solid surface. The problem of rotational motion of a particle with slip surface is also solved and the torque coefficient acting on the spherical particle is obtained and is plotted against Knudsen number for different values of micropolarity parameter, spin parameter, and the material constants. The correction to the Basset equation for settling velocity under gravity for slip particle in micropolar fluids is discussed with the range of Knudsen number which has been proven with known results available in the literature.}, }
@article {pmid30875616, year = {2019}, author = {Sun, J and Liu, C and Bhushan, B}, title = {A review of beetle hindwings: Structure, mechanical properties, mechanism and bioinspiration.}, journal = {Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials}, volume = {94}, number = {}, pages = {63-73}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.02.031}, pmid = {30875616}, issn = {1878-0180}, abstract = {Insects have a small mass and size and a low flying Reynolds number. Consequently, they serve as an excellent bionic representation of a micro air vehicle (MAV). Coleoptera (popularly referred to as beetles) have different characteristics from other flying insects. Not only can they fly at a low Reynolds number, but they also have deployable hindwings, which directly leads to a reduction in the size of their bodies. In narrow working spaces or unfavorable environments, a beetle's hindwings can fold automatically under the hard elytron. When the environment becomes conducive to flight, the hindwings can extend and help the beetle take off. This characteristic provides inspiration for the design of a bionic deployable wing system. In this paper, the structures and mechanical properties of hindwings and the mechanism of hindwing movement are reviewed, in addition to research on bioinspired deployable wings.}, }
@article {pmid30873209, year = {2019}, author = {Sepehr, H and Nikrityuk, P and Breakey, D and Sanders, RS}, title = {Numerical study of crude oil batch mixing in a long channel.}, journal = {Petroleum science}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {187-198}, doi = {10.1007/s12182-018-0276-4}, pmid = {30873209}, issn = {1672-5107}, abstract = {The main objective of this work is to predict the mixing of two different miscible oils in a very long channel. The background to this problem relates to the mixing of heavy and light oil in a pipeline. As a first step, a 2D channel with an aspect ratio of 250 is considered. The batch-mixing of two miscible crude oils with different viscosities and densities is modeled using an unsteady laminar model and unsteady RANS model available in the commercial CFD solver ANSYS-Fluent. For a comparison, a LES model was used for a 3D version of the 2D channel. The distinguishing feature of this work is the Lagrangian coordinate system utilized to set no-slip wall boundary conditions. The global CFD model has been validated against classical analytical solutions. Excellent agreement has been achieved. Simulations were carried out for a Reynolds number of 6300 (calculated using light oil properties) and a Schmidt number of 10 4 . The results show that, in contrast to the unsteady RANS model, the LES and unsteady laminar models produce comparable mixing dynamics for two oils in the channel. Analysis of simulations also shows that, for a channel length of 100 m and a height of 0.4 m, the complete mixing of two oils across the channel has not been achieved. We showed that the mixing zone consists of the three different mixing sub-zones, which have been identified using the averaged mass fraction of the heavy oil along the flow direction. The first sub-zone corresponds to the main front propagation area with a length of several heights of the channel. The second and third sub-zones are characterized by so-called shear-flow-driven mixing due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices occurring between oils in the axial direction. It was observed that the third sub-zone has a steeper mass fraction gradient of the heavy oil in the axial direction in comparison with the second sub-zone, which corresponds to the flow-averaged mass fraction of 0.5 for the heavy oil.}, }
@article {pmid30867881, year = {2019}, author = {Kawale, D and Jayaraman, J and Boukany, PE}, title = {Microfluidic rectifier for polymer solutions flowing through porous media.}, journal = {Biomicrofluidics}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {014111}, doi = {10.1063/1.5050201}, pmid = {30867881}, issn = {1932-1058}, abstract = {Fluidic rectification refers to anisotropic flow resistance upon changing the flow direction. Polymeric solutions, in contrast to Newtonian fluids, can exhibit an anisotropic flow resistance in microfluidic devices by tuning the channel shape at low Reynolds number. Such a concept has not been investigated in an anisotropic porous medium. We have developed a fluidic rectifier based on an anisotropic porous medium consisting of a periodic array of triangular pillars that can operate at a low Reynolds number. Rectification is achieved, when the type of high Weissenberg number elastic instabilities changes with the flow direction. The flow resistance differs across the two directions of the anisotropic porous medium geometry. We have identified the type of elastic instabilities that appear in both forward and backward directions. Particularly, we found a qualitative relation between the dead-zone instability and the onset of fluidic rectification.}, }
@article {pmid30866409, year = {2019}, author = {Faris Abdullah, M and Zulkifli, R and Harun, Z and Abdullah, S and Wan Ghopa, WA and Soheil Najm, A and Humam Sulaiman, N}, title = {Impact of the TiO₂ Nanosolution Concentration on Heat Transfer Enhancement of the Twin Impingement Jet of a Heated Aluminum Plate.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi10030176}, pmid = {30866409}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Here, the researchers carried out an experimental analysis of the effect of the TiO₂ nanosolution concentration on the heat transfer of the twin jet impingement on an aluminum plate surface. We used three different heat transfer enhancement processes. We considered the TiO₂ nanosolution coat, aluminum plate heat sink, and a twin jet impingement system. We also analyzed several other parameters like the nozzle spacing, nanosolution concentration, and the nozzle-to-plate distance and noted if these parameters could increase the heat transfer rate of the twin jet impingement system on a hot aluminum surface. The researchers prepared different nanosolutions, which consisted of varying concentrations, and coated them on the metal surface. Thereafter, we carried out an X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analysis for determining the structure and the homogeneous surface coating of the nanosolutions. This article also studied the different positions of the twin jets for determining the maximal Nusselt number (Nu). The researchers analyzed all the results and noted that the flow structure of the twin impingement jets at the interference zone was the major issue affecting the increase in the heat transfer rate. The combined influence of the spacing and nanoparticle concentration affected the flow structure, and therefore the heat transfer properties, wherein the Reynolds number (1% by volume concentration) maximally affected the Nusselt number. This improved the performance of various industrial and engineering applications. Hypothesis: Nusselt number was affected by the ratio of the nanoparticle size to the surface roughness. Heat transfer characteristics could be improved if the researchers selected an appropriate impingement system and selected the optimal levels of other factors. The surface coating with the TiO₂ nanosolution also positively affected the heat transfer rate.}, }
@article {pmid30863983, year = {2019}, author = {Hamid, AH and Javed, T and Ali, N}, title = {Numerical study of hydromagnetic axisymmetric peristaltic flow at high Reynolds number and wave number.}, journal = {Biophysical reviews}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {139-147}, doi = {10.1007/s12551-019-00511-8}, pmid = {30863983}, issn = {1867-2450}, abstract = {The computational study of MHD peristaltic motion is investigated for axisymmetric flow problem. The developed model is present in the form of partial differential equations. Then obtained partial differential equations are transferred into stream-vorticity (ψ - ω) form. Then Galerkin Finite element method is used to find the computational results of governing problem. The current study is compared with the existing well-known results at low Reynolds number and wave number. It is revealed that the present results are in well agreement with existing results in the literature. So, it is effective for higher values of Reynolds number and wave number. The variations of streamline are present graphically against high Reynolds number. It concludes that high Reynolds number and Hartmann number increase pressure rise per unit wavelength in positive pumping region sharply.}, }
@article {pmid30861480, year = {2019}, author = {Luo, X and Yin, H and Ren, J and Yan, H and Huang, X and Yang, D and He, L}, title = {Enhanced mixing of binary droplets induced by capillary pressure.}, journal = {Journal of colloid and interface science}, volume = {545}, number = {}, pages = {35-42}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcis.2019.03.016}, pmid = {30861480}, issn = {1095-7103}, abstract = {The mixing of binary droplets is of paramount importance in microfluidic systems. In order to reveal the mixing mechanism of two free droplets suspended in the immiscible phase, we have developed a novel experimental setup to study the internal mixing in coalescing droplets with varying interfacial tension differences and droplet sizes. It is confirmed that the interfacial energy of droplets supports the jet flow and liquid bridge expansion during the coalescence of droplets. The increase of interfacial tension difference can increase the intensity of jet flow accompanied with slower liquid bridge expansion, which enhances the mixing of droplets. The decrease of droplet size can increase the initial velocity of jet flow. However, the intensity of jet flow decreases due to the rapid expansion of the liquid bridge, which results in weaker internal mixing. On this basis, a Reynolds number incorporating the jet velocity and droplet size is proposed to characterize the vortex size, which represents the degree of droplet mixing. This study presents an effective approach for enhancing the mixing of droplets.}, }
@article {pmid30845732, year = {2019}, author = {Ye, C and Liu, J and Wu, X and Wang, B and Zhang, L and Zheng, Y and Xu, T}, title = {Hydrophobicity Influence on Swimming Performance of Magnetically Driven Miniature Helical Swimmers.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi10030175}, pmid = {30845732}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {61703392//National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC) for Young Scholar with 223 the Project/ ; U1713201//the joint Research Fund between the NSFC and Shenzhen/ ; JCYJ20170413152640731//Fundamental Research and 224 Discipline Layout project/ ; 2018YFC0115200//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {Helical microswimmers have been involved in a wide variety of applications, ranging from in vivo tasks such as targeted drug delivery to in vitro tasks such as transporting micro objects. Over the past decades, a number of studies have been established on the swimming performance of helical microswimmers and geometrical factors influencing their swimming performance. However, limited studies have focused on the influence of the hydrophobicity of swimmers' surface on their swimming performance. In this paper, we first demonstrated through theoretical analysis that the hydrophobicity of swimmer's surface material of the swimmer does affect its swimming performance: the swimmer with more hydrophobic surface is exerted less friction drag torque, and should therefore exhibit a higher step-out frequency, indicating that the swimmer with more hydrophobic surface should have better swimming performance. Then a series of experiments were conducted to verify the theoretical analysis. As a result, the main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate that one potential approach to improve the helical microswimmers' swimming performance could be making its surface more hydrophobic.}, }
@article {pmid30845671, year = {2019}, author = {Xia, Z and Xiao, Y and Yang, Z and Li, L and Wang, S and Liu, X and Tian, Y}, title = {Droplet Impact on the Super-Hydrophobic Surface with Micro-Pillar Arrays Fabricated by Hybrid Laser Ablation and Silanization Process.}, journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ma12050765}, pmid = {30845671}, issn = {1996-1944}, support = {51675371//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {A super-hydrophobic aluminum alloy surface with decorated pillar arrays was obtained by hybrid laser ablation and further silanization process. The as-prepared surface showed a high apparent contact angle of 158.2 ± 2.0° and low sliding angle of 3 ± 1°. Surface morphologies and surface chemistry were explored to obtain insights into the generation process of super-hydrophobicity. The main objective of this current work is to investigate the maximum spreading factor of water droplets impacting on the pillar-patterned super-hydrophobic surface based on the energy conservation concept. Although many previous studies have investigated the droplet impacting behavior on flat solid surfaces, the empirical models were proposed based on a few parameters including the Reynolds number (Re), Weber number (We), as well as the Ohnesorge number (Oh). This resulted in limitations for the super-hydrophobic surfaces due to the ignorance of the geometrical parameters of the pillars and viscous energy dissipation for liquid flow within the pillar arrays. In this paper, the maximum spreading factor was deduced from the perspective of energy balance, and the predicted results were in good agreement with our experimental results with a mean error of 4.99% and standard deviation of 0.10.}, }
@article {pmid30842437, year = {2019}, author = {Yang, G and Hou, C and Zhao, M and Mao, W}, title = {Comparison of convective heat transfer for Kagome and tetrahedral truss-cored lattice sandwich panels.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {3731}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-39704-2}, pmid = {30842437}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {20160953008//Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (Aeronautic Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {The aim of this paper is to make a thorough comparison between Kagome and tetrahedral truss-cored lattices both experimentally and numerically. Two titanium sandwich panels -one cored with the Kagome lattice and the other with the tetrahedral lattice -are manufactured by 3D printing technology. Comparisons of the thermal insulation, the inner flow pattern and the heat transfer between the two sandwich panels are completed subsequently according to the results from forced convective experiments and numerical simulation. Within the Reynolds number range of interest for this study, the Kagome lattice exhibits excellent heat dissipation compared with the tetrahedral lattice. In particular, when the cooling air flows in the direction OB of the two sandwich panels, the Kagome lattice provides an 8~37% higher overall Nusselt number for the sandwich panel compared to the tetrahedral lattice. The superiority of the Kagome lattice comes from a unique configuration in which the centre vertex acting as the vortex generator not only disturbs the primary flow but also induces more serious flow stagnation and separation. The complex fluid flow behaviours enhance heat transfer on both the endwalls and the trusses while causing a pressure drop that is almost two times higher than that of the tetrahedral lattice in the flow direction OB.}, }
@article {pmid30830969, year = {2019}, author = {Khair, AS and Balu, B}, title = {The lift force on a charged sphere that translates and rotates in an electrolyte.}, journal = {Electrophoresis}, volume = {40}, number = {18-19}, pages = {2407-2414}, doi = {10.1002/elps.201900029}, pmid = {30830969}, issn = {1522-2683}, support = {CBET-135064//National Science Foundation/International ; }, abstract = {The distortion of the charge cloud around a uniformly charged, dielectric, rigid sphere that translates and rotates in an unbounded binary, symmetric electrolyte at zero Reynolds number is examined. The zeta potential of the particle ζ is assumed small relative to the thermal voltage scale. It is assumed that the equilibrium structure of the cloud is slightly distorted, which requires that the Péclet numbers characterizing distortion due to particle translation, Pe t = U a / D , and rotation, Pe r = Ω a 2 / D , are small compared to unity. Here, a is radius of the particle; D is the ionic diffusion coefficient; U = | U | and Ω = | Ω | , where U and Ω are the rectilinear and angular velocities of the particle, respectively. Perturbation expansions for small Pe t and Pe r are employed to calculate the nonequilibrium structure of the cloud, whence the force and torque on the particle are determined. In particular, we predict that the sphere experiences a force orthogonal to its directions of translation and rotation. This &quot;lift&quot; force arises from the nonlinear distortion of the cloud under the combined actions of particle translation and rotation. The lift force is given by F lift = L (κ a) (ε a 3 ζ 2 / D 2) U × Ω [ 1 + O (Pe t , Pe r) ] . Here, ε is the permittivity of the electrolyte; κ - 1 is the Debye length; and L (κ a) is a negative function that decreases in magnitude with increasing κ a . The lift force implies that an unconstrained particle would follow a curved path; an electrokinetic analog of the inertial Magnus effect. Finally, the implication of the lift force on cross-streamline migration of an electrophoretic particle in shear flow is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid30823482, year = {2019}, author = {Rehman, D and Morini, GL and Hong, C}, title = {A Comparison of Data Reduction Methods for Average Friction Factor Calculation of Adiabatic Gas Flows in Microchannels.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi10030171}, pmid = {30823482}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {643095//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; }, abstract = {In this paper, a combined numerical and experimental approach for the estimation of the average friction factor along adiabatic microchannels with compressible gas flows is presented. Pressure-drop experiments are performed for a rectangular microchannel with a hydraulic diameter of 295 μ m by varying Reynolds number up to 17,000. In parallel, the calculation of friction factor has been repeated numerically and results are compared with the experimental work. The validated numerical model was also used to gain an insight of flow physics by varying the aspect ratio and hydraulic diameter of rectangular microchannels with respect to the channel tested experimentally. This was done with an aim of verifying the role of minor loss coefficients for the estimation of the average friction factor. To have laminar, transitional, and turbulent regimes captured, numerical analysis has been performed by varying Reynolds number from 200 to 20,000. Comparison of numerically and experimentally calculated gas flow characteristics has shown that adiabatic wall treatment (Fanno flow) results in better agreement of average friction factor values with conventional theory than the isothermal treatment of gas along the microchannel. The use of a constant value for minor loss coefficients available in the literature is not recommended for microflows as they change from one assembly to the other and their accurate estimation for compressible flows requires a coupling of numerical analysis with experimental data reduction. Results presented in this work demonstrate how an adiabatic wall treatment along the length of the channel coupled with the assumption of an isentropic flow from manifold to microchannel inlet results in a self-sustained experimental data reduction method for the accurate estimation of friction factor values even in presence of significant compressibility effects. Results also demonstrate that both the assumption of perfect expansion and consequently wrong estimation of average temperature between inlet and outlet of a microchannel can be responsible for an apparent increase in experimental average friction factor in choked flow regime.}, }
@article {pmid30818010, year = {2019}, author = {Xia, Y and Yuan, M and Chen, M and Li, J and Ci, T and Ke, X}, title = {Liquid jet breakup: A new method for the preparation of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid microspheres.}, journal = {European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V}, volume = {137}, number = {}, pages = {140-147}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.02.021}, pmid = {30818010}, issn = {1873-3441}, mesh = {Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Drug Carriers/*chemistry ; Drug Compounding/methods ; Drug Liberation ; Microspheres ; Particle Size ; Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer/*chemistry ; Risperidone/*administration &amp; dosage/chemistry ; Surface Tension ; Technology, Pharmaceutical/*methods ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to apply the phenomenon of liquid jet breakup to the preparation of sustained-release microspheres. The mechanisms of liquid jet breakup in different jet states were investigated and the single factor method was used to study the effect of each process parameter on the particle size and size distribution of microspheres. Meantime, the prepared microspheres were characterized by morphology, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release. The results indicated that the process of liquid jet breakup could have 5 different states. The laminar flow state dominated when the Reynolds number (Re) was low, and the prepared microspheres had larger particle sizes. When the Re was high, the turbulent state was dominant and the microspheres had smaller particle sizes. And during the transition state from the laminar flow to the turbulence, the microspheres had a wide particle size distribution. Different process parameters could affect the particle size and distribution of microspheres by changing the Re, surface tension coefficient and viscosity. The microspheres prepared by liquid jet breakup were smooth and round with the drug loading of 35% and the encapsulation efficiency of 88%. In addition, when the polymeric carrier materials were different, the microspheres could have various drug release models such as sustained release with a lag phase, sustained release with no lag phase, pulsed release and so on, which could be applied widespread in the future.}, }
@article {pmid30813604, year = {2019}, author = {Kim, J and Davidson, S and Mani, A}, title = {Characterization of Chaotic Electroconvection near Flat Inert Electrodes under Oscillatory Voltages.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi10030161}, pmid = {30813604}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {The onset of electroconvective instability in an aqueous binary electrolyte under external oscillatory electric fields at a single constant frequency is investigated in a 2D parallel flat electrode setup. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the Poisson⁻Nernst⁻Planck equations coupled with the Navier⁻Stokes equations at a low Reynolds number are carried out. Previous studies show that direct current (DC) electric field can create electroconvection near ion-selecting membranes in microfluidic devices. In this study, we show that electroconvection can be generated near flat inert electrodes when the applied electric field is oscillatory in time. A range of applied voltage, the oscillation frequency and the ratio of ionic diffusivities is examined to characterize the regime in which electroconvection takes place. Similar to electroconvection under DC voltages, AC electroconvection occurs at sufficiently high applied voltages in units of thermal volts and is characterized by transverse instabilities, physically manifested by an array of counter-rotating vortices near the electrode surfaces. The oscillating external electric field periodically generate and destroy such unsteady vortical structures. As the oscillation frequency is reduced to O (10 - 1) of the intrinsic resistor⁻capacitor (RC) frequency of electrolyte, electroconvective instability is considerably amplified. This is accompanied by severe depletion of ionic species outside the thin electric double layer and by vigorous convective transport involving a wide range of scales including those comparable to the distance L between the parallel electrodes. The underlying mechanisms are distinctly nonlinear and multi-dimensional. However, at higher frequencies of order of the RC frequency, the electrolyte response becomes linear, and the present DNS prediction closely resembles those explained by 1D asymptotic studies. Electroconvective instability supports increased electric current across the system. Increasing anion diffusivity results in stronger amplification of electroconvection over all oscillation frequencies examined in this study. Such asymmetry in ionic diffusivity, however, does not yield consistent changes in statistics and energy spectrum at all wall-normal locations and frequencies, implying more complex dynamics and different scaling for electrolytes with unequal diffusivities. Electric current is substantially amplified beyond the ohmic current at high oscillation frequencies. Also, it is found that anion diffusivity higher than cation has stronger impact on smaller-scale motions (≲ 0.1 L).}, }
@article {pmid30811449, year = {2019}, author = {Khani, M and Lawrence, BJ and Sass, LR and Gibbs, CP and Pluid, JJ and Oshinski, JN and Stewart, GR and Zeller, JR and Martin, BA}, title = {Characterization of intrathecal cerebrospinal fluid geometry and dynamics in cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) by magnetic resonance imaging.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e0212239}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0212239}, pmid = {30811449}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {P20 GM103408/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; U54 GM104944/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Central Nervous System Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cerebrospinal Fluid/*diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Hydrodynamics ; Macaca fascicularis ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Spine/*diagnostic imaging ; }, abstract = {Recent advancements have been made toward understanding the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and related hydrodynamics. Increased understanding of CSF dynamics may lead to improved detection of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and optimized delivery of CSF based CNS therapeutics, with many proposed therapeutics hoping to successfully treat or cure debilitating neurological conditions. Before significant strides can be made toward the research and development of interventions designed for human use, additional research must be carried out with representative subjects such as non-human primates (NHP). This study presents a geometric and hydrodynamic characterization of CSF in eight cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) at baseline and two-week follow-up. Results showed that CSF flow along the entire spine was laminar with a Reynolds number ranging up to 80 and average Womersley number ranging from 4.1-7.7. Maximum CSF flow rate occurred ~25 mm caudal to the foramen magnum. Peak CSF flow rate ranged from 0.3-0.6 ml/s at the C3-C4 level. Geometric analysis indicated that average intrathecal CSF volume below the foramen magnum was 7.4 ml. The average surface area of the spinal cord and dura was 44.7 and 66.7 cm2 respectively. Subarachnoid space cross-sectional area and hydraulic diameter ranged from 7-75 mm2 and 2-3.7 mm, respectively. Stroke volume had the greatest value of 0.14 ml at an axial location corresponding to C3-C4.}, }
@article {pmid30808870, year = {2019}, author = {Mayzel, J and Steinberg, V and Varshney, A}, title = {Stokes flow analogous to viscous electron current in graphene.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {937}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-08916-5}, pmid = {30808870}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Electron transport in two-dimensional conducting materials such as graphene, with dominant electron-electron interaction, exhibits unusual vortex flow that leads to a nonlocal current-field relation (negative resistance), distinct from the classical Ohm's law. The transport behavior of these materials is best described by low Reynolds number hydrodynamics, where the constitutive pressure-speed relation is Stoke's law. Here we report evidence of such vortices observed in a viscous flow of Newtonian fluid in a microfluidic device consisting of a rectangular cavity-analogous to the electronic system. We extend our experimental observations to elliptic cavities of different eccentricities, and validate them by numerically solving bi-harmonic equation obtained for the viscous flow with no-slip boundary conditions. We verify the existence of a predicted threshold at which vortices appear. Strikingly, we find that a two-dimensional theoretical model captures the essential features of three-dimensional Stokes flow in experiments.}, }
@article {pmid30802483, year = {2019}, author = {Tassew, FA and Bergland, WH and Dinamarca, C and Bakke, R}, title = {Settling velocity and size distribution measurement of anaerobic granular sludge using microscopic image analysis.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {159}, number = {}, pages = {81-90}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2019.02.013}, pmid = {30802483}, issn = {1872-8359}, abstract = {Settling velocity and size distribution of anaerobic granular sludge samples were studied using microscopic image analysis and settling column experiments. Five granule samples were considered in this study. Three samples were collected at the Top, Middle and Bottom sections of a lab scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor (UASB). Two other granule samples were obtained from industries. This paper aims to establish a method that uses microscopic image analysis and shape factor as a tool to determine the size distribution and settling velocity of anaerobic granules. Image analysis technique was used to calculate the shape factor and equivalent diameter of granules. The equivalent diameter was then used to calculate the theoretical settling velocities based on Allen's formula and estimate size distributions. The results showed that there was a good agreement between the theoretical and experimental mean settling velocity values. Both measured and calculated settling velocities increased with increasing Reynolds number (Re). However, the agreement between measured and calculated values was found to be weaker at higher Re values. Size distribution analyses of the granules have revealed that there was significant difference in the size distribution of granule samples collected at different heights of the lab scale reactor. Overall, granules from the bottom section of the reactor had larger diameter, settling velocity and shape factor than those at the middle and top section granules. Whereas granules collected from the top section exhibited the smallest granular diameter, settling velocity and shape factor.}, }
@article {pmid30800393, year = {2019}, author = {Marner, F and Scholle, M and Herrmann, D and Gaskell, PH}, title = {Competing Lagrangians for incompressible and compressible viscous flow.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {181595}, doi = {10.1098/rsos.181595}, pmid = {30800393}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {A recently proposed variational principle with a discontinuous Lagrangian for viscous flow is reinterpreted against the background of stochastic variational descriptions of dissipative systems, underpinning its physical basis from a different viewpoint. It is shown that additional non-classical contributions to the friction force occurring in the momentum balance vanish by time averaging. Accordingly, the discontinuous Lagrangian can alternatively be understood from the standpoint of an analogous deterministic model for irreversible processes of stochastic character. A comparison is made with established stochastic variational descriptions and an alternative deterministic approach based on a first integral of Navier-Stokes equations is undertaken. The applicability of the discontinuous Lagrangian approach for different Reynolds number regimes is discussed considering the Kolmogorov time scale. A generalization for compressible flow is elaborated and its use demonstrated for damped sound waves.}, }
@article {pmid30795856, year = {2019}, author = {Medici, G and West, LJ and Banwart, SA}, title = {Groundwater flow velocities in a fractured carbonate aquifer-type: Implications for contaminant transport.}, journal = {Journal of contaminant hydrology}, volume = {222}, number = {}, pages = {1-16}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconhyd.2019.02.001}, pmid = {30795856}, issn = {1873-6009}, mesh = {Carbonates ; England ; *Groundwater ; *Water Movements ; Water Wells ; }, abstract = {Contaminants that are highly soluble in groundwater are rapidly transported via fractures in mechanically resistant sedimentary rock aquifers. Hence, a rigorous methodology is needed to estimate groundwater flow velocities in such fractured aquifers. Here, we propose an approach using borehole hydraulic testing to compute flow velocities in an un-faulted area of a fractured carbonate aquifer by applying the cubic law to a parallel plate model. The Cadeby Formation (Yorkshire, NE England) - a Permian dolostone aquifer present beneath the University of Leeds Farm - is the fractured aquifer selected for this hydraulic experiment. The bedding plane fractures of this dolostone aquifer, which are sub-horizontal, sub-parallel and laterally persistent, largely dominate the flow at shallow (<~40 mBGL) depths. These flowing bedding plane discontinuities are separated by a rock matrix which is relatively impermeable (Kwell-test/Kcore-plug~104) as is common in fractured carbonate aquifers. In the workflow reported here, the number of flowing fractures - mainly bedding plane fractures - intersecting three open monitoring wells are found from temperature/fluid conductivity and acoustic/optical televiewer logging. Following well installation, average fracture hydraulic apertures for screened intervals are found from analysis of slug tests. For the case study aquifer, this workflow predicts hydraulic apertures ranging from 0.10 up to 0.54 mm. However, groundwater flow velocities range within two order of magnitude from 13 up to 242 m/day. Notably, fracture apertures and flow velocities rapidly reduce with increasing depth below the water table; the upper ~10 m shows relatively high values of hydraulic conductivity (0.30-2.85 m/day) and corresponding flow velocity (33-242 m/day). Permeability development around the water table in carbonate aquifer-types is common, and arises where high pCO2 recharge water from the soil zone causes calcite/dolomite dissolution. Hence, agricultural contaminants entering the aquifer with recharge water are laterally transported rapidly within this upper part. Computation of groundwater flow velocities allows determination of the Reynolds number. Values of up ~1, indicating the lower limit of the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, are found at the studied site, which is situated away from major fault traces. Hence, turbulent flow is likely to arise in proximity to tectonic structures, such as normal faults, which localize flow and enhance karstification. The occurrence of turbulent flow in correspondence of such tectonic structures should be represented in regional groundwater flow simulations.}, }
@article {pmid30790045, year = {2019}, author = {Hyeon, J and So, H}, title = {Microfabricaton of microfluidic check valves using comb-shaped moving plug for suppression of backflow in microchannel.}, journal = {Biomedical microdevices}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {19}, doi = {10.1007/s10544-019-0365-1}, pmid = {30790045}, issn = {1572-8781}, mesh = {Equipment Design ; Humans ; *Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ; *Microfluidic Analytical Techniques/instrumentation/methods ; *Microfluidics/instrumentation/methods ; }, abstract = {This study reports on an efficient microscale one-way valve system that combines the physical properties of photopolymerized microstructures and viscoelastic microchannels to rectify flows with low Reynolds numbers. The comb-shaped moving plug in the microchannel prevented backflow in the closed state to ensure that the microchannel remained completely blocked in the closed state, but allowed forward flow in the open state. This microfluidic check valve was microfabricated using the combination of the soft lithography and the releasing methods with the use of a double photoresist layer to create microchannels and free-moving comb-shaped microstructures, respectively. As a result, the microfluidic check valves elicited average high-pressure differences as much as 10.75 kPa between the backward and forward flows at low Reynolds numbers of the order of 0.253, thus demonstrating efficient rectification of microfluids. This study supports the use of rectification systems for the development of biomedical devices, such as drug delivery, micropumps, and lab-on-a-chip, by allowing unidirectional flow.}, }
@article {pmid30785756, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, P and Cilliers, JJ and Neethling, SJ and Brito-Parada, PR}, title = {Effect of Particle Size on the Rising Behavior of Particle-Laden Bubbles.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {35}, number = {10}, pages = {3680-3687}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04112}, pmid = {30785756}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {The rising behavior of bubbles, initially half and fully coated with glass beads of various sizes, was investigated. The bubble velocity, aspect ratio, and oscillation periods were determined using high-speed photography and image analysis. In addition, the acting forces, drag modification factor, and modified drag coefficient were calculated and interpreted. Results show that the aspect ratio oscillation of the rising bubbles is similar, irrespective of the attached particle size. As the particle size is increased, the rising bubbles have a lower velocity and aspect ratio amplitude, with the time from release to each aspect ratio peak increasing. Higher particle coverage is shown to decrease the bubble velocity and dampen the oscillations, reducing the number of aspect ratio peaks observed. The highest rise velocities correspond to the lowest aspect ratios and vice versa, whereas a constant aspect ratio yields a constant rise velocity, independent of the particle size. Force analysis shows that the particle drag modification factor increases with the increased particle size and is greatest for fully laden bubbles. The modified drag coefficient of particle-laden bubbles increases with the increased particle size, although it decreases with the increased Reynolds number independent of the particle size. The drag force exerted by the particles plays a more dominant role in decreasing bubble velocities as the particle size increases. The results and interpretation produced a quantitative description of the behavior of rising particle-laden bubbles and the development of correlations will enhance the modeling of industrial applications.}, }
@article {pmid30781378, year = {2019}, author = {Álvarez-Regueiro, E and Vallejo, JP and Fernández-Seara, J and Fernández, J and Lugo, L}, title = {Experimental Convection Heat Transfer Analysis of a Nano-Enhanced Industrial Coolant.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/nano9020267}, pmid = {30781378}, issn = {2079-4991}, support = {ENE2014-55489-C2-1/2-R; ENE2017-86425-C2-1/2-R//Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España/ ; }, abstract = {Convection heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops of four functionalized graphene nanoplatelet nanofluids based on the commercial coolant Havoline® XLC Pre-mixed 50/50 were experimentally determined to assess its thermal performance. The potential heat transfer enhancement produced by nanofluids could play an important role in increasing the efficiency of cooling systems. Particularly in wind power, the increasing size of the wind turbines, up to 10 MW nowadays, requires sophisticated liquid cooling systems to keep the nominal temperature conditions and protect the components from temperature degradation and hazardous environment in off-shore wind parks. The effect of nanoadditive loading, temperature and Reynolds number in convection heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops is discussed. A dimensionless analysis of the results is carried out and empirical correlations for the Nusselt number and Darcy friction factor are proposed. A maximum enhancement in the convection heat transfer coefficient of 7% was found for the nanofluid with nanoadditive loading of 0.25 wt %. Contrarily, no enhancement was found for the nanofluids of higher functionalized graphene nanoplatelet mass fraction.}, }
@article {pmid30780337, year = {2019}, author = {Lyu, YZ and Zhu, HJ and Sun, M}, title = {Flapping-mode changes and aerodynamic mechanisms in miniature insects.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {99}, number = {1-1}, pages = {012419}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.99.012419}, pmid = {30780337}, issn = {2470-0053}, mesh = {*Air ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Flight, Animal ; Insecta/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Miniature insects fly at very low Reynolds number (Re); low Re means large viscous effect. If flapping as larger insects, sufficient vertical force cannot be produced. We measure the wing kinematics for miniature-insect species of different sizes and compute the aerodynamic forces. The planar upstroke commonly used by larger insects changes to a U-shaped upstroke, which becomes deeper as size or Re decreases. For relatively large miniature insects, the U-shaped upstroke produces a larger vertical force than a planar upstroke by having a larger wing velocity and, for very small ones, the deep U-shaped upstroke produces a large transient drag directed upwards, providing the required vertical force.}, }
@article {pmid30780316, year = {2019}, author = {Jiang, L and Sun, C and Calzavarini, E}, title = {Robustness of heat transfer in confined inclined convection at high Prandtl number.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {99}, number = {1-1}, pages = {013108}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.99.013108}, pmid = {30780316}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We investigate the dependency of the magnitude of heat transfer in a convection cell as a function of its inclination by means of experiments and simulations. The study is performed with a working fluid of large Prandtl number, Pr≃480, and at Rayleigh numbers Ra≃10^{8} and Ra≃5×10^{8} in a quasi-two-dimensional rectangular cell with unit aspect ratio. By changing the inclination angle (β) of the convection cell, the character of the flow can be changed from moderately turbulent, for β=0^{∘}, to laminar and steady at β=90^{∘}. The global heat transfer is found to be insensitive to the drastic reduction of turbulent intensity, with maximal relative variations of the order of 20% at Ra≃10^{8} and 10% at Ra≃5×10^{8}, while the Reynolds number, based on the global root-mean-square velocity, is strongly affected with a decay of more than 85% occurring in the laminar regime. We show that the intensity of the heat flux in the turbulent regime can be only weakly enhanced by establishing a large-scale circulation flow by means of small inclinations. However, in the laminar regime the heat is transported solely by a slow large-scale circulation flow which exhibits large correlations between the velocity and temperature fields. For inclination angles close to the transition regime in-between the turbulentlike and laminar state, a quasiperiodic heat-flow bursting phenomenon is observed.}, }
@article {pmid30780239, year = {2019}, author = {Suman, VK and Viknesh S, S and Tekriwal, MK and Bhaumik, S and Sengupta, TK}, title = {Grid sensitivity and role of error in computing a lid-driven cavity problem.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {99}, number = {1-1}, pages = {013305}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.99.013305}, pmid = {30780239}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The investigation on grid sensitivity for the bifurcation problem of the canonical lid-driven cavity (LDC) flow results is reported here with very fine grids. This is motivated by different researchers presenting different first bifurcation critical Reynolds number (Re_{cr1}), which appears to depend on the formulation, numerical method, and choice of grid. By using a very-high-accuracy parallel algorithm, and the same method with which sequential results were presented by Lestandi et al. [Comput. Fluids 166, 86 (2018)CPFLBI0045-793010.1016/j.compfluid.2018.01.038] [for (257 × 257) and (513 × 513) uniformly spaced grid], we present results using (1025×1025) and (2049×2049) grid points. Detailed results presented using these grids help us understand the computational physics of the numerical receptivity of the LDC flow, with and without explicit excitation. The mathematical physics of the investigated problem will become apparent when we identify the roles of numerical errors with the ambient omnipresent disturbances in real physical flows as interchangeable. In physical or in numerical setups, presence of disturbances cannot be ignored. In this context, the need for explicit excitation for the used compact scheme arises for a definitive threshold amplitude, below which the flow relaxes back to quiescent state after the excitation is removed in computations. We also implement the present parallel method to show the physical aspects of primary and secondary instabilities to be maintained for other numerical schemes, and we show the results to reflect the complex physics during multiple subcritical Hopf bifurcation. Also, we relate the various sources of errors during computations that is typical of such shear-driven flow. These results, with near spectral accuracy, constitute universal benchmark results for the solution of Navier-Stokes equation for LDC.}, }
@article {pmid30780221, year = {2019}, author = {Takamure, K and Ozono, S}, title = {Relative importance of initial conditions on outflows from multiple fans.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {99}, number = {1-1}, pages = {013112}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.99.013112}, pmid = {30780221}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Generation of homogeneous isotropic turbulence was attempted using an innovative &quot;multifan wind tunnel&quot; with 99 fans installed. The driving method used is based on a principle that the shear layers generated between outflows from the adjacent ducts lead to turbulent flow downstream. First, a signal composed of two frequency components is set, and then it is fed to all the fans for three kinds of arrangements of phases. Here, parameter N is introduced as the number of phases used for the 99 fans, which represents a variety of emanated shear layers. Furthermore, S is introduced as a measure of shear magnitude at the inlet of the test section. Relative importance of the initial conditions (N and S) in the development of turbulence was investigated. To estimate the contribution from naturally induced turbulence, we numerically decomposed the resulting velocity fluctuations into the periodic and nonperiodic component. Energy spectra for three values of N were calculated using nonperiodic data. The inertial subrange of a gradient of -5/3 widens with increasing N. The value S is the largest for N=2, but the turbulence intensity of the nonperiodic component is the largest for N=99. Hence, it might be suggested that the shear magnitude at the inlet of the test section is not as important as the variety of shear layers for effective generation of high-Reynolds-number turbulence.}, }
@article {pmid30771128, year = {2019}, author = {Li, R and Xu, D and Yin, Q}, title = {Effects of channel morphology on nitrate retention in a headwater agricultural stream in Lake Chaohu Basin, China.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, pages = {10651-10661}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-019-04484-9}, pmid = {30771128}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {Grant No. 51579061//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Agriculture ; China ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Lakes/*chemistry ; Nitrates/*analysis ; Rivers/chemistry ; Water Resources ; }, abstract = {Five field tracer experiments and relevant detailed investigations of physical characterizations were conducted to investigate the effects of channel geomorphic settings on nitrate uptake efficiency on a 310-m long geomorphically distinct stream reach in a headwater agricultural stream in Hefei District, Lake Chaohu Basin. The model-fitted parameters from the one-dimensional transport with inflow and storage model were used to estimate the transient storage metric ([Formula: see text]) and determine the total nitrate uptake coefficient (k) for the study reach. And then, a nutrient spiraling approach was applied to reach-scale nitrate uptake estimates (Sw, Vf, and U). The results showed that the main channel was the major contributor to nitrate uptake retention, and the higher geomorphic complexity might result in better nitrate uptake efficiency. The partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis showed strong correlations between the independent variables as geomorphic settings, Reynolds number and transient storage, and the dependent variables as nitrate uptake metrics, which further underscored the importance of stream physical characteristics on measurement of stream nitrate uptake.}, }
@article {pmid30770644, year = {2019}, author = {Morales-Acuna, F and Ochoa, L and Valencia, C and Gurovich, AN}, title = {Characterization of blood flow patterns and endothelial shear stress during flow-mediated dilation.}, journal = {Clinical physiology and functional imaging}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, pages = {240-245}, doi = {10.1111/cpf.12564}, pmid = {30770644}, issn = {1475-097X}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Blood Flow Velocity ; Brachial Artery/diagnostic imaging/*physiology ; Endothelium, Vascular/diagnostic imaging/*physiology ; Female ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Cardiovascular ; *Pulsatile Flow ; Regional Blood Flow ; Time Factors ; *Vasodilation ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Endothelial dysfunction is considered the first step in the development of atherosclerosis. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) has been the most common assessment of endothelial function in research but it has failed in obtaining a widespread use in clinical settings due to a lack of standardization and a large inter-subject variability. Normalization of FMD to endothelial shear stress (ESS) has been proposed to solve its technical limitations. However, studies have not considered the characteristic of the blood flow during FMD under pulsatile conditions in their ESS estimations.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 26 young healthy subjects (15 females and 11 males) underwent FMD testing. Microhematocrit measurement was used to determine blood viscosity (μ). ESS was calculated by Womersley's approximation, ESS = μ*2K*Velocity/Diameter, where K is a function of Womersley's parameter (α). Blood flow patterns were determined by critical Reynolds number. Statistical analysis included repeated measures ANOVA to detect ESS differences during FMD until peak dilation. Significance was established at P≤0.05.<br><br>RESULTS: The mean (SD) FMD% and time to peak dilation were 7·4 (3·1) % and 35 (9·3) seconds, respectively. ESS was significantly reduced during FMD until peak dilation (P<0·001). Turbulent blood flow was the only pattern observed until peak dilation in 96·15% of the sample.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Peak FMD dilation in a young healthy population is triggered mostly by high-ESS under turbulent flow conditions. Due to the pulsatile nature of blood flow and the appearance of a turbulent pattern during FMD, ESS should be estimated by Womersley's approximation rather than Poiseuille's law.}, }
@article {pmid30760794, year = {2019}, author = {Tang, H and Hu, F and Xu, L and Dong, S and Zhou, C and Wang, X}, title = {Variations in hydrodynamic characteristics of netting panels with various twine materials, knot types, and weave patterns at small attack angles.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {1923}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-35907-1}, pmid = {30760794}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {41506151//Guandong Natural Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {It is essential to conduct hydrodynamic experiments for fishing gear at small attack angles along the flow direction to better understand the hydrodynamic characteristics of netting and application of gear. The hydrodynamic characteristics of netting panels made of different materials at small attack angles were investigated by a self-designed setup; this is essential for the effective use of netting on different types of gears. As confirmed by experiments, the measured drag of designed frame without netting accounted for less than 20% of the total setup drag including experimental netting and remained in a steady state under various current speeds and small attack angles, indicating that the self-designed frame setup is suitable for such trials. The drag coefficient was determined by varying the attack angle, solidity ratio, Reynolds number, knot types, weave pattern, and twine materials at small attack angles. The results indicate that the drag coefficient increased as the attack angle increased, but decreased as the solidity ratio and Reynolds number increased. The drag generated by knot accounted for 21% of the total drag of nylon (PA) netting. For braided knotless netting, the drag coefficient of PA netting was about 8.4% lower than that of polythene netting (PE) and 7% lower than that of polyester netting (PES). Compared with twined netting, the braided netting exhibited a higher resistance to flow, corresponding to higher values of drag coefficient.}, }
@article {pmid30759039, year = {2019}, author = {Sera, T and Kuninaga, H and Fukasaku, K and Yokota, H and Tanaka, M}, title = {The Effectiveness of An Averaged Airway Model in Predicting the Airflow and Particle Transport Through the Airway.}, journal = {Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {278-292}, doi = {10.1089/jamp.2018.1500}, pmid = {30759039}, issn = {1941-2703}, abstract = {Background: In this study, we proposed an averaged airway model design based on four healthy subjects and numerically evaluated its effectiveness for predicting the airflow and particle transport through an airway. Methods: Direct-averaged models of the conducting airways of four subjects were restored by averaging the three-dimensional (3D) skeletons of four healthy airways, which were calculated using an inverse 3D thinning algorithm. We simulated the airflow and particle transport in the individual and the averaged airway models using computational fluid dynamics. Results: The bifurcation geometry differs even among healthy subjects, but the averaged model retains the typical geometrical characteristics of the airways. The Reynolds number of the averaged model varied within the range found in the individual subject models, and the averaged model had similar inspiratory flow characteristics as the individual subject models. The deposition fractions at almost all individual lobes ranged within the variation observed in the subjects, however, the deposition fraction was higher in only one lobe. The deposition distribution at the main bifurcation point differed among the healthy subjects, but the characteristics of the averaged model fell within the variation observed in the individual subject models. On the contrary, the deposition fraction of the averaged model was higher than that of the average of the individual subject models and deviated from the range observed in the subject models. Conclusion: These results indicate that the direct-averaged model may be useful for predicting the individual airflow and particle transport on a macroscopic scale.}, }
@article {pmid30758910, year = {2019}, author = {Amer, M and Feng, Y and Ramsey, JD}, title = {Using CFD simulations and statistical analysis to correlate oxygen mass transfer coefficient to both geometrical parameters and operating conditions in a stirred-tank bioreactor.}, journal = {Biotechnology progress}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, pages = {e2785}, doi = {10.1002/btpr.2785}, pmid = {30758910}, issn = {1520-6033}, abstract = {Optimization of a bioreactor design can be an especially challenging process. For instance, testing different bioreactor vessel geometries and different impeller and sparger types, locations, and dimensions can lead to an exceedingly large number of configurations and necessary experiments. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), therefore, has been widely used to model multiphase flow in stirred-tank bioreactors to minimize the number of optimization experiments. In this study, a multiphase CFD model with population balance equations are used to model gas-liquid mixing, as well as gas bubble distribution, in a 50 L single-use bioreactor vessel. The vessel is the larger chamber in an early prototype of a multichamber bioreactor for mammalian cell culture. The model results are validated with oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kL a) measurements within the prototype. The validated model is projected to predict the effect of using ring or pipe spargers of different sizes and the effect of varying the impeller diameter on kL a. The simulations show that ring spargers result in a superior kL a compared to pipe spargers, with an optimum sparger-to-impeller diameter ratio of 0.8. In addition, larger impellers are shown to improve kL a. A correlation of kL a is presented as a function of both the reactor geometry (i.e., sparger-to-impeller diameter ratio and impeller-to-vessel diameter ratio) and operating conditions (i.e., Reynolds number and gas flow rate). The resulting correlation can be used to predict kL a in a bioreactor and to optimize its design, geometry, and operating conditions.}, }
@article {pmid30746446, year = {2019}, author = {Huang, HW and Uslu, FE and Katsamba, P and Lauga, E and Sakar, MS and Nelson, BJ}, title = {Adaptive locomotion of artificial microswimmers.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {eaau1532}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aau1532}, pmid = {30746446}, issn = {2375-2548}, support = {/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {Bacteria can exploit mechanics to display remarkable plasticity in response to locally changing physical and chemical conditions. Compliant structures play a notable role in their taxis behavior, specifically for navigation inside complex and structured environments. Bioinspired mechanisms with rationally designed architectures capable of large, nonlinear deformation present opportunities for introducing autonomy into engineered small-scale devices. This work analyzes the effect of hydrodynamic forces and rheology of local surroundings on swimming at low Reynolds number, identifies the challenges and benefits of using elastohydrodynamic coupling in locomotion, and further develops a suite of machinery for building untethered microrobots with self-regulated mobility. We demonstrate that coupling the structural and magnetic properties of artificial microswimmers with the dynamic properties of the fluid leads to adaptive locomotion in the absence of on-board sensors.}, }
@article {pmid30736676, year = {2019}, author = {Waheed, W and Alazzam, A and Al-Khateeb, AN and Sung, HJ and Abu-Nada, E}, title = {Investigation of DPD transport properties in modeling bioparticle motion under the effect of external forces: Low Reynolds number and high Schmidt scenarios.}, journal = {The Journal of chemical physics}, volume = {150}, number = {5}, pages = {054901}, doi = {10.1063/1.5079835}, pmid = {30736676}, issn = {1089-7690}, abstract = {We have used a dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) model to study the movement of microparticles in a microfluidic device at extremely low Reynolds number (Re). The particles, immersed in a medium, are transported in the microchannel by a flow force and deflected transversely by an external force along the way. An in-house Fortran code is developed to simulate a two-dimensional fluid flow using DPD at Re ≥ 0.0005, which is two orders of magnitude less than the minimum Re value previously reported in the DPD literature. The DPD flow profile is verified by comparing it with the exact solution of Hagen-Poiseuille flow. A bioparticle based on a rigid spring-bead model is introduced in the DPD fluid, and the employed model is verified via comparing the velocity profile past a stationary infinite cylinder against the profile obtained via the finite element method. Moreover, the drag force and drag coefficient on the stationary cylinder are also computed and compared with the reported literature results. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is investigated as a case study for the proposed DPD model to compute the trajectories of red blood cells in a microfluidic device. A mapping mechanism to scale the external deflecting force from the physical to DPD domain is performed. We designed and built our own experimental setup with the aim to compare the experimental trajectories of cells in a microfluidic device to validate our DPD model. These experimental results are used to investigate the dependence of the trajectory results on the Reynolds number and the Schmidt number. The numerical results agree well with the experiment results, and it is found that the Schmidt number is not a significant parameter for the current application; Reynolds numbers combined with the DEP-to-drag force ratio are the only important parameters influencing the behavior of particles inside the microchannel.}, }
@article {pmid30736476, year = {2019}, author = {Tai, J and Lam, YC}, title = {Elastic Turbulence of Aqueous Polymer Solution in Multi-Stream Micro-Channel Flow.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi10020110}, pmid = {30736476}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Viscous liquid flow in micro-channels is typically laminar because of the low Reynolds number constraint. However, by introducing elasticity into the fluids, the flow behavior could change drastically to become turbulent; this elasticity can be realized by dissolving small quantities of polymer molecules into an aqueous solvent. Our recent investigation has directly visualized the extension and relaxation of these polymer molecules in an aqueous solution. This elastic-driven phenomenon is known as 'elastic turbulence'. Hitherto, existing studies on elastic flow instability are mostly limited to single-stream flows, and a comprehensive statistical analysis of a multi-stream elastic turbulent micro-channel flow is needed to provide additional physical understanding. Here, we investigate the flow field characteristics of elastic turbulence in a 3-stream contraction-expansion micro-channel flow. By applying statistical analyses and flow visualization tools, we show that the flow field bares many similarities to that of inertia-driven turbulence. More interestingly, we observed regions with two different types of power-law dependence in the velocity power spectra at high frequencies. This is a typical characteristic of two-dimensional turbulence and has hitherto not been reported for elastic turbulent micro-channel flows.}, }
@article {pmid30715051, year = {2018}, author = {Mehrdel, P and Karimi, S and Farré-Lladós, J and Casals-Terré, J}, title = {Novel Variable Radius Spiral⁻Shaped Micromixer: From Numerical Analysis to Experimental Validation.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi9110552}, pmid = {30715051}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {A novel type of spiral micromixer with expansion and contraction parts is presented in order to enhance the mixing quality in the low Reynolds number regimes for point-of-care tests (POCT). Three classes of micromixers with different numbers of loops and modified geometries were studied. Numerical simulation was performed to study the flow behavior and mixing performance solving the steady-state Navier⁻Stokes and the convection-diffusion equations in the Reynolds range of 0.1⁻10.0. Comparisons between the mixers with and without expansion parts were made to illustrate the effect of disturbing the streamlines on the mixing performance. Image analysis of the mixing results from fabricated micromixers was used to verify the results of the simulations. Since the proposed mixer provides up to 92% of homogeneity at Re 1.0, generating 442 Pa of pressure drop, this mixer makes a suitable candidate for research in the POCT field.}, }
@article {pmid30714602, year = {2019}, author = {Schaaf, C and Rühle, F and Stark, H}, title = {A flowing pair of particles in inertial microfluidics.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {1988-1998}, doi = {10.1039/c8sm02476f}, pmid = {30714602}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {A flowing pair of particles in inertial microfluidics gives important insights into understanding and controlling the collective dynamics of particles like cells or droplets in microfluidic devices. They are applied in medical cell analysis and engineering. We study the dynamics of a pair of solid particles flowing through a rectangular microchannel using lattice Boltzmann simulations. We determine the inertial lift force profiles as a function of the two particle positions, their axial distance, and the Reynolds number. Generally, the profiles strongly differ between particles leading and lagging in flow and the lift forces are enhanced due to the presence of a second particle. At small axial distances, they are determined by viscous forces, while inertial forces dominate at large separations. We identify cross-streamline pairs as stable fixed points in the lift force profiles and argue that same-streamline configurations are only one-sided stable. Depending on the initial conditions, the two-particle lift forces in combination with the Poiseuille flow give rise to three types of unbound particle trajectories, called moving-apart, passing, and swapping, and one type of bound trajectory, where the particles perform damped oscillations towards the cross-stream line configuration. The damping rate scales with Reynolds number squared, since inertial forces are responsible for driving the particles to their steady-state positions.}, }
@article {pmid30712849, year = {2019}, author = {Lippert, T and Bandelin, J and Schlederer, F and Drewes, JE and Koch, K}, title = {Impact of ultrasound-induced cavitation on the fluid dynamics of water and sewage sludge in ultrasonic flatbed reactors.}, journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {217-222}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.01.024}, pmid = {30712849}, issn = {1873-2828}, abstract = {The fluid dynamics of water, thickened waste activated sludge (WAS, total solids concentration 4.4%) and digested sludge (DS, total solids concentration 2.5%) within a lab-scale ultrasonic flatbed reactor were experimentally investigated. For a visual observation of the opaque sludge flow, sewage sludges were approximated by transparent xanthan solutions with identical flow behavior. The visualization of the flow was realized by use of an ultrasonic reactor with a transparent panel and dye streams injected into the flow. Without ultrasonic treatment, xanthan solutions showed distinct laminar flow behavior (generalized Reynolds numbers < 1), at a flow rate of 100 L/h. In water, dye streams remained coherent as well, but with slightly unsteady features (Reynolds number ∼ 350). Activation of the ultrasound reactor caused strong fluid dynamic disturbance in the water flow and dye streams were dissolved instantly, thus indicating turbulent mixing. For the xanthan solutions, however, mixing was considerably less pronounced. The dye streams in the DS substitute (0.5% xanthan solution) remained overall in laminar shape, but exhibited an eruption-like branching and an increase in diameter with advancing treatment duration. For the solution resembling WAS (2.0% xanthan solution), only weak dye stream disruption was observed, thus indicating that WAS flow in flatbed reactors is nearly laminar during ultrasonic treatment.}, }
@article {pmid30712603, year = {2019}, author = {Ibrahim, MG and Hasona, WM and ElShekhipy, AA}, title = {Concentration-dependent viscosity and thermal radiation effects on MHD peristaltic motion of Synovial Nanofluid: Applications to rheumatoid arthritis treatment.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {170}, number = {}, pages = {39-52}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.01.001}, pmid = {30712603}, issn = {1872-7565}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*physiopathology/*radiotherapy ; Humans ; Models, Statistical ; *Nanoparticles ; Peristalsis/*radiation effects ; Synovial Fluid/*radiation effects ; Viscosity/*radiation effects ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The biomedical fluid which fills the Synovial joint cavity is called Synovial fluid which behaves as in the fluid classifications to Non-Newtonian fluids. Also it's described as a several micrometers thick layer among the interstitial cartilages with very low friction coefficient. Consequently, the present paper opts to investigate the influence of the concentration-dependent viscosity on Magnetohydrodynamic peristaltic flow of Synovial Nanofluid in an asymmetric channel in presence of thermal radiation effect.<br><br>METHOD: Our problem is solved for two models, in the first model which referred as Model-(I), viscosity is considered exponentially dependent on the concentration. Model-(2), Shear thinning index is considered as a function of concentration. Those models are introduced for the first time in peristaltic or Nanofluid flows literature. The governing problem is reformulated under the assumption of low Reynolds number and long wavelength. The resulting system of equations is solved numerically with the aid of Parametric ND Solve.<br><br>RESULTS: Detailed comparisons have been made between Model-(I) and Model-(2) and found unrealistic results between them. Results for velocity, temperature and nanoparticle concentration distributions as well as pressure gradient and pressure rise are offered graphically for different values of various physical parameters.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Such models are applicable to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. Rheumatoid arthritis patients can be treated by applying the magnetic field on an electrically conducting fluid, due to the movement of the ions within the cell which accelerates the metabolism of fluids.}, }
@article {pmid30671967, year = {2019}, author = {Tandler, T and Gellman, E and De La Cruz, D and Ellerby, DJ}, title = {Drag coefficient estimates from coasting bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {94}, number = {3}, pages = {532-534}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13906}, pmid = {30671967}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {IOS1354274//NSF/ ; IOS1754650//NSF/ ; 1354274//Division of Integrative Organismal Systems/ ; 1754650//Division of Integrative Organismal Systems/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Perciformes/*physiology ; *Swimming ; }, abstract = {The drag coefficient bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus was estimated from coasting deceleration as (mean ± SD) 0.0154 ± 0.0070 at a Reynolds number of 41,000 ± 14,000. This was within the coasting range in other species and lower than values obtained from dead drag measurements in this species and others. Low momentum losses during coasting may allow its use during intermittent propulsion to modulate power output or maximize energy economy.}, }
@article {pmid30657156, year = {2019}, author = {Haward, SJ and Kitajima, N and Toda-Peters, K and Takahashi, T and Shen, AQ}, title = {Flow of wormlike micellar solutions around microfluidic cylinders with high aspect ratio and low blockage ratio.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {1927-1941}, doi = {10.1039/c8sm02099j}, pmid = {30657156}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {We employ time-resolved flow velocimetry and birefringence imaging methods to study the flow of a well-characterized shear-banding wormlike micellar solution around a novel glass-fabricated microfluidic circular cylinder. In contrast with typical microfluidic cylinders, our geometry is characterized by a high aspect ratio α = H/W = 5 and a low blockage ratio β = 2r/W = 0.1, where H and W are the channel height and width, and the cylinder radius r = 20 μm. The small cylinder radius allows access up to very high Weissenberg numbers 1.9 ≤ Wi = λMU/r ≤ 3750 (where λM is the Maxwell relaxation time) while inertial effects remain entirely negligible (Reynolds number, Re < 10-4). At low Wi values, the flow remains steady and symmetric and a birefringent region (indicating micellar alignment and tensile stress) develops downstream of the cylinder. Above a critical value Wic ≈ 60 the flow transitions to a steady asymmetric state, characterized as a supercritical pitchfork bifurcation, in which the fluid takes a preferential path around one side of the cylinder. At a second critical value Wic2 ≈ 130, the flow becomes time-dependent, with a characteristic frequency f0 ≈ 1/λM. This initial transition to time dependence has characteristics of a subcritical Hopf bifurcation. Power spectra of the measured fluctuations become complex as Wi is increased further, showing a gradual slowing down of the dynamics and emergence of harmonics. A final transition at very high Wic3 corresponds to the re-emergence of a single peak in the power spectrum but at much higher frequency. We discuss this in terms of possible flow-induced breakage of micelles into shorter species with a faster relaxation time.}, }
@article {pmid30650659, year = {2019}, author = {Luo, L and He, Y}, title = {Magnetically Induced Flow Focusing of Non-Magnetic Microparticles in Ferrofluids under Inclined Magnetic Fields.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi10010056}, pmid = {30650659}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {11502102//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The ability to focus biological particles into a designated position of a microchannel is vital for various biological applications. This paper reports particle focusing under vertical and inclined magnetic fields. We analyzed the effect of the angle of rotation (θ) of the permanent magnets and the critical Reynolds number (Rec) on the particle focusing in depth. We found that a rotation angle of 10° is preferred; a particle loop has formed when Re < Rec and Rec of the inclined magnetic field is larger than that of the vertical magnetic field. We also conducted experiments with polystyrene particles (10.4 μm in diameter) to prove the calculations. Experimental results show that the focusing effectiveness improved with increasing applied magnetic field strength or decreasing inlet flow rate.}, }
@article {pmid30636127, year = {2018}, author = {Iyer, KP and Schumacher, J and Sreenivasan, KR and Yeung, PK}, title = {Steep Cliffs and Saturated Exponents in Three-Dimensional Scalar Turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {121}, number = {26}, pages = {264501}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.264501}, pmid = {30636127}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {The intermittency of a passive scalar advected by three-dimensional Navier-Stokes turbulence at a Taylor-scale Reynolds number of 650 is studied using direct numerical simulations on a 4096^{3} grid; the Schmidt number is unity. By measuring scalar increment moments of high orders, while ensuring statistical convergence, we provide unambiguous evidence that the scaling exponents saturate to 1.2 for moment orders beyond about 12, indicating that scalar intermittency is dominated by the most singular shocklike cliffs in the scalar field. We show that the fractal dimension of the spatial support of steep cliffs is about 1.8, whose sum with the saturation exponent value of 1.2 adds up to the space dimension of 3, thus demonstrating a deep connection between the geometry and statistics in turbulent scalar mixing. The anomaly for the fourth and sixth order moments is comparable to that in the Kraichnan model for the roughness exponent of 4/3.}, }
@article {pmid30624119, year = {2018}, author = {Caracappa, JC and Munroe, DM}, title = {Morphological Variability Among Broods of First-Stage Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) Zoeae.}, journal = {The Biological bulletin}, volume = {235}, number = {3}, pages = {123-133}, doi = {10.1086/699922}, pmid = {30624119}, issn = {1939-8697}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Variation, Population ; Brachyura/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Female ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology ; Models, Biological ; Swimming ; }, abstract = {External morphology has been shown to influence predation and locomotion of decapod larvae and is, therefore, directly related to their ability to survive and disperse. The first goal of this study was to characterize first-stage blue crab zoeal morphology and its variability across larval broods to test whether inter-brood differences in morphology exist. The second was to identify possible correlations between maternal characteristics and zoeal morphology. The offspring of 21 individuals were hatched in the laboratory, photographed, and measured. Zoeae exhibited substantial variability, with all metrics showing significant inter-brood differences. The greatest variability was seen in the zoeal abdomen, rostrum, and dorsal spine length. A principal component analysis showed no distinct clustering of broods, with variation generally driven by larger zoeae. Using observed morphology, models of drag induced by swimming and sinking also showed significant inter-brood differences, with a maximum twofold difference across broods. In contrast to trends in other decapod taxa, maternal characteristics (female carapace width and mass and egg sponge volume and mass) are not significant predictors of zoeal morphology. These results suggest that brood effects are present across a wide range of morphological characteristics and that future experiments involving Callinectes sapidus morphology or its functionality should explicitly account for inter-brood variation. Additionally, inter-brood morphological differences may result in differential predation mortality and locomotory abilities among broods.}, }
@article {pmid30624117, year = {2018}, author = {Lamont, EI and Emlet, RB}, title = {Permanently Fused Setules Create Unusual Folding Fans Used for Swimming in Cyprid Larvae of Barnacles.}, journal = {The Biological bulletin}, volume = {235}, number = {3}, pages = {185-194}, doi = {10.1086/700084}, pmid = {30624117}, issn = {1939-8697}, mesh = {Animals ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology/ultrastructure ; *Swimming ; Thoracica/*anatomy &amp; histology/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {Many crustacean swimming appendages carry arrays of plumose setae-exoskeletal, feather-like structures of long bristles (setae) with short branches (setules) distributed along two sides. Although closely spaced, setae are not physically interconnected. Setal arrays function during swimming as drag-based leaky paddles that push the organism through water. Barnacle cyprids, the final, non-feeding larval stage, swim with six pairs of legs (thoracopods) that open and close setal arrays in alternating high-drag power strokes and low-drag recovery strokes. While studying cyprid swimming, we found that their thoracopods contained setae permanently cross-linked by fused setules. These cuticular connections would seem highly unlikely because setae are individually produced exoskeletal secretions, and the connections imply unknown processes for the production or modification of crustacean setae. We describe the morphology and function of plumose setae on cyprids of Balanus glandula and other species across the clade Cirripedia. Setules from adjacent plumose setae are seamlessly joined at their tips and occur in three distinct linkage patterns. Thoracopods lack muscles to open and close the array; interconnected setae are instead pulled apart, producing a paddle-like fan with high drag when appendages spread laterally during power strokes. Setules are spring-like, passively closing setae into tight bundles with low drag during recovery strokes. The linked setules occur in the three main clades of the Cirripedia. This cuticular arrangement is effective in swimming, may eliminate the need for muscles to close the setal array, and may represent a unique swimming structure within the Crustacea.}, }
@article {pmid30606096, year = {2019}, author = {Kunze, E}, title = {Biologically Generated Mixing in the Ocean.}, journal = {Annual review of marine science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {215-226}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095047}, pmid = {30606096}, issn = {1941-0611}, abstract = {This article assesses the contribution to ocean mixing by the marine biosphere at both high and low Reynolds numbers Re= uℓ/ ν. While back-of-the-envelope estimates have suggested that swimming marine organisms might generate as much high-Reynolds-number turbulence as deep-ocean tide- and wind-generated internal waves, and that turbulent dissipation rates of O(10-5 W kg-1) (Re ∼ 105) could be produced by aggregations of organisms ranging from O(0.01 m) krill to O(10 m) cetaceans, comparable to strong wind and buoyancy forcing near the surface, microstructure measurements do not find consistently elevated dissipation associated with diel vertically migrating krill. Elevated dissipation rates are associated with schools of O(0.1- 1 m) fish but with low mixing coefficients (γ ∼ 0.002-0.02, as compared with γ ∼ 0.2 for geophysical turbulence). Likewise, viscously induced drift at low Reynolds numbers produces little mixing of temperature, solutes, dissolved nutrients, and gases when realistic swimmers and molecular scalar diffusion are taken into account. The conclusion is that, while the marine biosphere can generate turbulence, it contributes little ocean mixing compared with breaking internal gravity waves.}, }
@article {pmid30605404, year = {2019}, author = {Itzhak, N and Greenblatt, D}, title = {Aerodynamic factors affecting rebreathing in infants.}, journal = {Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)}, volume = {126}, number = {4}, pages = {952-964}, doi = {10.1152/japplphysiol.00784.2018}, pmid = {30605404}, issn = {1522-1601}, abstract = {The rebreathing of expire air, with high carbon dioxide and low oxygen concentrations, has long been implicated in unexplained Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) when infants are placed to sleep in a prone (facedown) position. This study elucidates the effect of the aerodynamic parameters Reynolds number, Strouhal number, and Froude number on the percentage of expired air that is reinspired (rebreathed). A nasal module was designed that served as a simplified geometric representation of infant nostrils and placed above a hard, flat surface. Quantitative and flow visualization experiments were performed to measure rebreathing, using water as the working medium, under conditions of dynamic similarity. Different anatomic (e.g., tidal volume, nostril diameter), physiological (e.g., breathing frequency), and environmental (e.g., temperature, distance from the surface) factors were considered. Increases in Strouhal number (simultaneously faster and shallower breathing) always produced higher rebreathed percentages, because rolled-up vortices in the vicinity of the nostrils had less time to move away by self-induction. Positively and negatively buoyant flows resulted in significant rebreathing. In the latter case, consistent with a warm environment and a high percentage of rebreathed CO2, denser gas pooled in the vicinity of the nostrils. Reynolds numbers below 200 also dramatically increased rebreathing because the expired gas pooled much closer to the nostrils. These results clearly elucidated how the prone position dramatically increases rebreathing by a number of different mechanisms. Furthermore, the results offer plausible explanations of why a high-temperature environment and low birthweight are SIDS risk factors. NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY A fundamentally new aerodynamics-based approach to the study of rebreathing of expired air in infants is presented. Rebreathing is implicated in unexplained Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) when infants sleep in a prone position. This is the first time that aerodynamic parameters are systematically varied and their effects on rebreathing quantified. The study provides us with a deeper understanding of the effects of breathing frequency, tidal volume (birthweight) and environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid30604300, year = {2019}, author = {Wu, P and Gao, Q and Hsu, PL}, title = {On the representation of effective stress for computing hemolysis.}, journal = {Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {665-679}, doi = {10.1007/s10237-018-01108-y}, pmid = {30604300}, issn = {1617-7940}, support = {51406127//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; BK20140344//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Capillaries/physiopathology ; Heart-Assist Devices ; *Hemolysis ; Humans ; Hydrodynamics ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; Pressure ; *Stress, Mechanical ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; }, abstract = {Hemolysis is a major concern in blood-circulating devices, which arises due to hydrodynamic loading on red blood cells from ambient flow environment. Hemolysis estimation models have often been used to aid hemocompatibility design. The preponderance of hemolysis models was formulated on the basis of laminar flows. However, flows in blood-circulating devices are rather complex and can be laminar, transitional or turbulent. It is an extrapolation to apply these models to turbulent flows. For the commonly used power-law models, effective stress has often been represented using Reynolds stresses for estimating hemolysis in turbulent flows. This practice tends to overpredict hemolysis. This study focused on the representation of effective stress in power-law models. Through arithmetic manipulations from Navier-Stokes equation, we showed that effective stress can be represented in terms of energy dissipation, which can be readily obtained from CFD simulations. Three cases were tested, including a capillary tube, the FDA benchmark cases of nozzle model and blood pump. The results showed that the representation of effective stress in terms of energy dissipation greatly improved the prediction of hemolysis for a wide range of flow conditions. The improvement increases as Reynolds number increases; the overprediction of hemolysis was reduced by up to two orders of magnitude.}, }
@article {pmid30603681, year = {2018}, author = {Szaszák, N and Roloff, C and Bordás, R and Bencs, P and Szabó, S and Thévenin, D}, title = {A novel type of semi-active jet turbulence grid.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {4}, number = {12}, pages = {e01026}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01026}, pmid = {30603681}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {This article describes a novel approach to generate increased turbulence levels in an incoming flow. It relies on a cost-effective and robust semi-active jet grid, equipped with flexible tubes as moving elements attached onto tube connections placed at the intersections of a fixed, regular grid. For the present study, these flexible tubes are oriented in counter-flow direction in a wind tunnel. Tube motion is governed by multiple interactions between the main flow and the jets exiting the tubes, resulting in chaotic velocity fluctuations and high turbulence intensities in the test section. After describing the structure of the turbulence generator, the turbulent properties of the airflow downstream of the grid in both passive and active modes are measured by hot-wire anemometry and compared with one another. When activating the turbulence generator, turbulence intensity, turbulent kinetic energy, and the Taylor Reynolds number are noticeably increased in comparison with the passive mode (corresponding to simple grid turbulence). Furthermore, the inertial subrange of the turbulent energy spectrum becomes wider and closely follows Kolmogorov's -5/3 law. These results show that the semi-active grid, in contrast to passive systems, is capable of producing high turbulence levels, even at low incoming flow velocity. Compared to alternatives based on actuators driven by servo-motors, the production and operation costs of the semi-active grid are very moderate and its robustness is much higher.}, }
@article {pmid30602925, year = {2018}, author = {Garcia, F and Stefani, F}, title = {Continuation and stability of rotating waves in the magnetized spherical Couette system: secondary transitions and multistability.}, journal = {Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {474}, number = {2220}, pages = {20180281}, doi = {10.1098/rspa.2018.0281}, pmid = {30602925}, issn = {1364-5021}, abstract = {Rotating waves (RW) bifurcating from the axisymmetric basic magnetized spherical Couette (MSC) flow are computed by means of Newton-Krylov continuation techniques for periodic orbits. In addition, their stability is analysed in the framework of Floquet theory. The inner sphere rotates while the outer is kept at rest and the fluid is subjected to an axial magnetic field. For a moderate Reynolds number Re = 103 (measuring inner rotation), the effect of increasing the magnetic field strength (measured by the Hartmann number Ha) is addressed in the range Ha∈(0, 80) corresponding to the working conditions of the HEDGEHOG experiment at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. The study reveals several regions of multistability of waves with azimuthal wavenumber m = 2, 3, 4, and several transitions to quasi-periodic flows, i.e modulated rotating waves. These nonlinear flows can be classified as the three different instabilities of the radial jet, the return flow and the shear layer, as found in the previous studies. These two flows are continuously linked, and part of the same branch, as the magnetic forcing is increased. Midway between the two instabilities, at a certain critical Ha, the non-axisymmetric component of the flow is maximum.}, }
@article {pmid30602310, year = {2018}, author = {Murphy, EAK and Barros, JM and Schultz, MP and Flack, KA and Steppe, CN and Reidenbach, MA}, title = {Roughness effects of diatomaceous slime fouling on turbulent boundary layer hydrodynamics.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {34}, number = {9}, pages = {976-988}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2018.1517867}, pmid = {30602310}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Biofilms/*growth &amp; development ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; Friction ; *Hydrodynamics ; Rheology ; *Ships ; Stress, Mechanical ; Surface Properties ; }, abstract = {Biofilm fouling significantly impacts ship performance. Here, the impact of biofilm on boundary layer structure at a ship-relevant, low Reynolds number was investigated. Boundary layer measurements were performed over slime-fouled plates using high resolution particle image velocimetry (PIV). The velocity profile over the biofilm showed a downward shift in the log-law region (ΔU+), resulting in an effective roughness height (ks) of 8.8 mm, significantly larger than the physical thickness of the biofilm (1.7 ± 0.5 mm) and generating more than three times as much frictional drag as the smooth-wall. The skin-friction coefficient, Cf, of the biofilm was 9.0 × 10-3 compared with 2.9 × 10-3 for the smooth wall. The biofilm also enhances turbulent kinetic energy (tke) and Reynolds shear stress, which are more heterogeneous in the streamwise direction than smooth-wall flows. This suggests that biofilms increase drag due to high levels of momentum transport, likely resulting from protruding streamers and surface compliance.}, }
@article {pmid30584714, year = {2018}, author = {Wang, WX and Wang, WL and Kang, HL and Guo, MM and Yang, B and Chen, ZX and Zhao, M}, title = {Effect of naturally restored grassland on the ephemeral gully erosion in the loess hilly and gully region.}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {12}, pages = {3891-3899}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201812.016}, pmid = {30584714}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Agriculture ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Grassland ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Ephemeral gully erosion is an important erosion type in hilly and gully regions of Loess Plateau. While previous studies mainly focused on ephemeral gullies in agricultural land, little is known about the effects of naturally restored grassland on ephemeral gully erosion. In this study, taking the bare ephemeral gullies as the baseline, we conducted in-situ flushing tests to explore runoff and sediment yield characteristics and erosion mechanism of grassland ephemeral gullies under the runoff conditions of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 L·min-1. Compared to the bare ephemeral gully, average flow velocity, stable runoff rate, Reynolds number and Froude number of grassland ephe-meral gullies was reduced by 25.4%-67.3%, 8.4%-26.6%, 54.9%-80.5%, 18.6%-65.1%, respectively, whereas resistance coefficient was increased by 0.09-7.18 folds. Compared to the bare ephemeral gully, the maximum sediment yield rate, stable sediment yield rate, average sediment yield rate of grassland ephemeral gullies was decreased by 55.1%-90.9%, 61.8%-95.4%, and 64.8%-92.4%, respectively. The sediment yield reduction benefit of the naturally restored grassland under the discharge flow rate of 5-25 L·min-1 could reach 65.9%-88.8%, which decreased with increasing discharge flow rate. Compared to the bare ephemeral gully, average stream power and average shear stress of grassland ephemeral gullies was reduced by 54.9%-80.5% and 12.4%-51.1%, respectively, whereas the critical stream power and critical shear stress was increased by 1.43 folds and 33.7%, respectively. The average sediment yield of grassland and bare ephemeral gullies was signifi-cantly linearly related to average stream power and shear stress. Naturally restored grassland significantly increased the erosion resistance and reduced runoff erosion potential of ephemeral gullies.}, }
@article {pmid30576199, year = {2018}, author = {Gabbana, A and Polini, M and Succi, S and Tripiccione, R and Pellegrino, FMD}, title = {Prospects for the Detection of Electronic Preturbulence in Graphene.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {121}, number = {23}, pages = {236602}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.236602}, pmid = {30576199}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {Based on extensive numerical simulations, accounting for electrostatic interactions and dissipative electron-phonon scattering, we propose experimentally realizable geometries capable of sustaining electronic preturbulence in graphene samples. In particular, preturbulence is predicted to occur at experimentally attainable values of the Reynolds number between 10 and 50, over a broad spectrum of frequencies between 10 and 100 GHz.}, }
@article {pmid30556777, year = {2019}, author = {Bass, K and Boc, S and Hindle, M and Dodson, K and Longest, W}, title = {High-Efficiency Nose-to-Lung Aerosol Delivery in an Infant: Development of a Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Method.}, journal = {Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {132-148}, doi = {10.1089/jamp.2018.1490}, pmid = {30556777}, issn = {1941-2703}, support = {R01 HD087339/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL139673/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Background: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provides a powerful tool for developing new high-efficiency aerosol delivery strategies, such as nose-to-lung (N2L) aerosol administration to infants and children using correctly sized aerosols. The objective of this study was to establish numerically efficient CFD solution methods and guidelines for simulating N2L aerosol administration to an infant based on comparisons with concurrent in vitro experiments. Materials and Methods: N2L administration of a micrometer-sized aerosol (mass median aerodynamic diameter [MMAD] = 1.4 μm) was evaluated using concurrent CFD simulations and in vitro experiments. Aerosol transport and deposition was assessed in a new nasal airway geometry of a 6-month-old infant with a streamlined nasal cannula interface, which was constructed as a CFD mesh and three-dimensionally printed to form an identical physical prototype. CFD meshes explored were a conventional tetrahedral approach with near-wall (NW) prism elements and a new polyhedral mesh style with an equally refined NW layer. The presence of turbulence in the model was evaluated using a highly efficient low-Reynolds number (LRN) k-ω turbulence model, with previously established NW corrections that accounted for anisotropic wall-normal turbulence as well as improved NW velocity interpolations and hydrodynamic particle damping. Results: Use of the new polyhedral mesh was found to improve numerical efficiency by providing more rapid convergence and requiring fewer control volumes. Turbulent flow was found in the nasal geometry, generated by the inlet jets from the nasal cannula interface. However, due to the small particle size, turbulent dispersion was shown to have little effect on deposition. Good agreement was established between the CFD predictions using the numerically efficient LRN k-ω model with appropriate NW corrections and in vitro deposition data. Aerosol transmission efficiencies through the delivery tube, nasal cannula, and infant nasal model, based on experimental and CFD predictions, were 93.0% and 91.5%, respectively. Conclusions: A numerically efficient CFD approach was established to develop transnasal aerosol administration to infants and children. Small particle aerosols with aerodynamic diameters of ∼1.5 μm were confirmed to have low inertial depositional loss, and have low deposition from turbulent dispersion, making them ideal for high-efficiency lung delivery through an infant nasal cannula interface.}, }
@article {pmid30548194, year = {2019}, author = {Enders, A and Siller, IG and Urmann, K and Hoffmann, MR and Bahnemann, J}, title = {3D Printed Microfluidic Mixers-A Comparative Study on Mixing Unit Performances.}, journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {e1804326}, doi = {10.1002/smll.201804326}, pmid = {30548194}, issn = {1613-6829}, support = {//German Research Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {One of the basic operations in microfluidic systems for biological and chemical applications is the rapid mixing of different fluids. However, flow profiles in microfluidic systems are laminar, which means molecular diffusion is the only mixing effect. Therefore, mixing structures are crucial to enable more efficient mixing in shorter times. Since traditional microfabrication methods remain laborious and expensive, 3D printing has emerged as a potential alternative for the fabrication of microfluidic devices. In this work, five different passive micromixers known from literature are redesigned in comparable dimensions and manufactured using high-definition MultiJet 3D printing. Their mixing performance is evaluated experimentally, using sodium hydroxide and phenolphthalein solutions, and numerically via computational fluid dynamics. Both experimental and numerical analysis results show that HC and Tesla-like mixers achieve complete mixing after 0.99 s and 0.78 s, respectively, at the highest flow rate (Reynolds number (Re) = 37.04). In comparison, Caterpillar mixers exhibit a lower mixing rate with complete mixing after 1.46 s and 1.9 s. Furthermore, the HC mixer achieves very good mixing performances over all flow rates (Re = 3.7 to 37.04), while other mixers show improved mixing only at higher flow rates.}, }
@article {pmid30545916, year = {2019}, author = {Sreenivasan, KR}, title = {Turbulent mixing: A perspective.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {37}, pages = {18175-18183}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1800463115}, pmid = {30545916}, issn = {1091-6490}, abstract = {Mixing of initially distinct substances plays an important role in our daily lives as well as in ecological and technological worlds. From the continuum point of view, which we adopt here, mixing is complete when the substances come together across smallest flow scales determined in part by molecular mechanisms, but important stages of the process occur via the advection of substances by an underlying flow. We know how smooth flows enable mixing but less well the manner in which a turbulent flow influences it; but the latter is the more common occurrence on Earth and in the universe. We focus here on turbulent mixing, with more attention paid to the postmixing state than to the transient process of initiation. In particular, we examine turbulent mixing when the substance is a scalar (i.e., characterized only by the scalar property of its concentration), and the mixing process does not influence the flow itself (i.e., the scalar is &quot;passive&quot;). This is the simplest paradigm of turbulent mixing. Within this paradigm, we discuss how a turbulently mixed state depends on the flow Reynolds number and the Schmidt number of the scalar (the ratio of fluid viscosity to the scalar diffusivity), point out some fundamental aspects of turbulent mixing that render it difficult to be addressed quantitatively, and summarize a set of ideas that help us appreciate its physics in diverse circumstances. We consider the so-called universal and anomalous features and summarize a few model studies that help us understand them both.}, }
@article {pmid30523914, year = {2018}, author = {Bodling, A and Sharma, A}, title = {Numerical investigation of low-noise airfoils inspired by the down coat of owls.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {016013}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/aaf19c}, pmid = {30523914}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Noise ; Pressure ; Rotation ; Strigiformes/*physiology ; Wings, Animal/physiology ; }, abstract = {Numerical analysis of airfoil geometries inspired by the down coat of the night owl is presented. The bioinspired geometry consists of an array of 'finlet fences', which is placed near the trailing edge of the baseline (NACA 0012) airfoil. Two fences with maximum nondimensional heights, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are investigated, where [Formula: see text] is the displacement thickness at 2.9% chord upstream of the airfoil trailing edge. Wall-resolved large eddy simulations are performed at chord-based Reynolds number, [Formula: see text], flow Mach number, [Formula: see text], and angle of attack, [Formula: see text]. The simulation results show significant reductions in unsteady surface pressure and farfield radiated noise with the fences, in agreement with the measurements available in the literature. Analysis of the results reveals that the fences increase the distance between the boundary layer turbulence (source) and the airfoil trailing (scattering) edge, which is identified to be the mechanism behind high-frequency noise reduction. These reductions are larger for the taller fence as the source-scattering edge separation is greater. Two-point correlations show that the fences reduce the spanwise coherence at low frequencies for separation distances greater than a fence pitch (distance between two adjacent fences) and increase the coherence for smaller distances, the increase being higher for the taller fence. This increase in coherence and the reduced obliqueness of the leading edge of the fence are hypothesized to be responsible for the small increase in farfield noise at low frequencies observed in the simulations with the taller fence.}, }
@article {pmid30522876, year = {2019}, author = {Paxman, T and Noga, M and Finlay, WH and Martin, AR}, title = {Experimental evaluation of pressure drop for flows of air and heliox through upper and central conducting airway replicas of 4- to 8-year-old children.}, journal = {Journal of biomechanics}, volume = {82}, number = {}, pages = {134-141}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.10.028}, pmid = {30522876}, issn = {1873-2380}, mesh = {*Air ; *Airway Resistance ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; *Helium ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Male ; Models, Biological ; *Oxygen ; *Pressure ; *Respiratory Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Airway resistance describes the ratio between pressure drop and flow rate through the conducting respiratory airways. Analytical models of airway resistance for tracheobronchial airways have previously been developed and assessed without upper airways positioned upstream of the trachea. This work investigated pressure drop as a function of flow rate and gas properties for upper and central airway replicas of 10 child subjects, ages 4-8. Replica geometries were built based on computed tomography scan data and included airways from the nose through 3-5 distal branching airway generations. Pressure drop through the replicas was measured for constant inspiratory flows of air and heliox. For both the nose-throat and branching airways, the relationship between non-dimensional coefficient of friction, CF, with Reynolds number, Re, was found to resemble the turbulent Blasius equation for pipe flow, where CF∝Re-0.25. Additionally, pressure drop ratios between heliox and air were consistent with analytical predictions for turbulent flow. The presence of turbulence in the branching airways likely resulted from convection of turbulence produced upstream in the nose and throat. An airway resistance model based on the Blasius pipe friction correlation for turbulent flow was proposed for prediction of pressure drop through the branching bronchial airways downstream from the upper airway.}, }
@article {pmid30522286, year = {2018}, author = {Acconcia, CN and Wright, A and Goertz, DE}, title = {Translational dynamics of individual microbubbles with millisecond scale ultrasound pulses.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {144}, number = {5}, pages = {2859}, doi = {10.1121/1.5063353}, pmid = {30522286}, issn = {1520-8524}, abstract = {It is established that radiation forces can be used to transport ultrasound contrast agents, particularly for molecular imaging applications. However, the ability to model and control this process in the context of therapeutic ultrasound is limited by a paucity of data on the translational dynamics of encapsulated microbubbles under the influence of longer pulses. In this work, the translation of individual microbubbles, isolated with optical tweezers, was experimentally investigated over a range of diameters (1.8-8.8 μm, n = 187) and pressures (25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kPa) with millisecond pulses. Data were compared with theoretical predictions of the translational dynamics, assessing the role of shell and history force effects. A pronounced feature of the displacement curves was an effective threshold size, below which there was only minimal translation. At higher pressures (≥150 kPa) a noticeable structure emerged where multiple local maxima occurred as a function of bubble size. The ability to accurately capture these salient features depended on the encapsulation model employed. In low Reynolds number conditions (i.e., low pressures, or high pressures, off-resonance) the inclusion of history force more accurately fit the data. After pulse cessation, bubbles exhibited substantial displacements consistent with the influence of history effects.}, }
@article {pmid30511712, year = {2018}, author = {Jeon, W and Kim, T and Kim, SM and Baik, S}, title = {Fast mass transport-assisted convective heat transfer through a multi-walled carbon nanotube array.}, journal = {Nanoscale}, volume = {10}, number = {48}, pages = {23103-23112}, doi = {10.1039/c8nr07529h}, pmid = {30511712}, issn = {2040-3372}, abstract = {The recently reported fast mass transport through nanochannels provides a unique opportunity to explore nanoscale energy transport. Here we experimentally investigated the convective heat transport of air through vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (VAMWNTs). The flow through the unit cell, defined as an interstitial space among four adjacent nanotubes (hydraulic diameter = 84.9 nm), was in the transition (0.62 ≤ Knudsen number ≤ 0.78) and creeping flow (3.83 × 10-5 ≤ Reynolds number (Re) ≤ 1.55 × 10-4) regime. The constant heat flux (0.102 or 0.286 W m-2) was supplied by a single-mode microwave (2.45 GHz) instantly heating the VAMWNTs. The volume flow rate was two orders of magnitude greater than the Hagen-Poiseuille theory value. The experimentally determined convective heat transfer coefficient (h, 3.70 × 10-4-4.01 × 10-3 W m-2 K-1) and Nusselt number (Nu, 1.17 × 10-9-1.26 × 10-8) were small partly due to the small Re. A further increase in Re (2.12 × 10-3) with the support of a polytetrafluoroethylene mesh significantly increased h (5.48 × 10-2 W m-2 K-1) and Nu (2.37 × 10-7). A large number of nanochannels in a given cross-section of heat sinks may enhance the heat dissipation significantly.}, }
@article {pmid30511653, year = {2018}, author = {Wang, C and Tang, H}, title = {Influence of complex driving motion on propulsion performance of a heaving flexible foil.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {016011}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/aaf17a}, pmid = {30511653}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology ; Biomimetics/*methods ; Fishes/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Motion ; Movement/*physiology ; Swimming/physiology ; }, abstract = {This study explores the effects of complex driving motion on the propulsion performance of a flexible foil heaving in the flight regimes of natural flyers. Such a fluid-structure interaction problem is numerically studied using an immersed boundary lattice Boltzmann method (IBLBM) based numerical framework. It is found that, at the Reynolds number 200 and when the foil's bending stiffness and mass ratio are moderate, adding an extra driving motion of doubled frequency to a purely harmonic motion on the foil's leading edge can enhance the thrust and propulsive efficiency by about 860% and 70%, respectively. The improvement in thrust increases with the extra-driving-motion amplitude. When the extra-driving-motion amplitude is fixed, there exists an optimal extra-driving-motion phase angle. As the foil becomes much stiffer or lighter, the improvement in the propulsion performance turns less. On the other hand, as the foil becomes much more flexible or heavier, drag instead of thrust is generated, and extra driving motion brings no improvement. Although the extra driving motion can improve the foil's propulsion performance in flows of different Reynolds numbers, the increasing rate of the thrust reduces with the Reynolds number. Through this study, details about the competitions among various forces exerted on the foil and their roles in the foil's dynamics are also revealed.}, }
@article {pmid30487240, year = {2018}, author = {Kamal, A and Keaveny, EE}, title = {Enhanced locomotion, effective diffusion and trapping of undulatory micro-swimmers in heterogeneous environments.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {15}, number = {148}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rsif.2018.0592}, pmid = {30487240}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {Helicobacter/*physiology ; Locomotion/*physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Plasmodium/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Swimming cells and microorganisms must often move through complex fluids that contain an immersed microstructure such as polymer molecules or filaments. In many important biological processes, such as mammalian reproduction and bacterial infection, the size of the immersed microstructure is comparable to that of the swimming cells. This leads to discrete swimmer-microstructure interactions that alter the swimmer's path and speed. In this paper, we use a combination of detailed simulation and data-driven stochastic models to examine the motion of a planar undulatory swimmer in an environment of spherical obstacles tethered via linear springs to random points in the plane of locomotion. We find that, depending on environmental parameters, the interactions with the obstacles can enhance swimming speeds or prevent the swimmer from moving at all. We also show how the discrete interactions produce translational and angular velocity fluctuations that over time lead to diffusive behaviour primarily due to the coupling of swimming and rotational diffusion. Our results demonstrate that direct swimmer-microstructure interactions can produce changes in swimmer motion that may have important implications for the spreading of cell populations in or the trapping of harmful pathogens by complex fluids.}, }
@article {pmid30467607, year = {2018}, author = {Grosjean, G and Hubert, M and Collard, Y and Pillitteri, S and Vandewalle, N}, title = {Surface swimmers, harnessing the interface to self-propel.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, pages = {137}, pmid = {30467607}, issn = {1292-895X}, abstract = {In the study of microscopic flows, self-propulsion has been particularly topical in recent years, with the rise of miniature artificial swimmers as a new tool for flow control, low Reynolds number mixing, micromanipulation or even drug delivery. It is possible to take advantage of interfacial physics to propel these microrobots, as demonstrated by recent experiments using the proximity of an interface, or the interface itself, to generate propulsion at low Reynolds number. This paper discusses how a nearby interface can provide the symmetry breaking necessary for propulsion. An overview of recent experiments illustrates how forces at the interface can be used to generate locomotion. Surface swimmers ranging from the microscopic scale to typically the capillary length are covered. Two systems are then discussed in greater detail. The first is composed of floating ferromagnetic spheres that assemble through capillarity into swimming structures. Two previously studied configurations, triangular and collinear, are discussed and contrasted. A new interpretation for the triangular swimmer is presented. Then, the non-monotonic influence of surface tension and viscosity is evidenced in the collinear case. Finally, a new system is introduced. It is a magnetically powered, centimeter-sized piece that swims similarly to water striders.}, }
@article {pmid30465777, year = {2019}, author = {Walker, BJ and Wheeler, RJ and Ishimoto, K and Gaffney, EA}, title = {Boundary behaviours of Leishmania mexicana: A hydrodynamic simulation study.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {462}, number = {}, pages = {311-320}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.11.016}, pmid = {30465777}, issn = {1095-8541}, abstract = {It is well established that the parasites of the genus Leishmania exhibit complex surface interactions with the sandfly vector midgut epithelium, but no prior study has considered the details of their hydrodynamics. Here, the boundary behaviours of motile Leishmania mexicana promastigotes are explored in a computational study using the boundary element method, with a model flagellar beating pattern that has been identified from digital videomicroscopy. In particular a simple flagellar kinematics is observed and quantified using image processing and mode identification techniques, suggesting a simple mechanical driver for the Leishmania beat. Phase plane analysis and long-time simulation of a range of Leishmania swimming scenarios demonstrate an absence of stable boundary motility for an idealised model promastigote, with behaviours ranging from boundary capture to deflection into the bulk both with and without surface forces between the swimmer and the boundary. Indeed, the inclusion of a short-range repulsive surface force results in the deflection of all surface-bound promastigotes, suggesting that the documented surface detachment of infective metacyclic promastigotes may be the result of their particular morphology and simple hydrodynamics. Further, simulation elucidates a remarkable morphology-dependent hydrodynamic mechanism of boundary approach, hypothesised to be the cause of the well-established phenomenon of tip-first epithelial attachment of Leishmania promastigotes to the sandfly vector midgut.}, }
@article {pmid30464056, year = {2018}, author = {Digumarti, KM and Conn, AT and Rossiter, J}, title = {EuMoBot: replicating euglenoid movement in a soft robot.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {15}, number = {148}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rsif.2018.0301}, pmid = {30464056}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {Euglenida/*physiology ; *Locomotion ; *Robotics ; }, abstract = {Swimming is employed as a form of locomotion by many organisms in nature across a wide range of scales. Varied strategies of shape change are employed to achieve fluidic propulsion at different scales due to changes in hydrodynamics. In the case of microorganisms, the small mass, low Reynolds number and dominance of viscous forces in the medium, requires a change in shape that is non-invariant under time reversal to achieve movement. The Euglena family of unicellular flagellates evolved a characteristic type of locomotion called euglenoid movement to overcome this challenge, wherein the body undergoes a giant change in shape. It is believed that these large deformations enable the organism to move through viscous fluids and tiny spaces. The ability to drastically change the shape of the body is particularly attractive in robots designed to move through constrained spaces and cluttered environments such as through the human body for invasive medical procedures or through collapsed rubble in search of survivors. Inspired by the euglenoids, we present the design of EuMoBot, a multi-segment soft robot that replicates large body deformations to achieve locomotion. Two robots have been fabricated at different sizes operating with a constant internal volume, which exploit hyperelasticity of fluid-filled elastomeric chambers to replicate the motion of euglenoids. The smaller robot moves at a speed of [Formula: see text] body lengths per cycle (20 mm min-1 or 2.2 cycles min-1) while the larger one attains a speed of [Formula: see text] body lengths per cycle (4.5 mm min-1 or 0.4 cycles min-1). We show the potential for biomimetic soft robots employing shape change to both replicate biological motion and act as a tool for studying it. In addition, we present a quantitative method based on elliptic Fourier descriptors to characterize and compare the shape of the robot with that of its biological counterpart. Our results show a similarity in shape of 85% and indicate that this method can be applied to understand the evolution of shape in other nonlinear, dynamic soft robots where a model for the shape does not exist.}, }
@article {pmid30457929, year = {2019}, author = {Huang, HW and Tibbitt, MW and Huang, TY and Nelson, BJ}, title = {Matryoshka-Inspired Micro-Origami Capsules to Enhance Loading, Encapsulation, and Transport of Drugs.}, journal = {Soft robotics}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {150-159}, doi = {10.1089/soro.2018.0028}, pmid = {30457929}, issn = {2169-5180}, support = {/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {Stimuli-responsive hydrogels are promising candidates for use in the targeted delivery of drugs using microrobotics. These devices enable the delivery and sustained release of quantities of drugs several times greater than their dry weight and are responsive to external stimuli. However, existing systems have two major drawbacks: (1) severe drug leakage before reaching the targeted areas within the body and (2) impeded locomotion through liquids due to the inherent hydrophilicity of hydrogels. This article outlines an approach to the assembly of hydrogel-based microcapsules in which one device is assembled within another to prevent drug leakage during transport. Inspired by the famous Russian stacking dolls (Matryoshka), the proposed scheme not only improves drug-loading efficiency but also facilitates the movement of hydrogel-based microcapsules driven by an external magnetic field. At room temperature, drug leakage from the hydrogel matrix is 90%. However, at body temperature the device folds up and assembles to encapsulate the drug, thereby reducing leakage to a mere 6%. The Matryoshka-inspired micro-origami capsule (MIMC) can disassemble autonomously when it arrives at a targeted site, where the temperature is slightly above body temperature. Up to 30% of the encapsulated drug was shown to diffuse from the hydrogel matrix within 1 h when it unfolds and disassembles. The MIMC is also shown to enhance the movement of magnetically driven microcapsules while navigating through media with a low Reynolds number. The translational velocity of the proposed MIMC (four hydrogel-based microcapsules) driven by magnetic gradients is more than three times greater than that of a conventional (single) hydrogel-based microcapsule.}, }
@article {pmid30425950, year = {2018}, author = {Rigatelli, G and Zuin, M and Dell'Avvocata, F and Nanjundappa, A and Daggubati, R and Nguyen, T}, title = {Non-invasive Evaluation of Fluid Dynamic of Aortoiliac Atherosclerotic Disease: Impact of Bifurcation Angle and Different Stent Configurations.}, journal = {Journal of translational internal medicine}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {138-145}, pmid = {30425950}, issn = {2450-131X}, abstract = {Objectives: To non-invasively evaluate by computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis the physiology and rheology of aortoiliac bifurcation disease at different angles and different stent configurations.<br><br>Material and methods: For the analysis, we considered a physiologic model of abdominal aorta with an iliac bifurcation set at 30°, 45° and 70° without stenosis. Subsequently, a bilateral ostial common iliac stenosis of 80% was considered for each type of bifurcation. For the stent simulation, we reconstructed Zilver vascular self-expanding (Zilver; Cook, Bloomington, MN) and Palmaz Genesis Peripheral (Cordis, Miami, FL) stents.<br><br>Results: The physiologic model, across the different angles, static pressure, Reynolds number and stream function, were lower for the 30° bifurcation angle with a gradient from 70° to 30° angles, whereas all the other parameters were inversely higher. After stenting, all the fluid parameters decreased homogenously independent of the stent type, maintaining a gradient in favour of 30° compared to 45° and 70° angles. The absolute greater deviation from physiology was observed for low kissing when self-expandable stents were used across all angles; in particular, the wall shear stress was high at at 45° angle.<br><br>Conclusion: Bifurcation angle deeply impacts the physiology of aortoiliac bifurcations, which are used to predict the fluid dynamic profile after stenting. CFD, having the potential to be derived both from computed tomography scan or invasive angiography, appears to be an ideal tool to predict fluid dynamic profile before and after stenting in aortoiliac bifurcation.}, }
@article {pmid30424640, year = {2018}, author = {Sadri, M and Hejranfar, K and Ebrahimi, M}, title = {Prediction of fluid flow and acoustic field of a supersonic jet using vorticity confinement.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {144}, number = {3}, pages = {1521}, doi = {10.1121/1.5055215}, pmid = {30424640}, issn = {1520-8524}, abstract = {In this study, the numerical simulation of the fluid flow and acoustic field of a supersonic jet is performed by using high-order discretization and the vorticity confinement (VC) method on coarse grids. The three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are considered in the generalized curvilinear coordinate system and the high-order compact finite-difference scheme is applied for the space discretization, and the time integration is performed by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme. A low-pass high-order filter is applied to stabilize the numerical solution. The non-reflecting boundary conditions are adopted for all the free boundaries, and the Kirchhoff surface integration is utilized to obtain the far-field sound pressure levels in a number of observer locations. Comparisons of the jet mean flow and jet aeroacoustics results with the other numerical and experimental data at similar flow conditions are made and show a reasonable agreement. The study shows that the proposed solution methodology based on the high-order compact finite-difference scheme in conjunction with the VC method can reasonably predict the near-field flow and the far-field noise of high Reynolds number jets with a fairly coarser grid than that used in the large eddy simulations and, thus, the computational cost can be significantly decreased.}, }
@article {pmid30424188, year = {2018}, author = {Jung, BJ and Kim, J and Kim, JA and Jang, H and Seo, S and Lee, W}, title = {PDMS-Parylene Hybrid, Flexible Microfluidics for Real-Time Modulation of 3D Helical Inertial Microfluidics.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {30424188}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {NRF-2015M2A2A4A02044826//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; 10054488//Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy (MOTIE, Korea)/ ; }, abstract = {Inertial microfluidics has drawn much attention for its applications for circulating tumor cell separations from blood. The fluid flows and the inertial particle focusing in inertial microfluidic systems are highly dependent on the channel geometry and structure. Flexible microfluidic systems can have adjustable 3D channel geometries by curving planar 2D channels into 3D structures, which will enable tunable inertial separation. We present a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-parylene hybrid thin-film microfluidic system that can provide high flexibility for 3D channel shaping while maintaining the channel cross-sectional shape. The PDMS-parylene hybrid microfluidic channels were fabricated by a molding and bonding technique using initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) bonding. We constructed 3D helical inertial microfluidic channels by coiling a straight 2D channel and studied the inertial focusing while varying radius of curvature and Reynolds number. This thin film structure allows for high channel curvature and high Dean numbers which leads to faster inertial particle focusing and shorter channel lengths than 2D spiral channels. Most importantly, the focusing positions of particles and cells in the microchannel can be tuned in real time by simply modulating the channel curvature. The simple mechanical modulation of these 3D structure microfluidic systems is expected to provide unique advantages of convenient tuning of cell separation thresholds with a single device.}, }
@article {pmid30424137, year = {2018}, author = {Ansari, MA and Kim, KY and Kim, SM}, title = {Numerical and Experimental Study on Mixing Performances of Simple and Vortex Micro T-Mixers.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {30424137}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {NRF- 2016R1A2B4006987//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; //Inha University/ ; }, abstract = {Vortex flow increases the interface area of fluid streams by stretching along with providing continuous stirring action to the fluids in micromixers. In this study, experimental and numerical analyses on a design of micromixer that creates vortex flow were carried out, and the mixing performance was compared with a simple micro T-mixer. In the vortex micro T-mixer, the height of the inlet channels is half of the height of the main mixing channel. The inlet channel connects to the main mixing channel (micromixer) at the one end at an offset position in a fashion that creates vortex flow. In the simple micro T-mixer, the height of the inlet channels is equal to the height of the channel after connection (main mixing channel). Mixing of fluids and flow field have been analyzed for Reynolds numbers in a range from 1⁻80. The study has been further extended to planar serpentine microchannels, which were combined with a simple and a vortex T-junction, to evaluate and verify their mixing performances. The mixing performance of the vortex T-mixer is higher than the simple T-mixer and significantly increases with the Reynolds number. The design is promising for efficiently increasing mixing simply at the T-junction and can be applied to all micromixers.}, }
@article {pmid30424044, year = {2018}, author = {Raza, W and Ma, SB and Kim, KY}, title = {Multi-Objective Optimizations of a Serpentine Micromixer with Crossing Channels at Low and High Reynolds Numbers.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {30424044}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {In order to maximize the mixing performance of a micromixer with an integrated three-dimensional serpentine and split-and-recombination configuration, multi-objective optimizations were performed at two different Reynolds numbers, 1 and 120, based on numerical simulation. Numerical analyses of fluid flow and mixing in the micromixer were performed using three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and convection-diffusion equation. Three dimensionless design variables that were related to the geometry of the micromixer were selected as design variables for optimization. Mixing index at the exit and pressure drop through the micromixer were employed as two objective functions. A parametric study was carried out to explore the effects of the design variables on the objective functions. Latin hypercube sampling method as a design-of-experiment technique has been used to select design points in the design space. Surrogate modeling of the objective functions was performed by using radial basis neural network. Concave Pareto-optimal curves comprising of Pareto-optimal solutions that represents the trade-off between the objective functions were obtained using a multi-objective genetic algorithm at Re = 1 and 120. Through the optimizations, maximum enhancements of 18.8% and 6.0% in mixing index were achieved at Re = 1 and 120, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid30411937, year = {2018}, author = {Galitski, V and Kargarian, M and Syzranov, S}, title = {Dynamo Effect and Turbulence in Hydrodynamic Weyl Metals.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {121}, number = {17}, pages = {176603}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.176603}, pmid = {30411937}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {The dynamo effect is a class of macroscopic phenomena responsible for generating and maintaining magnetic fields in astrophysical bodies. It hinges on the hydrodynamic three-dimensional motion of conducting gases and plasmas that achieve high hydrodynamic and/or magnetic Reynolds numbers due to the large length scales involved. The existing laboratory experiments modeling dynamos are challenging and involve large apparatuses containing conducting fluids subject to fast helical flows. Here we propose that electronic solid-state materials-in particular, hydrodynamic metals-may serve as an alternative platform to observe some aspects of the dynamo effect. Motivated by recent experimental developments, this Letter focuses on hydrodynamic Weyl semimetals, where the dominant scattering mechanism is due to interactions. We derive Navier-Stokes equations along with equations of magnetohydrodynamics that describe the transport of a Weyl electron-hole plasma appropriate in this regime. We estimate the hydrodynamic and magnetic Reynolds numbers for this system. The latter is a key figure of merit of the dynamo mechanism. We show that it can be relatively large to enable observation of the dynamo-induced magnetic field bootstrap in an experiment. Finally, we generalize the simplest dynamo instability model-the Ponomarenko dynamo-to the case of a hydrodynamic Weyl semimetal and show that the chiral anomaly term reduces the threshold magnetic Reynolds number for the dynamo instability.}, }
@article {pmid30400531, year = {2017}, author = {Guo, X and Qi, H}, title = {Analytical Solution of Electro-Osmotic Peristalsis of Fractional Jeffreys Fluid in a Micro-Channel.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {30400531}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {11402108//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 11672163//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 11571157//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The electro-osmotic peristaltic flow of a viscoelastic fluid through a cylindrical micro-channel is studied in this paper. The fractional Jeffreys constitutive model, including the relaxation time and retardation time, is utilized to describe the viscoelasticity of the fluid. Under the assumptions of long wavelength, low Reynolds number, and Debye-Hückel linearization, the analytical solutions of pressure gradient, stream function and axial velocity are explored in terms of Mittag-Leffler function by Laplace transform method. The corresponding solutions of fractional Maxwell fluid and generalized second grade fluid are also obtained as special cases. The numerical analysis of the results are depicted graphically, and the effects of electro-osmotic parameter, external electric field, fractional parameters and viscoelastic parameters on the peristaltic flow are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid30397239, year = {2018}, author = {Nourazar, SS and Nazari-Golshan, A and Soleymanpour, F}, title = {On the expedient solution of the magneto-hydrodynamic Jeffery-Hamel flow of Casson fluid.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {16358}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-34778-w}, pmid = {30397239}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The equation of magneto-hydrodynamic Jeffery-Hamel flow of non-Newtonian Casson fluid in a stretching/shrinking convergent/divergent channel is derived and solved using a new modified Adomian decomposition method (ADM). So far in all problems where semi-analytical methods are used the boundary conditions are not satisfied completely. In the present research, a hybrid of the Fourier transform and the Adomian decomposition method (FTADM), is presented in order to incorporate all boundary conditions into our solution of magneto-hydrodynamic Jeffery-Hamel flow of non-Newtonian Casson fluid in a stretching/shrinking convergent/divergent channel flow. The effects of various emerging parameters such as channel angle, stretching/shrinking parameter, Casson fluid parameter, Reynolds number and Hartmann number on velocity profile are considered. The results using the FTADM are compared with the results of ADM and numerical Range-Kutta fourth-order method. The comparison reveals that, for the same number of components of the recursive sequences over a wide range of spatial domain, the relative errors associated with the new method, FTADM, are much less than the ADM. The results of the new method show that the method is an accurate and expedient approximate analytic method in solving the third-order nonlinear equation of Jeffery-Hamel flow of non-Newtonian Casson fluid.}, }
@article {pmid30393471, year = {2018}, author = {Shahzad, K and Aeken, WV and Mottaghi, M and Kamyab, VK and Kuhn, S}, title = {Aggregation and clogging phenomena of rigid microparticles in microfluidics: Comparison of a discrete element method (DEM) and CFD-DEM coupling method.}, journal = {Microfluidics and nanofluidics}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {104}, pmid = {30393471}, issn = {1613-4982}, abstract = {We developed a numerical tool to investigate the phenomena of aggregation and clogging of rigid microparticles suspended in a Newtonian fluid transported through a straight microchannel. In a first step, we implement a time-dependent one-way coupling Discrete Element Method (DEM) technique to simulate the movement and effect of adhesion on rigid microparticles in two- and three-dimensional computational domains. The Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) theory of adhesion is applied to investigate the contact mechanics of particle-particle and particle-wall interactions. Using the one-way coupled solver, the agglomeration, aggregation and deposition behavior of the microparticles is studied by varying the Reynolds number and the particle adhesion. In a second step, we apply a two-way coupling CFD-DEM approach, which solves the equation of motion for each particle, and transfers the force field corresponding to particle-fluid interactions to the CFD toolbox OpenFOAM. Results for the one-way (DEM) and two-way (CFD-DEM) coupling techniques are compared in terms of aggregate size, aggregate percentages, spatial and temporal evaluation of aggregates in 2D and 3D. We conclude that two-way coupling is the more realistic approach, which can accurately capture the particle-fluid dynamics in microfluidic applications.}, }
@article {pmid30393363, year = {2018}, author = {Ma, N and Duan, Z and Ma, H and Su, L and Liang, P and Ning, X and He, B and Zhang, X}, title = {Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of the Hydrodynamic Entrance Region of Rectangular Microchannels in the Slip Regime.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {30393363}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Developing a three-dimensional laminar flow in the entrance region of rectangular microchannels has been investigated in this paper. When the hydrodynamic development length is the same magnitude as the microchannel length, entrance effects have to be taken into account, especially in relatively short ducts. Simultaneously, there are a variety of non-continuum or rarefaction effects, such as velocity slip and temperature jump. The available data in the literature appearing on this issue is quite limited, the available study is the semi-theoretical approximate model to predict pressure drop of developing slip flow in rectangular microchannels with different aspect ratios. In this paper, we apply the lattice Boltzmann equation method (LBE) to investigate the developing slip flow through a rectangular microchannel. The effects of the Reynolds number (1 < Re < 1000), channel aspect ratio (0 < ε < 1), and Knudsen number (0.001 < Kn < 0.1) on the dimensionless hydrodynamic entrance length, and the apparent friction factor, and Reynolds number product, are examined in detail. The numerical solution of LBM can recover excellent agreement with the available data in the literature, which proves its accuracy in capturing fundamental fluid characteristics in the slip-flow regime.}, }
@article {pmid30393335, year = {2018}, author = {Afzal, MJ and Ashraf, MW and Tayyaba, S and Hossain, MK and Afzulpurkar, N}, title = {Sinusoidal Microchannel with Descending Curves for Varicose Veins Implantation.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {30393335}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Approximately 26% of adult people, mostly females, are affected by varicose veins in old age. It is a common reason for distress, loss of efficiency, and worsening living conditions. Several traditional treatment techniques (sclerotherapy and foam sclerotherapy of large veins, laser surgeries and radiofrequency ablation, vein ligation and stripping, ambulatory phlebectomy, and endoscopic vein surgery) have failed to handle this disease effectively. Herein, authors have presented an alternative varicose vein implant method-the descending sinusoidal microchannel (DSMC). DSMC was simulated by Fuzzy logic MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) and ANSYS (ANSYS 18.2, perpetual license purchased by Ibadat Education Trust, The University of Lahore, Pakistan) with real and actual conditions. After simulations of DSMC, fabrication and testing were performed. The silver DSMC was manufactured by utilizing a micromachining procedure. The length, width, and depth of the silver substrate were 51 mm, 25 mm, and 1.1 mm, respectively. The measurements of the DSMC channel in the silver wafer substrate were 0.9 mm in width and 0.9 mm in depth. The three descending curves of the DSMC were 7 mm, 6 mm, and 5 mm in height. For pressure, actual conditions were carefully taken as 1.0 kPa to 1.5 kPa for varicose veins. For velocity, actual conditions were carefully taken as 0.02 m/s to 0.07 m/s for these veins. These are real and standard values used in simulations and experiments. At Reynolds number 323, the flow rate and velocity were determined as 1001.0 (0.1 nL/s), 11.4 cm/s and 1015.3 (0.1 nL/s), 12.19 cm/s by MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) and ANSYS simulations, respectively. The flow rate and velocity were determined to be 995.3 (0.1 nL/s) and 12.2 cm/s, respectively, at the same Reynolds number (323) in the experiment. Moreover, the Dean number was also calculated to observe Dean vortices. All simulated and experimental results were in close agreement. Consequently, DSMC can be implanted in varicose veins as a new treatment to preserve excellent blood flow in human legs from the original place to avoid tissue damage and other problems.}, }
@article {pmid30389406, year = {2019}, author = {Amiri Delouei, A and Sajjadi, H and Mohebbi, R and Izadi, M}, title = {Experimental study on inlet turbulent flow under ultrasonic vibration: Pressure drop and heat transfer enhancement.}, journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry}, volume = {51}, number = {}, pages = {151-159}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.10.032}, pmid = {30389406}, issn = {1873-2828}, abstract = {This experimental study examines the impact of ultrasonic vibration on pressure drop and heat transfer enhancement of inlet turbulent flows. A stainless steel tube connected to an ultrasonic transducer and immersed in a constant temperature two-phase fluid was considered as the test section. Regarding the designed configuration, the ultrasonic transducer utilized had an acoustic frequency of 28 kHz and two different power levels of 75 W and 100 W. The experiments were conducted for different ultrasonic power levels, inlet temperatures, and flow rates. The accuracy of measurements was successfully validated via the existing empirical correlations. The results indicate that the effect of ultrasonic vibration on pressure drop and heat transfer enhancement diminishes with the growth of both Reynolds number and inlet temperature. Based on previously reported results on inlet flows with a laminar flow regime, the effect of ultrasonic vibration is very trivial in current turbulent inlet flows (up to 7.28% for heat convection enhancement). The results of the present study will be beneficial for future investigations on designing vibrating heat exchangers.}, }
@article {pmid30387646, year = {2018}, author = {Falkovich, G and Vladimirova, N}, title = {Turbulence Appearance and Nonappearance in Thin Fluid Layers.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {121}, number = {16}, pages = {164501}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.164501}, pmid = {30387646}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {Flows in fluid layers are ubiquitous in industry, geophysics, and astrophysics. Large-scale flows in thin layers can be considered two dimensional with bottom friction added. Here we find that the properties of such flows depend dramatically on the way they are driven. We argue that a wall-driven (Couette) flow cannot sustain turbulence, no matter how small the viscosity and friction. Direct numerical simulations (DNSs) up to the Reynolds number Re=10^{6} confirm that all perturbations die in a plane Couette flow. On the contrary, for sufficiently small viscosity and friction, perturbations destroy the pressure-driven laminar (Poiseuille) flow. What appears instead is a traveling wave in the form of a jet slithering between wall vortices. For 5×10^{3}<Re<3×10^{4}, the mean flow in most cases has remarkably simple structure: the jet is sinusoidal with a parabolic velocity profile, and vorticity is constant inside vortices, while the fluctuations are small. At higher Re, strong fluctuations appear, yet the mean traveling wave survives. Considering the momentum flux barrier in such a flow, we derive a new scaling law for the Re dependence of the friction factor and confirm it by DNS.}, }
@article {pmid30387627, year = {2018}, author = {Dong, C and Wang, L and Huang, YM and Comisso, L and Bhattacharjee, A}, title = {Role of the Plasmoid Instability in Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {121}, number = {16}, pages = {165101}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.165101}, pmid = {30387627}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {The plasmoid instability in evolving current sheets has been widely studied due to its effects on the disruption of current sheets, the formation of plasmoids, and the resultant fast magnetic reconnection. In this Letter, we study the role of the plasmoid instability in two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence by means of high-resolution direct numerical simulations. At a sufficiently large magnetic Reynolds number (R_{m}=10^{6}), the combined effects of dynamic alignment and turbulent intermittency lead to a copious formation of plasmoids in a multitude of intense current sheets. The disruption of current sheet structures facilitates the energy cascade towards small scales, leading to the breaking and steepening of the energy spectrum. In the plasmoid-mediated regime, the energy spectrum displays a scaling that is close to the spectral index -2.2 as proposed by recent analytic theories. We also demonstrate that the scale-dependent dynamic alignment exists in 2D MHD turbulence and the corresponding slope of the alignment angle is close to 0.25.}, }
@article {pmid30374981, year = {2019}, author = {Jhun, CS and Siedlecki, C and Xu, L and Lukic, B and Newswanger, R and Yeager, E and Reibson, J and Cysyk, J and Weiss, W and Rosenberg, G}, title = {Stress and Exposure Time on von Willebrand Factor Degradation.}, journal = {Artificial organs}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, pages = {199-206}, doi = {10.1111/aor.13323}, pmid = {30374981}, issn = {1525-1594}, mesh = {Heart-Assist Devices/*adverse effects ; Hemodynamics/physiology ; Humans ; Materials Testing ; von Willebrand Diseases/blood/*etiology ; von Willebrand Factor/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Despite the prevailing use of the continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (cf-LVAD), acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AvWS) associated with cf-LVAD still remains a major complication. As AvWS is known to be dependent on shear stress (τ) and exposure time (texp), this study examined the degradation of high molecular weight multimers (HMWM) of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in terms of τ and texp . Two custom apparatus, i.e., capillary-tubing-type degrader (CTD) and Taylor-Couette-type degrader (TCD) were developed for short-term (0.033 sec ≤ texp ≤ 1.05 s) and long-term (10 s ≤ texp ≤ 10 min) shear exposures of vWF, respectively. Flow conditions indexed by Reynolds number (Re) for CTD were 14 ≤ Re ≤ 288 with corresponding laminar stress level of 52 ≤ τ CTD ≤ 1042 dyne/cm2 . Flow conditions for TCD were 100 ≤ Re ≤ 2500 with corresponding rotor speed of 180 ≤ o ≤ 4000 RPM and laminar stress level of 50 ≤ τ TCD ≤ 1114 dyne/cm2 . Due to transitional and turbulent flows in TCD at Re > 1117, total stress (i.e., τ total = laminar + turbulent) was also calculated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver, Converge CFD (Converge Science Inc., Madison, WI, USA). Inhibition of ADAMTS13 with different concentration of EDTA (5 mM and 10 mM) was also performed to investigate the mechanism of cleavage in terms of mechanical and enzymatic aspects. Degradation of HMWM with CTD was negligible at all given testing conditions. Although no degradation of HMWM was observed with TCD at Re < 1117 (τ total = 1012 dyne/cm2), increase in degradation of HMWM was observed beyond Re of 1117 for all given exposure times. At Re ~ 2500 (τ total = 3070 dyne/cm2) with texp = 60 s, a severe degradation of HMWM (90.7 ± 3.8%, abnormal) was observed, and almost complete degradation of HMWM (96.1 ± 1.9%, abnormal) was observed with texp = 600 s. The inhibition studies with 5 mM EDTA at Re ~ 2500 showed that loss of HMWM was negligible (<10%, normal) for all given exposure times except for texp = 10 min (39.5 ± 22.3%, borderline-abnormal). With 10 mM EDTA, no degradation of HMWM was observed (11.1 ± 4.4%, normal) even for texp = 10 min. This study investigated the effect of shear stress and exposure time on the HMWM of vWF in laminar and turbulent flows. The inhibition study by EDTA confirms that degradation of HMWM is initiated by shear-induced unfolding followed by enzymatic cleavage at given conditions. Determination of magnitude of each mechanism needs further investigation. It is also important to note that the degradation of vWF is highly dependent on turbulence regardless of the time exposed within our testing conditions.}, }
@article {pmid30362460, year = {2018}, author = {Kim, H and Kim, J and Choi, H}, title = {Flow structure modifications by leading-edge tubercles on a 3D wing.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {066011}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/aae6fc}, pmid = {30362460}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology ; Flight, Animal/physiology ; Humpback Whale/*physiology ; Hydrodynamics ; Models, Biological ; Rheology/methods ; Wings, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Leading-edge tubercles on a humpback whale flipper are known to enhance its hydrodynamic performance at post-stall angles of attack (Miklosovic et al 2004 Phys. Fluids 16 39-42). We investigate vortical structures above a three-dimensional wing with tubercles using surface-oil-flow visualization and particle image velocimetry measurement. Two wing models with and without tubercles, previously studied by Miklosovic et al (2004 Phys. Fluids 16 39-42), are considered at the Reynolds number of 180 000 based on the free-stream velocity and mean chord length. At this Reynolds number, tubercles delay the stall angle by 7° and increase the maximum lift coefficient by about 22%. At a low angle of attack, flow separation first occurs near the tip region for both wing models. While flow separation rapidly progresses inboard (toward the wing root) for the model without tubercles with increasing angle of attack, tubercles produce two types of vortical motions and block the inboard progression of flow separation, resulting in delayed stall from α = 8° to 15°. One of these two vortical structures is pairs of counter-rotating streamwise vortices evolving from hemi-spherical separation bubbles near the leading-edge troughs at pre-, near-, and post-stall angles of attack, and the other is asymmetric pairs of streamwise vortices evolving from separated flow regions after the mid-chord region at near-stall angle of attack. At a post-stall angle of attack (α = 16°), strong clockwise and counter-clockwise streamwise vortices are generated from foci at the root and tip near the trailing edge, respectively, and delay flow separation in the mid-span, resulting in a higher lift coefficient than that without tubercles.}, }
@article {pmid30349146, year = {2018}, author = {Bass, K and Longest, PW}, title = {Recommendations for Simulating Microparticle Deposition at Conditions Similar to the Upper Airways with Two-Equation Turbulence Models.}, journal = {Journal of aerosol science}, volume = {119}, number = {}, pages = {31-50}, pmid = {30349146}, issn = {0021-8502}, support = {R01 HD087339/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL107333/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {The development of a CFD model, from initial geometry to experimentally validated result with engineering insight, can be a time-consuming process that often requires several iterations of meshing and solver set-up. Applying a set of guidelines in the early stages can help to streamline the process and improve consistency between different models. The objective of this study was to determine both mesh and CFD solution parameters that enable the accurate simulation of microparticle deposition under flow conditions consistent with the upper respiratory airways including turbulent flow. A 90° bend geometry was used as a characteristic model that occurs throughout the airways and for which high-quality experimental aerosol deposition data is available in the transitional and turbulent flow regimes. Four meshes with varying degrees of near-wall resolution were compared, and key solver settings were applied to determine the parameters that minimize sensitivity to the near-wall (NW) mesh. The Low Reynolds number (LRN) k-ω model was used to resolve the turbulence field, which is a numerically efficient two-equation turbulence model, but has recently been considered overly simplistic. Some recent studies have used more complex turbulence models, such as Large Eddy Simulation (LES), to overcome the perceived weaknesses of two-equation models. Therefore, the secondary objective was to determine whether the more computationally efficient LRN k-ω model was capable of providing deposition results that were comparable to LES. Results show how NW mesh sensitivity is reduced through application of the Green-Gauss Node-based gradient discretization scheme and physically realistic near-wall corrections. Using the newly recommended meshing parameters and solution guidelines gives an excellent match to experimental data. Furthermore, deposition data from the LRN k-ω model compares favorably with LES results for the same characteristic geometry. In summary, this study provides a set of meshing and solution guidelines for simulating aerosol deposition in transitional and turbulent flows found in the upper respiratory airways using the numerically efficient LRN k-ω approach.}, }
@article {pmid30348646, year = {2018}, author = {Karakas, F and D'Oliveira, D and Maas, AE and Murphy, DW}, title = {Using a shell as a wing: pairing of dissimilar appendages in atlantiid heteropod swimming.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {221}, number = {Pt 23}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.192062}, pmid = {30348646}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animal Fins/*physiology ; *Animal Shells ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; Swimming/*physiology ; Video Recording/methods ; Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {Atlantiid heteropods are zooplanktonic marine snails which have a calcium carbonate shell and single swimming fin. They actively swim to hunt prey and vertically migrate. Previous accounts of atlantiid heteropod swimming described these animals sculling with the swimming fin while the shell passively hung beneath the body. Here, we show, via high-speed stereophotogrammetric measurements of body, fin and shell kinematics, that the atlantiid heteropod Atlanta selvagensis actively flaps both the swimming fin and shell in a highly coordinated wing-like manner in order to swim in the intermediate Reynolds number regime (Re=10-100). The fin and shell kinematics indicate that atlantiid heteropods use unsteady hydrodynamic mechanisms such as clap-and-fling and delayed stall. Unique features of atlantiid heteropod swimming include the coordinated pairing of dissimilar appendages, use of the clap and fling mechanism twice during each stroke cycle, and the fin's extremely large stroke amplitude, which exceeds 180 deg.}, }
@article {pmid30346731, year = {2018}, author = {Astumian, RD}, title = {Trajectory and Cycle-Based Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Molecular Machines: The Importance of Microscopic Reversibility.}, journal = {Accounts of chemical research}, volume = {51}, number = {11}, pages = {2653-2661}, doi = {10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00253}, pmid = {30346731}, issn = {1520-4898}, abstract = {A molecular machine is a nanoscale device that provides a mechanism for coupling energy from two (or more) processes that in the absence of the machine would be independent of one another. Examples include walking of a protein in one direction along a polymeric track (process 1, driving &quot;force&quot; X1 = - F⃗· l⃗) and hydrolyzing ATP (process 2, driving &quot;force&quot; X2 = ΔμATP); or synthesis of ATP (process 1, X1 = -ΔμATP) and transport of protons from the periplasm to the cytoplasm across a membrane (process 2, X2 = ΔμH+); or rotation of a flagellum (process 1, X1 = -torque) and transport of protons across a membrane (process 2, X2 = ΔμH+). In some ways, the function of a molecular machine is similar to that of a macroscopic machine such as a car that couples combustion of gasoline to translational motion. However, the low Reynolds number regime in which molecular machines operate is very different from that relevant for macroscopic machines. Inertia is negligible in comparison to viscous drag, and omnipresent thermal noise causes the machine to undergo continual transition among many states even at thermodynamic equilibrium. Cyclic trajectories among the states of the machine that result in a change in the environment can be broken into two classes: those in which process 1 in either the forward or backward direction ([Formula: see text]) occurs and which thereby exchange work [Formula: see text] with the environment; and those in which process 2 in either the forward or backward direction ([Formula: see text]) occurs and which thereby exchange work [Formula: see text] with the evironment. These two types of trajectories, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], overlap, i.e., there are some trajectories in which both process 1 and process 2 occur, and for which the work exchanged is [Formula: see text]. The four subclasses of overlap trajectories [(+1,+2), (+1,-2), (-1,+2), (-1,-2)] are the coupled processes. The net probabilities for process 1 and process 2 are designated π+2 - π-2 and π+1 - π-1, respectively. The probabilities [Formula: see text] for any single trajectory [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for its microscopic reverse [Formula: see text] are related by microscopic reversibility (MR), [Formula: see text], an equality that holds arbitrarily far from thermodynamic equilibrium, i.e., irrespective of the magnitudes of X1 and X2, and where [Formula: see text]. Using this formalism, we arrive at a remarkably simple and general expression for the rates of the processes, [Formula: see text], i = 1, 2, where the angle brackets indicate an average over the ensemble of all microscopic reverse trajectories. Stochastic description of coupling is doubtless less familiar than typical mechanical depictions of chemical coupling in terms of ATP induced violent kicks, judo throws, force generation and power-strokes. While the mechanical description of molecular machines is comforting in its familiarity, conclusions based on such a phenomenological perspective are often wrong. Specifically, a &quot;power-stroke&quot; model (i.e., a model based on energy driven &quot;promotion&quot; of a molecular machine to a high energy state followed by directional relaxation to a lower energy state) that has been the focus of mechanistic discussions of biomolecular machines for over a half century is, for catalysis driven molecular machines, incorrect. Instead, the key principle by which catalysis driven motors work is kinetic gating by a mechanism known as an information ratchet. Amazingly, this same principle is that by which catalytic molecular systems undergo adaptation to new steady states while facilitating an exergonic chemical reaction.}, }
@article {pmid30327167, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, H and Liu, C and Ou, Y and Chen, T and Yang, L and Hu, Z}, title = {Development of a helical coagulation reactor for harvesting microalgae.}, journal = {Journal of bioscience and bioengineering}, volume = {127}, number = {4}, pages = {447-450}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.09.012}, pmid = {30327167}, issn = {1347-4421}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Bioreactors ; Cell Culture Techniques/instrumentation/methods ; Chemical Precipitation ; Flocculation ; Hydrodynamics ; Mechanical Phenomena ; Microalgae/*chemistry/*cytology/metabolism ; *Scenedesmus/cytology/metabolism ; Specimen Handling/instrumentation/methods ; }, abstract = {In this study, an innovative helical coagulation reactor (HCR) was developed for harvesting microalgae by sedimentation with polyaluminium chloride (PAC). The effects of construction and hydrodynamic characteristics on harvesting performance were investigated. Results showed that a higher harvesting efficiency, 96.37%, was achieved for the large and compact flocs generated by the HCR, and the settling rate of flocs was substantially influenced by the velocity gradient (G) and the Reynolds number (Re). When the Reynolds number closed to the transition between laminar and turbulent flow (4000), the flocs settled faster (20.51 m h-1), although settling slowed as the Reynolds number increased further because of ruptured flocs. The settling rate of flocs could be further improved to 23.27 m h-1 by a pulse flow field, mainly due to larger and more compact flocs forming in the plug pipe flow. Furthermore, a comparative investigation of a mechanically agitated vessel and the HCR with the same Camp number (Gt) showed that the HCR achieved higher settling rates and a shorter residence time than those with a mechanical agitator. The HCR provided a uniform dissipation of energy and high velocity gradient while avoiding electrical and mechanical energy consumption, suggesting this reactor is an efficient and economic option for microalgae harvesting.}, }
@article {pmid30327024, year = {2019}, author = {Hong, W and Shi, H and Huang, Z and Long, M and Xu, H and Liu, Z}, title = {Design and Simulation of a Passive Micromixer with Gourd-Shaped Channel.}, journal = {Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {206-212}, doi = {10.1166/jnn.2019.16431}, pmid = {30327024}, issn = {1533-4880}, abstract = {A gourd-shaped contraction-expansion design is proposed for a passive planar micromixer in this study. The mixing performance of the micromixer is analyzed numerically and compared with a T-shaped planar micromixer. The gourd-shaped contraction-expansion structure can enhance the vortex-formation and mixing abilities of the micromixer. The numerical simulation reveals that the gourd-shaped structure can improved vortex generation and mixing efficiency within a high Reynolds number range. The micromixer with an optimized waist width of 50 μm reaches a mixing efficiency of approximately 83.25% and maintains a moderate pressure drop of 4860 Pa at Re = 100. This study can shed light on the design of new 2D micromixers from the point view of bionics.}, }
@article {pmid30326635, year = {2018}, author = {Sun, B and Wang, P and Luo, J and Deng, J and Guo, S and Ma, B}, title = {A Flexible Hot-Film Sensor Array for Underwater Shear Stress and Transition Measurement.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/s18103469}, pmid = {30326635}, issn = {1424-8220}, support = {2013YQ040911//National Instrumentation Program of China/ ; 51775446//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {A flexible hot-film sensor array for wall shear stress, flow separation, and transition measurement has been fabricated and implemented in experiments. Parylene C waterproof layer is vapor phase deposited to encapsulate the sensor. Experimental studies of shear stress and flow transition on a flat plate have been undertaken in a water tunnel with the sensor array. Compared with the shear stress derived from velocity profile and empirical formulas, the measuring errors of the hot-film sensors are less than 5%. In addition, boundary layer transition of the flat plate has also been detected successfully. Ensemble-averaged mean, normalized root mean square, and power spectra of the sensor output voltage indicate that the Reynolds number when transition begins at where the sensor array located is 1.82 × 10⁵, 50% intermittency transition is 2.52 × 10⁵, and transition finishes is 3.96 × 10⁵. These results have a good agreement with the transition Reynolds numbers, as measured by the Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) system.}, }
@article {pmid30302623, year = {2019}, author = {Tiwari, A and Chauhan, SS}, title = {Effect of Varying Viscosity on Two-Fluid Model of Blood Flow through Constricted Blood Vessels: A Comparative Study.}, journal = {Cardiovascular engineering and technology}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {155-172}, doi = {10.1007/s13239-018-00379-x}, pmid = {30302623}, issn = {1869-4098}, abstract = {PURPOSE: Most of the previously studied non-Newtonian blood flow models considered blood viscosity to be constant but for correct measurement of flow rate and flow resistance, the hematocrit dependent viscosity will be better as various literature suggested the variable nature of blood viscosity. Present work concerns the steady and pulsatile nature of blood flow through constricted blood vessels. Two-fluid model for blood is considered with the suspension of all the RBCs (erythrocytes) in the core region as a non-Newtonian (Herschel-Bulkley) fluid and the plasma in the cell free region near wall as a Newtonian fluid. No slip condition on the wall and radially varying viscosity has been taken.<br><br>METHODS: For steady flow the analytical approach has been taken to obtain the exact solution. Regular perturbation expansion method has been used to solve the governing equations for pulsatile flow up to first order of approximation by assuming the pulsatile Reynolds number to be very small (much less than unity).<br><br>RESULTS: Flow rate, wall shear stress and velocity profile have been graphically analyzed and compared with constant viscosity model. A noteworthy observation of the present study is that rise in viscosity index leads to decay in velocity, velocity of plug flow region, flow rate while flow resistance increases with rising viscosity index (m). The results for Power-law fluid (PL), Bingham-plastic fluid (BP), Newtonian fluid (NF) are found as special cases from this model. Like the constant viscosity model, it has been also observed that the velocity, flow rate and plug core velocity of two-fluid model are higher than the single-fluid model for variable viscosity.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The two-phase fluid model is more significant than the single-fluid model. Effect of viscosity parameter on various hemodynamical quantities has been obtained. It is also concluded that a rising viscosity parameter (varying nature of viscosity) significantly distinguishes the single and two-fluid models in terms of changes in blood flow resistance. The outcome of present study may leave a significant impact on analyzing blood flow through small blood vessels with constriction, where correct measurement of flow rate and flow resistance for medical treatment is very important.}, }
@article {pmid30297857, year = {2018}, author = {Karathanassis, IK and Trickett, K and Koukouvinis, P and Wang, J and Barbour, R and Gavaises, M}, title = {Illustrating the effect of viscoelastic additives on cavitation and turbulence with X-ray imaging.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {14968}, pmid = {30297857}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The effect of viscoelastic additives on the topology and dynamics of the two-phase flow arising within an axisymmetric orifice with a flow path constriction along its main axis has been investigated employing high-flux synchrotron radiation. X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging (XPCI) has been conducted to visualise the cavitating flow of different types of diesel fuel within the orifice. An additised blend containing Quaternary Ammonium Salt (QAS) additives with a concentration of 500 ppm has been comparatively examined against a pure (base) diesel compound. A high-flux, 12 keV X-ray beam has been utilised to obtain time resolved radiographs depicting the vapour extent within the orifice from two views (side and top) with reference to its main axis. Different test cases have been examined for both fuel types and for a range of flow conditions characterised by Reynolds number of 35500 and cavitation numbers (CN) lying in the range 3.0-7.7. It has been established that the behaviour of viscoelastic micelles in the regions of shear flow is not consistent depending on the cavitation regimes encountered. Namely, viscoelastic effects enhance vortical (string) cavitation, whereas hinder cloud cavitation. Furthermore, the use of additised fuel has been demonstrated to suppress the level of turbulence within the orifice.}, }
@article {pmid30280982, year = {2018}, author = {de Matos, DB and Barbosa, MPR and Leite, OM and Steter, JR and Lima, NS and Torres, NH and Marques, MN and de Alsina, OLS and Cavalcanti, EB}, title = {Characterization of a tubular electrochemical reactor for the degradation of the commercial diuron herbicide.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-15}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2018.1531941}, pmid = {30280982}, issn = {1479-487X}, abstract = {After designing and constructing an electrochemical reactor with concentric electrodes and tangential feed (RECT), it is necessary to characterize it and to study its performance. The experimental study of the residence time distribution (RTD) was conducted for flow rates of 2.78 × 10-6 m3 s-1, 8.33 × 10-6 m3 s-1 and 13.9 × 10-6 m3 s-1. According to the values obtained from the Pe number (0.67-1.52), the RECT fits as tubular with great dispersion. The determined empirical correlation (Sh = 18.16 Re0.50 Sc0.33) showed a laminar flow behavior in the range of Reynolds number (Re) between 23 and 117. In order to use RECT in effluent treatment, an electrochemical oxidation study of the Diuron model molecule (Nortox®) was performed to analyze reactor performance in a closed system with total reflux. A decay kinetics of pseudo-first order was associated with the decay of the concentration of diuron and 30% mineralization in 180 min of process were obtained, having a total volume of 4 × 10-3 m3 and an initial concentration of commercial Diuron in 215.83 mg dm-3. Eleven by-products were identified by HPLC-MS analysis and, from this, it was possible to propose a route of degradation of the diuron. From these observations, it can be inferred that the studied electrochemical reactor had applicability in the degradation of recalcitrant compounds, as is the case of commercial diuron. Make some changes in the electrochemical reactor studied and other advanced oxidative processes, such as electro-Fenton, can be associated with the studied system to achieve a better conversion efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid30242545, year = {2018}, author = {Waldrop, LD and He, Y and Khatri, S}, title = {What Can Computational Modeling Tell Us about the Diversity of Odor-Capture Structures in the Pancrustacea?.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {44}, number = {12}, pages = {1084-1100}, pmid = {30242545}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {1505061//Division of Physics/ ; TG-CDA160015//Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment/ ; TG-BIO170090//Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment/ ; }, mesh = {Air ; Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Odorants/analysis ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {A major transition in the history of the Pancrustacea was the invasion of several lineages of these animals onto land. We investigated the functional performance of odor-capture organs, antennae with olfactory sensilla arrays, through the use of a computational model of advection and diffusion of odorants to olfactory sensilla while varying three parameters thought to be important to odor capture (Reynolds number, gap-width-to-sensillum-diameter ratio, and angle of the sensilla array with respect to oncoming flow). We also performed a sensitivity analysis on these parameters using uncertainty quantification to analyze their relative contributions to odor-capture performance. The results of this analysis indicate that odor capture in water and in air are fundamentally different. Odor capture in water and leakiness of the array are highly sensitive to Reynolds number and moderately sensitive to angle, whereas odor capture in air is highly sensitive to gap widths between sensilla and moderately sensitive to angle. Leakiness is not a good predictor of odor capture in air, likely due to the relative importance of diffusion to odor transport in air compared to water. We also used the sensitivity analysis to make predictions about morphological and kinematic diversity in extant groups of aquatic and terrestrial crustaceans. Aquatic crustaceans will likely exhibit denser arrays and induce flow within the arrays, whereas terrestrial crustaceans will rely on more sparse arrays with wider gaps and little-to-no animal-induced currents.}, }
@article {pmid30212772, year = {2018}, author = {Fu, Q and Chen, H and Liao, Q and Huang, Y and Xia, A and Zhu, X and Xiao, C and Reungsang, A and Liu, Z}, title = {Drag reduction and shear-induced cells migration behavior of microalgae slurry in tube flow.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {270}, number = {}, pages = {38-45}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.133}, pmid = {30212772}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Chlorella ; Physical Phenomena ; }, abstract = {To optimize the designing of microalgae slurry pumping system and enhance the efficiency of microalgae products production, the flow characteristics of microalgae slurries (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) in tube flow were for the first time investigated combining experiments and numerical simulation. The drag reduction behavior of microalgae slurry in the fully developed laminar flow regime was studied. In addition, the transition Reynolds number of microalgae slurries from laminar flow to turbulent flow was about 1000-1300, which was similar to the expression of two-phase flow. To provide a further understanding of flow feature of microalgae slurries in tube, a two-phase mixture model was proposed by considering the heterogeneity of concentration due to the shear-induced microalgae cells migration behavior. Simulation results revealed that the heterogeneous distribution of concentration was affected by average velocity and volume fraction of microalgae slurries, significantly affecting the flow resistance and flow stability of microalgae slurry in the tube flow.}, }
@article {pmid30211982, year = {2019}, author = {Bergersen, AW and Mortensen, M and Valen-Sendstad, K}, title = {The FDA nozzle benchmark: &quot;In theory there is no difference between theory and practice, but in practice there is&quot;.}, journal = {International journal for numerical methods in biomedical engineering}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {e3150}, doi = {10.1002/cnm.3150}, pmid = {30211982}, issn = {2040-7947}, mesh = {*Benchmarking ; Computer Simulation ; *Hydrodynamics ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; }, abstract = {The utility of flow simulations relies on the robustness of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solvers and reproducibility of results. The aim of this study was to validate the Oasis CFD solver against in vitro experimental measurements of jet breakdown location from the FDA nozzle benchmark at Reynolds number 3500, which is in the particularly challenging transitional regime. Simulations were performed on meshes consisting of 5, 10, 17, and 28 million (M) tetrahedra, with Δt = 10-5 seconds. The 5M and 10M simulation jets broke down in reasonable agreement with the experiments. However, the 17M and 28M simulation jets broke down further downstream. But which of our simulations are &quot;correct&quot;? From a theoretical point of view, they are all wrong because the jet should not break down in the absence of disturbances. The geometry is axisymmetric with no geometrical features that can generate angular velocities. A stable flow was supported by linear stability analysis. From a physical point of view, a finite amount of &quot;noise&quot; will always be present in experiments, which lowers transition point. To replicate noise numerically, we prescribed minor random angular velocities (approximately 0.31%), much smaller than the reported flow asymmetry (approximately 3%) and model accuracy (approximately 1%), at the inlet of the 17M simulation, which shifted the jet breakdown location closer to the measurements. Hence, the high-resolution simulations and &quot;noise&quot; experiment can potentially explain discrepancies in transition between sometimes &quot;sterile&quot; CFD and inherently noisy &quot;ground truth&quot; experiments. Thus, we have shown that numerical simulations can agree with experiments, but for the wrong reasons.}, }
@article {pmid30200611, year = {2018}, author = {Wan, G and Jin, C and Trase, I and Zhao, S and Chen, Z}, title = {Helical Structures Mimicking Chiral Seedpod Opening and Tendril Coiling.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {18}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {30200611}, issn = {1424-8220}, support = {Dartmouth College//Startup fund from Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College/ ; Branco Weiss-Society in Science fellowship//Branco Weiss-Society in Science fellowship (administered by ETH Zürich)/ ; }, mesh = {Biomimetic Materials/*chemistry ; *Biomimetics ; Elastomers/chemistry ; Hydrogels/chemistry ; Liquid Crystals/chemistry ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Polymers/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Helical structures are ubiquitous in natural and engineered systems across multiple length scales. Examples include DNA molecules, plants' tendrils, sea snails' shells, and spiral nanoribbons. Although this symmetry-breaking shape has shown excellent performance in elastic springs or propulsion generation in a low-Reynolds-number environment, a general principle to produce a helical structure with programmable geometry regardless of length scales is still in demand. In recent years, inspired by the chiral opening of Bauhinia variegata's seedpod and the coiling of plant's tendril, researchers have made significant breakthroughs in synthesizing state-of-the-art 3D helical structures through creating intrinsic curvatures in 2D rod-like or ribbon-like precursors. The intrinsic curvature results from the differential response to a variety of external stimuli of functional materials, such as hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers, and shape memory polymers. In this review, we give a brief overview of the shape transformation mechanisms of these two plant's structures and then review recent progress in the fabrication of biomimetic helical structures that are categorized by the stimuli-responsive materials involved. By providing this survey on important recent advances along with our perspectives, we hope to solicit new inspirations and insights on the development and fabrication of helical structures, as well as the future development of interdisciplinary research at the interface of physics, engineering, and biology.}, }
@article {pmid30194679, year = {2018}, author = {Daddi-Moussa-Ider, A and Löwen, H and Gekle, S}, title = {Creeping motion of a solid particle inside a spherical elastic cavity⋆.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {41}, number = {9}, pages = {104}, pmid = {30194679}, issn = {1292-895X}, abstract = {On the basis of the linear hydrodynamic equations, we present an analytical theory for the low-Reynolds-number motion of a solid particle moving inside a larger spherical elastic cavity which can be seen as a model system for a fluid vesicle. In the particular situation where the particle is concentric with the cavity, we use the stream function technique to find exact analytical solutions of the fluid motion equations on both sides of the elastic cavity. In this particular situation, we find that the solution of the hydrodynamic equations is solely determined by membrane shear properties and that bending does not play a role. For an arbitrary position of the solid particle within the spherical cavity, we employ the image solution technique to compute the axisymmetric flow field induced by a point force (Stokeslet). We then obtain analytical expressions of the leading-order mobility function describing the fluid-mediated hydrodynamic interactions between the particle and the confining elastic cavity. In the quasi-steady limit of vanishing frequency, we find that the particle self-mobility function is higher than that predicted inside a rigid no-slip cavity. Considering the cavity motion, we find that the pair-mobility function is determined only by membrane shear properties. Our analytical predictions are supplemented and validated by fully resolved boundary integral simulations where a very good agreement is obtained over the whole range of applied forcing frequencies.}, }
@article {pmid30140921, year = {2018}, author = {Molony, D and Park, J and Zhou, L and Fleischer, C and Sun, HY and Hu, X and Oshinski, J and Samady, H and Giddens, DP and Rezvan, A}, title = {Bulk Flow and Near Wall Hemodynamics of the Rabbit Aortic Arch: A 4D PC-MRI Derived CFD Study.}, journal = {Journal of biomechanical engineering}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1115/1.4041222}, pmid = {30140921}, issn = {1528-8951}, support = {HHSN268201000043C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Animal models offer a flexible experimental environment for studying atherosclerosis. The mouse is the most commonly used animal, however, the underlying hemodynamics in larger animals such as the rabbit are far closer to that of humans. The aortic arch is a vessel with complex helical flow and highly heterogeneous shear stress patterns which may influence where atherosclerotic lesions form. A better understanding of intra-species flow variation and the impact of geometry on flow may improve our understanding of where disease forms. In this work we use Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) and 4D Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) to image and measure blood velocity in the rabbit aortic arch. Measured flow rates from the PC-MRI were used as boundary conditions in computational fluid dynamics models of the arches. Helical flow, cross flow index (CFI) and time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) were determined from the simulated flow field. Both traditional geometric metrics and shape modes derived from statistical shape analysis were analyzed with respect to flow helicity. High CFI and low TAWSS were found to co-localize in the ascending aorta and to a lesser extent on the inner curvature of the aortic arch. The Reynolds number was linearly associated with an increase in helical flow intensity (R=0.85, p<.05). Both traditional and statistical shape analysis correlated with increased helical flow symmetry. However, a stronger correlation was obtained from the statistical shape analysis demonstrating its potential for discerning the role of shape in hemodynamic studies.}, }
@article {pmid30136131, year = {2018}, author = {Krastev, VK and Amati, G and Succi, S and Falcucci, G}, title = {On the effects of surface corrugation on the hydrodynamic performance of cylindrical rigid structures.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {41}, number = {8}, pages = {95}, pmid = {30136131}, issn = {1292-895X}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; *Hydrodynamics ; Kinetics ; Surface Properties ; }, abstract = {In this work, we perform fully three-dimensional numerical simulations of the flow field surrounding cylindrical structures characterized by different types of corrugated surface. The simulations are carried out using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), considering a flow regime with a Reynolds number [Formula: see text]. The fluid-dynamic wake structure and stability are investigated by means of PSD analyses of the velocity components and by visual inspection of the vortical coherent structure evolution. Moreover, the energy dissipation of the flow is assessed by considering an equivalent discharge coefficient [Formula: see text], which measures the total pressure losses of the flow moving around the various layout under investigation. Outcomes from our study demonstrate that the helical ridges augment energy dissipation, but might also have a role in the passive control of the characteristic frequencies of the unsteady wake flow.}, }
@article {pmid30132443, year = {2018}, author = {Lee, YJ and Lua, KB}, title = {Wing-wake interaction: comparison of 2D and 3D flapping wings in hover flight.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {066003}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/aadc31}, pmid = {30132443}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology ; Biomimetics/methods ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Wings, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The wing-wake interaction of flapping wings while hovering has been investigated, with the focus on the difference in wing-wake interaction between 2D and 3D flapping wings. Numerical simulations are conducted at a Reynolds number of 100, and the flapping configurations are divided into the 2D, quasi-3D and 3D categories. Variations of the aspect ratio and Rossby number allow the flapping configuration to morph gradually between categories. The wing-wake interaction mechanisms are identified and the effect of three-dimensionality on these mechanisms is discussed. Three-dimensionality affects wing-wake interaction through four primary aerodynamic mechanisms, namely, induced jet, downwash/upwash, leading-edge vortex (LEV) shedding due to vortex pairing, and the formation of a closely attached LEV. The first two mechanisms are well-established in the literature. With regard to the LEV shedding mechanism, it is revealed that the interaction between the LEV and the residue vortex from the previous stroke plays an important role in the early vortex shedding of 2D flapping wings. This effect diminishes with increasing three-dimensionality. With regard to the mechanism of the closely attached LEV, the wake encourages the formation of an LEV that is closely attached to the wing's top surface, which is beneficial to lift generation. This closely attached LEV mechanism accounts for most of the lift enhancement that arises from wake effects. Three-dimensionality alters the efficacy of the different aerodynamic mechanisms. Consequently, the dual peak lift coefficient pattern typically seen on 2D flapping wings transforms into the single peak lift coefficient pattern of the 3D flapping wing. It is also demonstrated that the mean lift enhancement due to wing-wake interaction diminishes rapidly when three-dimensionality is introduced. Results suggest that, for wings with parameters close to those of natural flyers, wing-wake interaction yields marginal lift enhancement and a small increase in energy consumption.}, }
@article {pmid30132198, year = {2018}, author = {Espeso, DR and Martínez-García, E and Carpio, A and de Lorenzo, V}, title = {Dynamics of Pseudomonas putida biofilms in an upscale experimental framework.}, journal = {Journal of industrial microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {45}, number = {10}, pages = {899-911}, pmid = {30132198}, issn = {1476-5535}, support = {ERC-2012-ADG-322797//European Research Council/International ; EU-H2020-BIOTEC-2014-2015-6335536//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; H2020-FET-OPEN-RIA-2017-1-766975//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; }, mesh = {Algorithms ; Biofilms/*growth &amp; development ; Culture Media ; Equipment Design ; Hydrodynamics ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Industrial Microbiology/methods ; Polycarboxylate Cement/chemistry ; Pseudomonas putida/*growth &amp; development ; Software ; }, abstract = {Exploitation of biofilms for industrial processes requires them to adopt suitable physical structures for rendering them efficient and predictable. While hydrodynamics could be used to control material features of biofilms of the platform strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440 there is a dearth of experimental data on surface-associated growth behavior in such settings. Millimeter scale biofilm patterns formed by its parental strain P. putida mt-2 under different Reynolds numbers (Re) within laminar regime were analyzed using an upscale experimental continuous cultivation assembly. A tile-scan image acquisition process combined with a customized image analysis revealed patterns of dense heterogeneous structures at Re = 1000, but mostly flattened coverings sparsely patched for Re < 400. These results not only fix the somewhat narrow hydrodynamic regime under which P. putida cells form stable coatings on surfaces destined for large-scale processes, but also provide useful sets of parameters for engineering catalytic biofilms based on this important bacterium as a cell factory.}, }
@article {pmid30123895, year = {2018}, author = {Lee, J and Estlack, Z and Somaweera, H and Wang, X and Lacerda, CMR and Kim, J}, title = {A microfluidic cardiac flow profile generator for studying the effect of shear stress on valvular endothelial cells.}, journal = {Lab on a chip}, volume = {18}, number = {19}, pages = {2946-2954}, doi = {10.1039/c8lc00545a}, pmid = {30123895}, issn = {1473-0189}, mesh = {Aortic Valve/*cytology/physiology ; Endothelial Cells/*metabolism ; Equipment Design ; *Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ; *Shear Strength ; *Stress, Mechanical ; }, abstract = {To precisely investigate the mechanobiological responses of valvular endothelial cells, we developed a microfluidic flow profile generator using a pneumatically-actuated micropump consisting of microvalves of various sizes. By controlling the closing pressures and the actuation times of these microvalves, we modulated the magnitude and frequency of the shear stress to mimic mitral and aortic inflow profiles with frequencies in the range of 0.8-2 Hz and shear stresses up to 20 dyn cm-2. To demonstrate this flow profile generator, aortic inflow with an average of 5.9 dyn cm-2 shear stress at a frequency of 1.2 Hz with a Reynolds number of 2.75, a Womersley number of 0.27, and an oscillatory shear index (OSI) value of 0.2 was applied to porcine aortic valvular endothelial cells (PAVECs) for mechanobiological studies. The cell alignment, cell elongation, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression of PAVECs under perfusion, steady flow, and aortic inflow conditions were analyzed to determine their shear-induced cell migration and trans-differentiation. In this morphological and immunocytochemical study, we found that the PAVECs elongated and aligned themselves perpendicular to the directions of the steady flow and the aortic inflow. In contrast, under perfusion with a fluidic shear stress of 0.47 dyn cm-2, the PAVECs elongated and aligned themselves parallel to the direction of flow. The PAVECs exposed to the aortic inflow upregulated their αSMA-protein expression to a greater degree than those exposed to perfusion and steady flow. By comparing these results to those of previous studies of pulsatile flow, we also found that the ratio of positive to negative shear stress plays an important role in determining PAVECs' trans-differentiation and adaptation to flow. This microfluidic cardiac flow profile generator will enable future valvular mechanobiological studies to determine the roles of magnitude and frequency of shear stresses.}, }
@article {pmid30119494, year = {2018}, author = {Gao, J and Katz, J}, title = {Self-calibrated microscopic dual-view tomographic holography for 3D flow measurements.}, journal = {Optics express}, volume = {26}, number = {13}, pages = {16708-16725}, doi = {10.1364/OE.26.016708}, pmid = {30119494}, issn = {1094-4087}, abstract = {This paper introduces the application of microscopic dual-view tomographic holography (M-DTH) to measure the 3D position and motion of micro-particles located in dense suspensions. Pairing of elongated traces of the same particle in the two inclined reconstructed fields requires precise matching of the entire sample volume that accounts for the inherent distortions in each view. It is achieved by an iterative volumetric self-calibration method, consisting of mapping one view onto the next, dividing the sample volume into slabs, and cross-correlating the two views. Testing of the procedures using synthetic particle fields with imposed distortion and realistic errors in particle locations shows that the self-calibration method achieves a 3D uncertainty of about 1µm, a third of the particle diameter. Multiplying the corrected intensity fields is used for truncating the elongated traces, whose centers are located within 1µm of the exact value. Without correction, only a small fraction of the traces even overlap. The distortion correction also increases the number of intersecting traces in experimental data along with their intensity. Application of this method for 3D velocity measurements is based on the centroids of the truncated/shortened particle traces. Matching of these traces in successive fields is guided by several criteria, including results of volumetric cross-correlation of the multiplied intensity fields. The resulting 3D velocity distribution is substantially more divergence-free, i.e., satisfies conservation of mass, compared to analysis performed using single-view data. Sample application of the new method shows the 3D flow structure around a pair of cubic roughness elements embedded in the inner part of a high Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer.}, }
@article {pmid30118276, year = {2018}, author = {Mathai, V and Huisman, SG and Sun, C and Lohse, D and Bourgoin, M}, title = {Dispersion of Air Bubbles in Isotropic Turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {121}, number = {5}, pages = {054501}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.054501}, pmid = {30118276}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {Bubbles play an important role in the transport of chemicals and nutrients in many natural and industrial flows. Their dispersion is crucial to understanding the mixing processes in these flows. Here we report on the dispersion of millimetric air bubbles in a homogeneous and isotropic turbulent flow with a Taylor Reynolds number from 110 to 310. We find that the mean squared displacement (MSD) of the bubbles far exceeds that of fluid tracers in turbulence. The MSD shows two regimes. At short times, it grows ballistically (∝τ^{2}), while at larger times, it approaches the diffusive regime where the MSD∝τ. Strikingly, for the bubbles, the ballistic-to-diffusive transition occurs one decade earlier than for the fluid. We reveal that both the enhanced dispersion and the early transition to the diffusive regime can be traced back to the unsteady wake-induced motion of the bubbles. Further, the diffusion transition for bubbles is not set by the integral timescale of the turbulence (as it is for fluid tracers and microbubbles), but instead, by a timescale of eddy crossing of the rising bubbles. The present findings provide a Lagrangian perspective towards understanding mixing in turbulent bubbly flows.}, }
@article {pmid30118271, year = {2018}, author = {Oettinger, D and Ault, JT and Stone, HA and Haller, G}, title = {Invisible Anchors Trap Particles in Branching Junctions.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {121}, number = {5}, pages = {054502}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.054502}, pmid = {30118271}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {We combine numerical simulations and an analytic approach to show that the capture of finite, inertial particles during flow in branching junctions is due to invisible, anchor-shaped three-dimensional flow structures. These Reynolds-number-dependent anchors define trapping regions that confine particles to the junction. For a wide range of Stokes numbers, these structures occupy a large part of the flow domain. For flow in a V-shaped junction, at a critical Stokes number, we observe a topological transition due to the merger of two anchors into one. From a stability analysis, we identify the parameter region of particle sizes and densities where capture due to anchors occurs.}, }
@article {pmid30117966, year = {2018}, author = {Karaminejad, S and Askari, MH and Ashjaee, M}, title = {Temperature field investigation of hydrogen/air and syngas/air axisymmetric laminar flames using Mach-Zehnder interferometry.}, journal = {Applied optics}, volume = {57}, number = {18}, pages = {5057-5067}, doi = {10.1364/AO.57.005057}, pmid = {30117966}, issn = {1539-4522}, abstract = {In this study, the optical method of Mach-Zehnder interferometry (MZI) is utilized in order to explore the flame structure and temperature field of syngas/air and hydrogen/air flames. Two axisymmetric burners with inner diameters of 4 mm and 6 mm are used for temperature field measurement of hydrogen and syngas, respectively. The effects of fuel composition, equivalence ratio, and Reynolds number (Re) are investigated at ambient condition (P=0.87 bar, T=300 K). Three different H2/CO fuel compositions with hydrogen fractions of 30%, 50%, and 100% are studied. Temperature profiles are reported at four different sections above the burner tip. Measured temperatures using the interferometry method are compared with thermocouple data and good agreement between them is observed. The results obtained in this investigation indicated that the MZI can be applied for accurate determination of flame front and temperature field, especially for high-temperature flames where other methods cannot be properly utilized. Analyses of the data reduction method revealed that the exact determination of the refractive index distribution and reference temperature is critical for accurate determination of the temperature field. The results indicated that by increasing the Re, the maximum flame temperature is enhanced. Increasing the equivalence ratio leads to expansion of the flame radial distribution (at the same distance from the burner tip). At higher distances from the burner tip, temperature increases uniformly from the flame boundary toward the flame axis, while at lower heights it shows reduction at the burner axis. By increasing the CO content of fuel, the maximum flame temperature increases at all equivalence ratios except at the stoichiometric condition, where SH100 illustrates the highest maximum flame temperature.}, }
@article {pmid30109056, year = {2018}, author = {Bhat, SS and Zhao, J and Sheridan, J and Hourigan, K and Thompson, MC}, title = {The leading-edge vortex on a rotating wing changes markedly beyond a certain central body size.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {5}, number = {7}, pages = {172197}, pmid = {30109056}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Stable attachment of a leading-edge vortex (LEV) plays a key role in generating the high lift on rotating wings with a central body. The central body size can affect the LEV structure broadly in two ways. First, an overall change in the size changes the Reynolds number, which is known to have an influence on the LEV structure. Second, it may affect the Coriolis acceleration acting across the wing, depending on the wing-offset from the axis of rotation. To investigate this, the effects of Reynolds number and the wing-offset are independently studied for a rotating wing. The three-dimensional LEV structure is mapped using a scanning particle image velocimetry technique. The rapid acquisition of images and their correlation are carefully validated. The results presented in this paper show that the LEV structure changes mainly with the Reynolds number. The LEV-split is found to be only minimally affected by changing the central body radius in the range of small offsets, which interestingly includes the range for most insects. However, beyond this small offset range, the LEV-split is found to change dramatically.}, }
@article {pmid30089029, year = {2018}, author = {Gilmer, GG and Deshpande, VG and Chou, CL and Knepper, M}, title = {Flow resistance along the rat renal tubule.}, journal = {American journal of physiology. Renal physiology}, volume = {315}, number = {5}, pages = {F1398-F1405}, doi = {10.1152/ajprenal.00219.2018}, pmid = {30089029}, issn = {1522-1466}, support = {ZIA HL001285/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; ZIA HL006129/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Diuresis ; *Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Hydrostatic Pressure ; Kidney Tubules/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Rats ; Time Factors ; *Urodynamics ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {The Reynolds number in the renal tubule is extremely low, consistent with laminar flow. Consequently, luminal flow can be described by the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. This equation calculates the volumetric flow rate from the axial pressure gradient and flow resistance, which is dependent on the length and diameter of each renal tubule segment. Our goal was to calculate the pressure drop along each segment of the renal tubule and to determine the points of highest resistance. When the Hagen-Poiseuille equation was used for rat superficial nephrons based on known tubule flow rates, lengths, and diameters, it was found that the maximum pressure drop occurred in two segments: the thin descending limbs of Henle and the inner medullary collecting ducts. The high resistance in the thin descending limbs is due to their small diameters. The steep pressure drop observed in the inner medullary collecting ducts is due to the convergent structure of the tubules, which channels flow into fewer and fewer tubules toward the papillary tip. For short-looped nephrons, the calculated glomerular capsular pressure matched measured values, even with the high collecting duct flow rates seen in water diuresis, provided that tubule compliance was taken into account. In long-looped nephrons, the greater length of thin limb segments is likely compensated for by a larger luminal diameter. Simulation of the effect of proximal diuretics, namely acetazolamide or type 2 sodium-glucose transporter inhibitors, predicts a substantial back pressure in Bowman's capsule, which may contribute to observed decreases in glomerular filtration rate.}, }
@article {pmid30088905, year = {2018}, author = {Mateos-Maroto, A and Guerrero-Martínez, A and Rubio, RG and Ortega, F and Martínez-Pedrero, F}, title = {Magnetic Biohybrid Vesicles Transported by an Internal Propulsion Mechanism.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {10}, number = {35}, pages = {29367-29377}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.8b09862}, pmid = {30088905}, issn = {1944-8252}, mesh = {*Hydrodynamics ; *Lipids ; *Magnetics ; *Models, Biological ; Rotation ; Transport Vesicles/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Some biological microorganisms can crawl or swim due to coordinated motions of their cytoskeleton or the flagella located inside their bodies, which push the cells forward through intracellular forces. To date, there is no demonstration of synthetic systems propelling at low Reynolds number via the precise actuation of the material confined within an enclosing lipid membrane. Here, we report lipid vesicles and other more complex self-assembled biohybrid structures able to propel due to the advection flows generated by the actuated rotation of the superparamagnetic particles they contain. The proposed swimming and release strategies, based on cooperative hydrodynamic mechanisms and near-infrared laser pulse-triggered destabilization of the phospholipid membranes, open new possibilities for the on-command transport of minute quantities of drugs, fluid or nano-objects. The lipid membranes protect the confined substances from the outside environment during transportation, thus enabling them to work in physiological conditions.}, }
@article {pmid30083106, year = {2018}, author = {Vidal, EAG and Zeidberg, LD and Buskey, EJ}, title = {Development of Swimming Abilities in Squid Paralarvae: Behavioral and Ecological Implications for Dispersal.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {954}, pmid = {30083106}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {This study investigates the development of swimming abilities and its relationship with morphology, growth, and nourishment of reared Doryteuthis opalescens paralarvae from hatching to 60 days of age. Paralarvae (2.5-11 mm mantle length - ML) were videotaped, and their behavior quantified throughout development using computerized motion analysis. Hatchlings swim dispersed maintaining large nearest neighbor distances (NND, 8.7 ML), with swimming speeds (SS) of 3-8 mm s-1 and paths with long horizontal displacements, resulting in high net to gross displacement ratios (NGDR). For 15-day-old paralarvae, swimming paths are more consistent between jets, growth of fins, length, and mass increases. The swimming pattern of 18-day-old paralarvae starved for 72 h exhibited a significant reduction in mean SS and inability to perform escape jets. A key morphological, behavioral, and ecological transition occurs at about 6 mm ML (>35-day old), when there is a clear change in body shape, swimming performance, and behavior, paths are more regularly repeated and directional swimming is evident, suggesting that morphological changes incur in swimming performance. These squid are able to perform sustained swimming and hover against a current at significantly closer NND (2.0 ML), as path displacement is reduced and maneuverability increases. As paralarvae reach 6-7 mm ML, they are able to attain speeds up to 562 mm s-1 and to form schools. Social feeding interactions (kleptoparasitism) are often observed prior to the formation of schools. Schools are always formed within areas of high flow gradient in the tanks and are dependent on squid size and current speed. Fin development is a requisite for synchronized and maneuverable swimming of schooling early juveniles. Although average speeds of paralarvae are within intermediate Reynolds numbers (Re < 100), they make the transition to the inertia-dominated realm during escape jets of high propulsion (Re > 3200), transitioning from plankton to nekton after their first month of life. The progressive development of swimming capabilities and social interactions enable juvenile squid to school, while also accelerates learning, orientation and cognition. These observations indicate that modeling of the lifecycle should include competency to exert influence over small currents and dispersal patterns after the first month of life.}, }
@article {pmid30072230, year = {2018}, author = {Gritti, F}, title = {High-resolution turbulent flow chromatography.}, journal = {Journal of chromatography. A}, volume = {1570}, number = {}, pages = {135-147}, doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.059}, pmid = {30072230}, issn = {1873-3778}, mesh = {Benz(a)Anthracenes/*analysis/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Carbon Dioxide/*chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/*methods ; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid/*methods ; Molecular Weight ; Polycyclic Compounds/*analysis/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The resolution power of turbulent flow chromatography using carbon dioxide as the mobile phase and coated (crosslinked methyl phenyl polysiloxane) open tube columns (OTCs) as the stationary phase was investigated under retentive conditions (0 <k< 1). The improvement in column efficiency from a laminar to a turbulent flow regime was accurately measured for small molecules (coronene and benzo[a]anthracene). This relative increase in column performance decreased from 9 to 5, 3, and to 3 with increasing the retention factor from 0 to 0.2, 0.5, and to 1.0, respectively. Despite a four to five orders of magnitude larger sample dispersion coefficient in turbulent than in laminar flow, the mass transfer in turbulent flow chromatography is still controlled and limited by the slow sample transport across the viscous layer at the column wall. The benefit of turbulent flow chromatography is then restricted to small retention factor (k< 0.2). From a practical viewpoint, turbulent flow chromatography using carbon dioxide as the mobile phase and 20 m long × 180 μm i.d. × 0.2 μm film thickness OTCs provides ultra-fast (analysis time < 10 s) and high-resolution (plate counts of 33,000) separations of weakly retained compounds (k∼0.1) at Reynolds number around 5000 (3.75 mL/min, 3000 psi back pressure).}, }
@article {pmid30069151, year = {2018}, author = {Rosti, ME and Omidyeganeh, M and Pinelli, A}, title = {Numerical Simulation of a Passive Control of the Flow Around an Aerofoil Using a Flexible, Self Adaptive Flaplet.}, journal = {Flow, turbulence and combustion}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, pages = {1111-1143}, pmid = {30069151}, issn = {1573-1987}, abstract = {Self-activated feathers are used by almost all birds to adapt their wing characteristics to delay stall or to moderate its adverse effects (e.g., during landing or sudden increase in angle of attack due to gusts). Some of the feathers are believed to pop up as a consequence of flow separation and to interact with the flow and produce beneficial modifications of the unsteady vorticity field. The use of self adaptive flaplets in aircrafts, inspired by birds feathers, requires the understanding of the physical mechanisms leading to the mentioned aerodynamic benefits and the determination of the characteristics of optimal flaps including their size, positioning and ideal fabrication material. In this framework, this numerical study is divided in two parts. Firstly, in a simplified scenario, we determine the main characteristics that render a flap mounted on an aerofoil at high angle of attack able to deliver increased lift and improved aerodynamic efficiency, by varying its length, position and its natural frequency. Later on, a detailed direct numerical simulation analysis is used to understand the origin of the aerodynamic benefits introduced by the flaplet movement induced by the interaction with the flow field. The parametric study that has been carried out, reveals that an optimal flap can deliver a mean lift increase of about 20% on a NACA0020 aerofoil at an incidence of 20 o degrees. The results obtained from the direct numerical simulation of the flow field around the aerofoil equipped with the optimal flap at a chord Reynolds number of 2 × 104 shows that the flaplet movement is mainly induced by a cyclic passage of a large recirculation bubble on the aerofoil suction side. In turns, when the flap is pushed downward, the induced plane jet displaces the trailing edge vortices further downstream, away from the wing, moderating the downforce generated by those vortices and regularising the shedding cycle that appears to be much more organised when the optimal flaplet configuration is selected.}, }
@article {pmid30069150, year = {2018}, author = {Vernet, JA and Örlü, R and Söderblom, D and Elofsson, P and Alfredsson, PH}, title = {Plasma Streamwise Vortex Generators for Flow Separation Control on Trucks: A Proof-of-concept Experiment.}, journal = {Flow, turbulence and combustion}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, pages = {1101-1109}, doi = {10.1007/s10494-018-9891-9}, pmid = {30069150}, issn = {1573-1987}, abstract = {An experimental study of the effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharge plasma actuators on the flow separation on the A-pillar of a modern truck under cross-wind conditions has been carried out. The experiments were done in a wind tunnel with a 1:6 scale model of a tractor-trailer combination. The actuators were used as vortex generators positioned on the A-pillar on the leeward side of the tractor and the drag force was measured with a wind-tunnel balance. The results show that the effect at the largest yaw angle (9 degrees) can give a drag reduction of about 20% and that it results in a net power reduction. At lower yaw angles the reduction was smaller. The present results were obtained at a lower Reynolds number and a lower speed than for real driving conditions so it is still not yet confirmed if a similar positive result can be obtained in full scale.}, }
@article {pmid30069147, year = {2018}, author = {Ahmadi, S and Roccon, A and Zonta, F and Soldati, A}, title = {Turbulent Drag Reduction by a Near Wall Surface Tension Active Interface.}, journal = {Flow, turbulence and combustion}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, pages = {979-993}, pmid = {30069147}, issn = {1573-1987}, abstract = {In this work we study the turbulence modulation in a viscosity-stratified two-phase flow using Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of turbulence and the Phase Field Method (PFM) to simulate the interfacial phenomena. Specifically we consider the case of two immiscible fluid layers driven in a closed rectangular channel by an imposed mean pressure gradient. The present problem, which may mimic the behaviour of an oil flowing under a thin layer of different oil, thickness ratio h2/h1 = 9, is described by three main flow parameters: the shear Reynolds number Reτ (which quantifies the importance of inertia compared to viscous effects), the Weber number We (which quantifies surface tension effects) and the viscosity ratio λ = ν1/ν2 between the two fluids. For this first study, the density ratio of the two fluid layers is the same (ρ2 = ρ1), we keep Reτ and We constant, but we consider three different values for the viscosity ratio: λ = 1, λ = 0.875 and λ = 0.75. Compared to a single phase flow at the same shear Reynolds number (Reτ = 100), in the two phase flow case we observe a decrease of the wall-shear stress and a strong turbulence modulation in particular in the proximity of the interface. Interestingly, we observe that the modulation of turbulence by the liquid-liquid interface extends up to the top wall (i.e. the closest to the interface) and produces local shear stress inversions and flow recirculation regions. The observed results depend primarily on the interface deformability and on the viscosity ratio between the two fluids (λ).}, }
@article {pmid30069140, year = {2018}, author = {Sundstrom, LRJ and Cervantes, MJ}, title = {On the Similarity of Pulsating and Accelerating Turbulent Pipe Flows.}, journal = {Flow, turbulence and combustion}, volume = {100}, number = {2}, pages = {417-436}, doi = {10.1007/s10494-017-9855-5}, pmid = {30069140}, issn = {1573-1987}, abstract = {The near-wall region of an unsteady turbulent pipe flow has been investigated experimentally using hot-film anemometry and two-component particle image velocimetry. The imposed unsteadiness has been pulsating, i.e., when a non-zero mean turbulent flow is perturbed by sinusoidal oscillations, and near-uniformly accelerating in which the mean flow ramped monotonically between two turbulent states. Previous studies of accelerating flows have shown that the time evolution between the two turbulent states occurs in three stages. The first stage is associated with a minimal response of the Reynolds shear stress and the ensemble-averaged mean flow evolves essentially akin to a laminar flow undergoing the same change in flow rate. During the second stage, the turbulence responds rapidly to the new flow conditions set by the acceleration and the laminar-like behavior rapidly disappears. During the final stage, the flow adapts to the conditions set by the final Reynolds number. In here, it is shown that the time-development of the ensemble-averaged wall shear stress and turbulence during the accelerating phase of a pulsating flow bears marked similarity to the first two stages of time-development exhibited by a near-uniformly accelerating flow. The stage-like time-development is observed even for a very low forcing frequency; ω + = ω ν / u ¯ τ 2 = 0.00073 (or equivalently, l s + = 2 / ω + = 52), at an amplitude of pulsation of 0.5. Some previous studies have considered the flow to be quasi-steady at l s + = 52 ; however, the forcing amplitude has been smaller in those studies. The importance of the forcing amplitude is reinforced by the time-development of the ensemble-averaged turbulence field. For, the near-wall response of the Reynolds stresses showed a dependence on the amplitude of pulsation. Thus, it appears to exist a need to seek alternative similarity parameters, taking the amplitude of pulsation into account, if the response of different flow quantities in a pulsating flow are to be classified correctly.}, }
@article {pmid30044036, year = {2019}, author = {Dey, KK}, title = {Dynamic Coupling at Low Reynolds Number.}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)}, volume = {58}, number = {8}, pages = {2208-2228}, doi = {10.1002/anie.201804599}, pmid = {30044036}, issn = {1521-3773}, support = {IP/IITGN/PH/KD/201617-10//IIT Gandhinagar/ ; SRG 2017-18//Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute/ ; ECR/2017/002649//SERB-DST, India/ ; }, abstract = {Collective and emergent behaviors of active colloids provide useful insights into the statistical physics of out-of-equilibrium systems. Colloidal suspensions containing microscopic active swimmers have been intensively studied to understand the principles of energy transfer at low Reynolds number conditions. Studies on active enzymes and Ångström-sized organometallic catalysts have demonstrated that energy can even be transferred by molecules to their surroundings, thereby influencing the overall dynamics of the systems substantially. By monitoring the diffusion of non-reacting tracers in active solutions, it has been shown that the nature of energy transfer in systems containing different swimmers is surprisingly similar-irrespective of their size, modes of energy transduction, and propulsion strategies. This Review discusses research results obtained so far in this direction, highlighting the common features observed in the dynamic coupling of swimmers with their surroundings.}, }
@article {pmid30039801, year = {2018}, author = {Oh, S and Choi, H}, title = {A predictive model of the drag coefficient for a revolving wing at low Reynolds number.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {054001}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/aad578}, pmid = {30039801}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena/*physiology ; Flight, Animal/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Viscosity ; Wings, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {A predictive model of the drag coefficient for a revolving wing at low Reynolds number is suggested. Unlike the previous model (Wang et al 2016 J. Fluid Mech. 800 688-719), the present model includes a viscous drag on the wing from laminar boundary layer theory and thus predicts the drag force more accurately at low angles of attack and low Reynolds numbers. Also, in determining the model constants, we consider the attack angle of π/4 at which the resultant force on the wing is assumed to be perpendicular to the wing chord. The present aerodynamic model more accurately predicts drag forces of four different revolving wings than the existing ones.}, }
@article {pmid30019691, year = {2018}, author = {Dai, L and He, G and Zhang, X and Zhang, X}, title = {Intermittent locomotion of a fish-like swimmer driven by passive elastic mechanism.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {056011}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/aad419}, pmid = {30019691}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology ; Biomimetics/*methods ; Elastic Modulus/*physiology ; Fishes/*physiology ; Locomotion/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Swimming/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The intermittent locomotion performance of a fish-like elastic swimmer is studied numerically in this paper. The actuation is imposed only at the head and the locomotion is indirectly driven by passive elastic mechanism. For intermittent swimming, certain time durations of passive coasting are interspersed between two half-periods of active bursting. To facilitate the comparison of energy efficiencies in continuous and intermittent swimming at the same cruising speed, we consider both intermittent swimming at various duty cycles and also continuous swimming at reduced actuation frequencies. The result indicates that the intermittent style is more economical than the continuous style only when the cruising Reynolds number is sufficiently large and the duty cycle is moderate. We also explore the passive tail-beating pattern and wake structure for intermittent swimming. It is found that the kinematics of the tail contains a preparatory burst phase which lies in between the active bursting and the passive coasting phases. Three vortex streets are found in the wake structures behind the intermittent swimmers. The two oblique streets consist of strong vortex dipoles and the horizontal street is made up of weak vortices. The results of this study can provide some insight into the burst-and-coast swimming of fish and also inform the design of efficient bio-mimetic under-water vehicles.}, }
@article {pmid30016290, year = {2018}, author = {Tang, Y and Zhu, DZ and van Duin, B}, title = {Note on sediment removal efficiency in oil-grit separators.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {2017}, number = {3}, pages = {729-735}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2018.240}, pmid = {30016290}, issn = {0273-1223}, mesh = {*Geologic Sediments ; *Models, Theoretical ; Motion ; *Petroleum ; Water Movements ; *Water Pollutants ; Water Purification/*instrumentation/methods ; }, abstract = {Oil-grit separators (OGSs) are one type of best management practice, designed to remove oil and grit from stormwater runoff (e.g., from parking lots and paved roads). This note examines scaling parameters for OGS removal efficiency. Three dimensionless parameters are chosen as scaling parameters: Hazen number (Ha), Reynolds number (Re) and Froude number (Fr). The Hazen number is a ratio of hydraulic residence time to particle settling time. The Reynolds number measures the surrounding turbulence effects on sediment removal efficiency. The Froude number represents the ratio of inertial and gravitational forces, which indicates the influence of gravity on fluid motion. The collected data from the literature on sediment removal in OGSs can be represented by a single curve when the Hazen, Reynolds, and Froude numbers are combined into a new scaling parameter (HRF = Ha(Re/Fr)). A general form is proposed to correlate the sediment removal efficiency with this new parameter. This generalized prediction method can be used as a preliminary performance indicator for OGS units. The obtained curve can also be used to adjust raw laboratory and field measurement data to improve the evaluation of the performance of various OGSs.}, }
@article {pmid30011509, year = {2018}, author = {Fraternale, F and Domenicale, L and Staffilani, G and Tordella, D}, title = {Internal waves in sheared flows: Lower bound of the vorticity growth and propagation discontinuities in the parameter space.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {97}, number = {6-1}, pages = {063102}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.97.063102}, pmid = {30011509}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {This study provides sufficient conditions for the temporal monotonic decay of enstrophy for two-dimensional perturbations traveling in the incompressible, viscous, plane Poiseuille, and Couette flows. Extension of Synge's procedure [J. L. Synge, Proc. Fifth Int. Congress Appl. Mech. 2, 326 (1938); Semicentenn. Publ. Am. Math. Soc. 2, 227 (1938)] to the initial-value problem allow us to find the region of the wave-number-Reynolds-number map where the enstrophy of any initial disturbance cannot grow. This region is wider than that of the kinetic energy. We also show that the parameter space is split into two regions with clearly distinct propagation and dispersion properties.}, }
@article {pmid29991599, year = {2018}, author = {Mutlu, BR and Edd, JF and Toner, M}, title = {Oscillatory inertial focusing in infinite microchannels.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {115}, number = {30}, pages = {7682-7687}, pmid = {29991599}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {P41 EB002503/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Blood Platelets ; *Exosomes ; Humans ; *Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques/instrumentation/*methods ; *Models, Theoretical ; Particle Size ; *Staphylococcus aureus ; }, abstract = {Inertial microfluidics (i.e., migration and focusing of particles in finite Reynolds number microchannel flows) is a passive, precise, and high-throughput method for microparticle manipulation and sorting. Therefore, it has been utilized in numerous biomedical applications including phenotypic cell screening, blood fractionation, and rare-cell isolation. Nonetheless, the applications of this technology have been limited to larger bioparticles such as blood cells, circulating tumor cells, and stem cells, because smaller particles require drastically longer channels for inertial focusing, which increases the pressure requirement and the footprint of the device to the extent that the system becomes unfeasible. Inertial manipulation of smaller bioparticles such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens or blood components such as platelets and exosomes is of significant interest. Here, we show that using oscillatory microfluidics, inertial focusing in practically &quot;infinite channels&quot; can be achieved, allowing for focusing of micron-scale (i.e. hundreds of nanometers) particles. This method enables manipulation of particles at extremely low particle Reynolds number (Rep < 0.005) flows that are otherwise unattainable by steady-flow inertial microfluidics (which has been limited to Rep > ∼10-1). Using this technique, we demonstrated that synthetic particles as small as 500 nm and a submicron bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, can be inertially focused. Furthermore, we characterized the physics of inertial microfluidics in this newly enabled particle size and Rep range using a Peclet-like dimensionless number (α). We experimentally observed that α > 1 is required to overcome diffusion and be able to inertially manipulate particles.}, }
@article {pmid29987441, year = {2018}, author = {Musacchio, S and Cencini, M and Plan, ELCVM and Vincenzi, D}, title = {Enhancement of mixing by rodlike polymers.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {41}, number = {7}, pages = {84}, pmid = {29987441}, issn = {1292-895X}, abstract = {We study the mixing of a passive scalar field dispersed in a solution of rodlike polymers in two dimensions, by means of numerical simulations of a rheological model for the polymer solution. The flow is driven by a parallel sinusoidal force (Kolmogorov flow). Although the Reynolds number is lower than the critical value for inertial instabilities, the rotational dynamics of the polymers generates a chaotic flow similar to the so-called elastic-turbulence regime observed in extensible polymer solutions. The temporal decay of the variance of the scalar field and its gradients shows that this chaotic flow strongly enhances mixing.}, }
@article {pmid29974859, year = {2018}, author = {Bell, GRR and Collins, SR}, title = {&quot;Rho&quot;ing a Cellular Boat with Rearward Membrane Flow.}, journal = {Developmental cell}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, pages = {1-3}, doi = {10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.008}, pmid = {29974859}, issn = {1878-1551}, support = {DP2 HD094656/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Cell Movement ; *Ships ; rho-Associated Kinases ; *rhoA GTP-Binding Protein ; }, abstract = {The physicist Edward Purcell wrote in 1977 about mechanisms that cells could use to propel themselves in a low Reynolds number environment. Reporting in Developmental Cell, O'Neill et al. (2018) provide direct evidence for one of these mechanisms by optogenetically driving the migration of cells suspended in liquid through RhoA activation.}, }
@article {pmid29974114, year = {2018}, author = {Bukowicki, M and Ekiel-Jeżewska, ML}, title = {Different bending models predict different dynamics of sedimenting elastic trumbbells.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {14}, number = {28}, pages = {5786-5799}, doi = {10.1039/c8sm00604k}, pmid = {29974114}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {The main goal of this paper is to examine theoretically and numerically the impact of a chosen bending model on the dynamics of elastic filaments settling in a viscous fluid under gravity at low-Reynolds-number. We use the bead-spring approximation of a filament and the Rotne-Prager mobility matrix to describe hydrodynamic interactions between the beads. We analyze the dynamics of trumbbells, for which bending angles are typically larger than for thin and long filaments. Each trumbbell is made of three beads connected by springs and it exhibits a bending resistance, described by the harmonic or - alternatively - by the 'cosine' (also called the Kratky-Porod) bending models, both often used in the literature. Using the harmonic bending potential, and coupling it to the spring potential by the Young's modulus, we find simple benchmark solutions: stable stationary configurations of a single elastic trumbbell and attraction of two elastic trumbbells towards a periodic long-lasting orbit. As the most significant result of this paper, we show that for very elastic trumbbells at the same initial conditions, the Kratky-Porod bending potential can lead to qualitatively and quantitatively different spurious dynamics, with artificially large bending angles and unrealistic shapes. We point out that for the bead models of an elastic filament, the range of applicability of the Kratky-Porod model might not go beyond bending angles smaller than π/2 for touching beads and beyond an even much lower value for beads well-separated from each other. The existence of stable stationary configurations of elastic trumbbells and a family of periodic oscillations of two elastic trumbbells are very important findings on their own.}, }
@article {pmid29957007, year = {2018}, author = {Kawata, T and Alfredsson, PH}, title = {Inverse Interscale Transport of the Reynolds Shear Stress in Plane Couette Turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {120}, number = {24}, pages = {244501}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.244501}, pmid = {29957007}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {Interscale interaction between small-scale structures near the wall and large-scale structures away from the wall plays an increasingly important role with increasing Reynolds number in wall-bounded turbulence. While the top-down influence from the large- to small-scale structures is well known, it has been unclear whether the small scales near the wall also affect the large scales away from the wall. In this Letter we show that the small-scale near-wall structures indeed play a role to maintain the large-scale structures away from the wall, by showing that the Reynolds shear stress is transferred from small to large scales throughout the channel. This is in contrast to the turbulent kinetic energy transport which is from large to small scales. Such an &quot;inverse&quot; interscale transport of the Reynolds shear stress eventually supports the turbulent energy production at large scales.}, }
@article {pmid29925578, year = {2018}, author = {Jardin, T and Colonius, T}, title = {On the lift-optimal aspect ratio of a revolving wing at low Reynolds number.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {15}, number = {143}, pages = {}, pmid = {29925578}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; *Computer Simulation ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Wings, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Lentink &amp; Dickinson (2009 J. Exp. Biol.212, 2705-2719. (doi:10.1242/jeb.022269)) showed that rotational acceleration stabilized the leading-edge vortex on revolving, low aspect ratio (AR) wings and hypothesized that a Rossby number of around 3, which is achieved during each half-stroke for a variety of hovering insects, seeds and birds, represents a convergent high-lift solution across a range of scales in nature. Subsequent work has verified that, in particular, the Coriolis acceleration plays a key role in LEV stabilization. Implicit in these results is that there exists an optimal AR for wings revolving about their root, because it is otherwise unclear why, apart from possible morphological reasons, the convergent solution would not occur for an even lower Rossby number. We perform direct numerical simulations of the flow past revolving wings where we vary the AR and Rossby numbers independently by displacing the wing root from the axis of rotation. We show that the optimal lift coefficient represents a compromise between competing trends with competing time scales where the coefficient of lift increases monotonically with AR, holding Rossby number constant, but decreases monotonically with Rossby number, when holding AR constant. For wings revolving about their root, this favours wings of AR between 3 and 4.}, }
@article {pmid29907430, year = {2018}, author = {Maldaner, CH and Quinn, PM and Cherry, JA and Parker, BL}, title = {Improving estimates of groundwater velocity in a fractured rock borehole using hydraulic and tracer dilution methods.}, journal = {Journal of contaminant hydrology}, volume = {214}, number = {}, pages = {75-86}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.05.003}, pmid = {29907430}, issn = {1873-6009}, mesh = {*Groundwater ; Models, Theoretical ; Porosity ; *Water Movements ; *Water Supply ; }, abstract = {A straddle-packer system for use in boreholes in fractured rock was modified to investigate the average linear groundwater velocity (v¯f) in fractures under ambient flow conditions. This packer system allows two different tests to be conducted in the same interval between packers without redeploying the system: (1) forced gradient hydraulic tests to determine the interval transmissivity (T), and (2) borehole dilution experiments to determine the groundwater flow rate (Qt) across the test interval. The constant head step test method provides assurance that flow is Darcian when determining T for each interval and identifies the flow rate at the onset of non-Darcian flow. The critical Reynolds number method uses this flow rate to provide the number of hydraulically active fractures (N) in each interval, the average hydraulic aperture for the test interval and the effective bulk fracture porosity. The borehole dilution method provides Qt values for the interval at the time of the test, and v¯f can be estimated from Qt using the flow area derived from the hydraulic tests. The method was assessed by application to seven test intervals in a borehole 73 m deep in a densely fractured dolostone aquifer used for municipal water supply. The critical Reynolds number method identified one or two fractures in each test interval (1.1 m long), which provided v¯f values in the range of 10 to 8000 m/day. This velocity range is consistent with values reported in the literature for ambient flow in this aquifer. However, when hydraulically active fractures in each interval is identified and measured from acoustic and optical televiewer logs, the calculated v¯f values are unreasonably low as are the calculated values of the hydraulic gradient needed to provide the Qt value for each tested interval. The combination of hydraulic and dilution tests in the same interval is an improved method to obtain values of groundwater velocity in fractured rock aquifers.}, }
@article {pmid29906944, year = {2018}, author = {Ngoma, J and Philippe, P and Bonelli, S and Radjaï, F and Delenne, JY}, title = {Two-dimensional numerical simulation of chimney fluidization in a granular medium using a combination of discrete element and lattice Boltzmann methods.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {97}, number = {5-1}, pages = {052902}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.97.052902}, pmid = {29906944}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We present here a numerical study dedicated to the fluidization of a submerged granular medium induced by a localized fluid injection. To this end, a two-dimensional (2D) model is used, coupling the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with the discrete element method (DEM) for a relevant description of fluid-grains interaction. An extensive investigation has been carried out to analyze the respective influences of the different parameters of our configuration, both geometrical (bed height, grain diameter, injection width) and physical (fluid viscosity, buoyancy). Compared to previous experimental works, the same qualitative features are recovered as regards the general phenomenology including transitory phase, stationary states, and hysteretic behavior. We also present quantitative findings about transient fluidization, for which several dimensionless quantities and scaling laws are proposed, and about the influence of the injection width, from localized to homogeneous fluidization. Finally, the impact of the present 2D geometry is discussed, by comparison to the real three-dimensional (3D) experiments, as well as the crucial role of the prevailing hydrodynamic regime within the expanding cavity, quantified through a cavity Reynolds number, that can presumably explain some substantial differences observed regarding upward expansion process of the fluidized zone when the fluid viscosity is changed.}, }
@article {pmid29906164, year = {2018}, author = {Baker, NT and Pothérat, A and Davoust, L and Debray, F}, title = {Inverse and Direct Energy Cascades in Three-Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence at Low Magnetic Reynolds Number.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {120}, number = {22}, pages = {224502}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.224502}, pmid = {29906164}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {This experimental study analyzes the relationship between the dimensionality of turbulence and the upscale or downscale nature of its energy transfers. We do so by forcing low-Rm magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in a confined channel, while precisely controlling its dimensionality by means of an externally applied magnetic field. We first identify a specific length scale l[over ^]_{⊥}^{c} that separates smaller 3D structures from larger quasi-2D ones. We then show that an inverse energy cascade of horizontal kinetic energy along horizontal scales is always observable at large scales, and that it extends well into the region of 3D structures. At the same time, a direct energy cascade confined to the smallest and strongly 3D scales is observed. These dynamics therefore appear not to be simply determined by the dimensionality of individual scales, nor by the forcing scale, unlike in other studies. In fact, our findings suggest that the relationship between kinematics and dynamics is not universal and may strongly depend on the forcing and dissipating mechanisms at play.}, }
@article {pmid29900314, year = {2018}, author = {Parise, JAR and Saboya, FEM}, title = {Experimental data on transport coefficients for developing laminar flow in isosceles triangular ducts using the naphthalene sublimation technique.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {18}, number = {}, pages = {1350-1359}, pmid = {29900314}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {The data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled &quot;Transport coefficients for developing laminar flow in isosceles triangular ducts&quot; (Parise and Saboya, 1999) [1]. The article describes an experiment involving the determination of transport coefficients in the laminar entrance region of 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° isosceles triangular ducts. Data were obtained by application of the naphthalene sublimation technique in conjunction with the heat to mass transfer analogy. Experimental conditions (duct sides made of naphthalene and base made of metal) simulated developing velocity and temperature fields in an isosceles triangular duct with isothermal lateral walls and adiabatic base. The Reynolds number ranged from 100 to 1800 and the duct length to hydraulic diameter ratio, from 2 to 40. The experiment consisted of mounting a test section (triangular duct) with the lateral walls made of naphthalene. Air was forced past the test section and naphthalene walls were weighed prior and after each data run, providing the rate of mass transfer for given flow conditions. Raw data, for a total of 77 experimental runs, include: test section geometry, air flow and mass transfer conditions. Processed data comprise the relevant non-dimensional groups, namely: Reynolds, non-dimensional axial duct length and Sherwood numbers.}, }
@article {pmid29897806, year = {2018}, author = {McCombe, D and Ackerman, JD}, title = {Collector Motion Affects Particle Capture in Physical Models and in Wind Pollination.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {192}, number = {1}, pages = {81-93}, doi = {10.1086/697551}, pmid = {29897806}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Models, Theoretical ; Phleum/*physiology ; *Pollination ; *Wind ; }, abstract = {Particle capture is important for ecological processes in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The current model is based on a stationary collector for which predictions about capture efficiency (η; flux of captured particles ∶ flux of particles) are based on the collector flow environment (i.e., collector Reynolds number, Rec; inertial force ∶ viscous force). This model does not account for the movement of collectors in nature. We examined the effect of collector motion (transverse and longitudinal to the flow) on η using a cylindrical model in the lab and the grass species Phleum pratense in the field. Collector motion increased η (up to 400% and 20% in the lab and field, respectively) and also affected the spatial distribution of particles on collectors, especially at low Rec. The effect was greatest for collectors moving transversely at large magnitude, which encountered more particles with higher relative momentum. These results, which differ from the stationary model, can be predicted by considering both Rec and the particle dynamics given by the Stokes number (Stk; particle stopping distance ∶ collector radius) and helped to resolve an existing controversy about pollination mechanisms. Collector motion should be considered in wind pollination and other ecological processes involving particle capture.}, }
@article {pmid29891403, year = {2018}, author = {Gritti, F and Fogwill, M}, title = {Molecular dispersion in pre-turbulent and sustained turbulent flow of carbon dioxide.}, journal = {Journal of chromatography. A}, volume = {1564}, number = {}, pages = {176-187}, doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.005}, pmid = {29891403}, issn = {1873-3778}, mesh = {Acetonitriles/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/*chemistry ; Diffusion ; Molecular Weight ; Polycyclic Compounds/chemistry ; Pressure ; *Rheology ; Silicon Dioxide ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {The average dispersion coefficients, Da¯, of two small molecules (acetonitrile and coronene) were measured under laminar, transient, and sustained turbulent flow regimes along fused silica open tubular capillary (OTC) columns (180 μm inner diameter by 20 m length). Carbon dioxide was used as the mobile phase at room temperature (296 K) and at average pressures in the range from 1500 to 2700 psi. The Reynolds number (Re) was increased from 600 to 5000. The measurement of Da¯ is based on the observed plate height of the non-retained analytes as a function of the applied Reynolds number. Da¯ values are directly estimated from the best fit of the general Golay HETP equation to the experimental plate height curves. The experimental data revealed that under a pre-turbulent flow regime (Re < 2000), Da¯ is 2-6 times larger (3.5 × 10-4 cm2/s) than the bulk diffusion coefficients Dm of the analyte (1.6 × 10-4 and 5.8 × 10-5 cm2/s for acetonitrile and coronene, respectively). This result was explained by the random formation of decaying or vanishing turbulent puffs under pre-turbulent flow regime. Yet, the peak width remains controlled exclusively by the slow mass transfer in the mobile phase across the inner diameter (i.d.) of the OTC. Under sustained turbulent flow regime (Re > 2500), Da¯ is about four to five orders of magnitude larger than Dm. The experimental data slightly overestimated the turbulent dispersion coefficients predicted by Flint-Eisenklam model (Da¯=4 cm2/s). The discrepancy is explained by the approximate nature of the general Golay equation, which assumes that Da¯ is strictly uniform across the entire i.d. of the OTC. In fact, both the viscous and buffer wall layers, in which viscous effects dominate inertial effects, cannot be considered as fully developed turbulent regions. Remarkably, the mass transfer mechanism in OTC under sustained turbulent flow regime is not only controlled by longitudinal dispersion but also by a slow mass transfer in the mobile phase across the thick buffer layer and the thin viscous layer. Altogether, these layers occupy as much as 35% of the OTC volume at Re = 4000. From a theoretical viewpoint, the general Golay HETP equation is only an approximate model which should be refined based on the actual profile of the analyte dispersion coefficient across the OTC i.d. In practice, the measured plate height of non-retained analytes under sustained turbulent flow of carbon dioxide are two orders of magnitude smaller than those expected under hypothetical laminar flow regime.}, }
@article {pmid29863665, year = {2018}, author = {Kaiser, SC and Werner, S and Jossen, V and Blaschczok, K and Eibl, D}, title = {Power Input Measurements in Stirred Bioreactors at Laboratory Scale.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {135}, pages = {}, pmid = {29863665}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {*Bioreactors ; Cell Culture Techniques/*methods ; Laboratories/*standards ; }, abstract = {The power input in stirred bioreactors is an important scaling-up parameter and can be measured through the torque that acts on the impeller shaft during rotation. However, the experimental determination of the power input in small-scale vessels is still challenging due to relatively high friction losses inside typically used bushings, bearings and/or shaft seals and the accuracy of commercially available torque meters. Thus, only limited data for small-scale bioreactors, in particular single-use systems, is available in the literature, making comparisons among different single-use systems and their conventional counterparts difficult. This manuscript provides a protocol on how to measure power inputs in benchtop scale bioreactors over a wide range of turbulence conditions, which can be described by the dimensionless Reynolds number (Re). The aforementioned friction losses are effectively reduced by the use of an air bearing. The procedure on how to set up, conduct and evaluate a torque-based power input measurement, with special focus on cell culture typical agitation conditions with low to moderate turbulence (100 < Re < 2·104), is described in detail. The power input of several multi-use and single-use bioreactors is provided by the dimensionless power number (also called Newton number, P0), which is determined to be in the range of P0 ≈ 0.3 and P0 ≈ 4.5 for the maximum Reynolds numbers in the different bioreactors.}, }
@article {pmid29861812, year = {2018}, author = {Herbig, BA and Yu, X and Diamond, SL}, title = {Using microfluidic devices to study thrombosis in pathological blood flows.}, journal = {Biomicrofluidics}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {042201}, pmid = {29861812}, issn = {1932-1058}, support = {R01 HL103419/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; T32 HL007954/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Extreme flows can exist within pathological vessel geometries or mechanical assist devices which create complex forces and lead to thrombogenic problems associated with disease. Turbulence and boundary layer separation are difficult to obtain in microfluidics due to the low Reynolds number flow in small channels. However, elongational flows, extreme shear rates and stresses, and stagnation point flows are possible using microfluidics and small perfusion volumes. In this review, a series of microfluidic devices used to study pathological blood flows are described. In an extreme stenosis channel pre-coated with fibrillar collagen that rapidly narrows from 500 μm to 15 μm, the plasma von Willebrand Factor (VWF) will elongate and assemble into thick fiber bundles on the collagen. Using a micropost-impingement device, plasma flow impinging on the micropost generates strong elongational and wall shear stresses that trigger the growth of a VWF bundle around the post (no collagen required). Using a stagnation-point device to mimic the zone near flow reattachment, blood can be directly impinged upon a procoagulant surface of collagen and the tissue factor. Clots formed at the stagnation point of flow impingement have a classic core-shell architecture where the core is highly activated (P-selectin positive platelets and fibrin rich). Finally, within occlusive clots that fill a microchannel, the Darcy flow driven by ΔP/L > 70 mm-Hg/mm-clot is sufficient to drive NETosis of entrapped neutrophils, an event not requiring either thrombin or fibrin. Novel microfluidic devices are powerful tools to access physical environments that exist in human disease.}, }
@article {pmid29791262, year = {2018}, author = {Montoya Segnini, J and Bocanegra Evans, H and Castillo, L}, title = {Flow Recirculation in Cartilaginous Ring Cavities of Human Trachea Model.}, journal = {Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1089/jamp.2017.1435}, pmid = {29791262}, issn = {1941-2703}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the prevailing assumption of &quot;smooth trachea walls&quot; in respiratory fluid dynamics research, recent investigations have demonstrated that cartilaginous rings in the trachea and main bronchi have a significant effect on the flow behavior and in particle deposition. However, there is not enough detailed information about the underlying physics of the interaction between the cartilage rings and the flow.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study presents an experimental observation of a simplified Weibel-based model of the human trachea and bronchi with cartilaginous rings. A transparent model and refractive index-matching methods were used to observe the flow, particularly near the wall. The flow was seeded with tracers to perform particle image velocimetry and particle tracking velocimetry to quantify the effect the rings have on the flow near the trachea and bronchi walls. The experiments were carried out with a flow rate comparable with a resting state (trachea-based Reynolds number of ReD = 2650).<br><br>RESULTS: The results present a previously unknown phenomenon in the cavities between the cartilaginous rings: a small recirculation is observed in the upstream side of the cavities throughout the trachea. This recirculation is due to the adverse pressure gradient created by the expansion, which traps particles within the ring cavity, thus affecting the treatment of patients suffering from lung disease and other respiratory conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The detection of recirculation zones in the cartilage ring cavities sheds light on the particle deposition mechanism and helps explain results from previous studies that have observed an enhancement of particle deposition in models with cartilage rings. These results bring to light the importance of including cartilage rings in experimental, numerical, and theoretical models to better understand particle deposition in the trachea and bronchi. In addition, the results provide scientists and medical staff with new insights for improving drug delivery.}, }
@article {pmid29786774, year = {2018}, author = {Bordones, AD and Leroux, M and Kheyfets, VO and Wu, YA and Chen, CY and Finol, EA}, title = {Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of the Human Pulmonary Arteries with Experimental Validation.}, journal = {Annals of biomedical engineering}, volume = {46}, number = {9}, pages = {1309-1324}, pmid = {29786774}, issn = {1573-9686}, support = {R01 HL121293/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; 14GRNT19020017//American Heart Association/ ; R01HL121293//National Institutes of Health/ ; }, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Hydrodynamics ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Pulmonary Artery/*physiology ; Rheology ; }, abstract = {Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic progressive disease characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure, caused by an increase in pulmonary arterial impedance. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to identify metrics representative of the stage of PH disease. However, experimental validation of CFD models is often not pursued due to the geometric complexity of the model or uncertainties in the reproduction of the required flow conditions. The goal of this work is to validate experimentally a CFD model of a pulmonary artery phantom using a particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. Rapid prototyping was used for the construction of the patient-specific pulmonary geometry, derived from chest computed tomography angiography images. CFD simulations were performed with the pulmonary model with a Reynolds number matching those of the experiments. Flow rates, the velocity field, and shear stress distributions obtained with the CFD simulations were compared to their counterparts from the PIV flow visualization experiments. Computationally predicted flow rates were within 1% of the experimental measurements for three of the four branches of the CFD model. The mean velocities in four transversal planes of study were within 5.9 to 13.1% of the experimental mean velocities. Shear stresses were qualitatively similar between the two methods with some discrepancies in the regions of high velocity gradients. The fluid flow differences between the CFD model and the PIV phantom are attributed to experimental inaccuracies and the relative compliance of the phantom. This comparative analysis yielded valuable information on the accuracy of CFD predicted hemodynamics in pulmonary circulation models.}, }
@article {pmid29776113, year = {2018}, author = {Zhu, B and Ji, Z and Lou, Z and Qian, P}, title = {Torque scaling in small-gap Taylor-Couette flow with smooth or grooved wall.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {97}, number = {3-1}, pages = {033110}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.97.033110}, pmid = {29776113}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The torque in the Taylor-Couette flow for radius ratios η≥0.97, with smooth or grooved wall static outer cylinders, is studied experimentally, with the Reynolds number of the inner cylinder reaching up to Re_{i}=2×10^{5}, corresponding to the Taylor number up to Ta=5×10^{10}. The grooves are perpendicular to the mean flow, and similar to the structure of a submersible motor stator. It is found that the dimensionless torque G, at a given Re_{i} and η, is significantly greater for grooved cases than smooth cases. We compare our experimental torques for the smooth cases to the fit proposed by Wendt [F. Wendt, Ing.-Arch. 4, 577 (1993)10.1007/BF02084936] and the fit proposed by Bilgen and Boulos [E. Bilgen and R. Boulos, J Fluids Eng. 95, 122 (1973)10.1115/1.3446944], which shows both fits are outside their range for small gaps. Furthermore, an additional dimensionless torque (angular velocity flux) Nu_{ω} in the smooth cases exhibits an effective scaling of Nu_{ω}∼Ta^{0.39} in the ultimate regime, which occurs at a lower Taylor number, Ta≈3.5×10^{7}, than the well-explored η=0.714 case (at Ta≈3×10^{8}). The same effective scaling exponent, 0.39, is also evident in the grooved cases, but for η=0.97 and 0.985, there is a peak before this exponent appears.}, }
@article {pmid29776082, year = {2018}, author = {Liang, H and Xu, J and Chen, J and Wang, H and Chai, Z and Shi, B}, title = {Phase-field-based lattice Boltzmann modeling of large-density-ratio two-phase flows.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {97}, number = {3-1}, pages = {033309}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.97.033309}, pmid = {29776082}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {In this paper, we present a simple and accurate lattice Boltzmann (LB) model for immiscible two-phase flows, which is able to deal with large density contrasts. This model utilizes two LB equations, one of which is used to solve the conservative Allen-Cahn equation, and the other is adopted to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. A forcing distribution function is elaborately designed in the LB equation for the Navier-Stokes equations, which make it much simpler than the existing LB models. In addition, the proposed model can achieve superior numerical accuracy compared with previous Allen-Cahn type of LB models. Several benchmark two-phase problems, including static droplet, layered Poiseuille flow, and spinodal decomposition are simulated to validate the present LB model. It is found that the present model can achieve relatively small spurious velocity in the LB community, and the obtained numerical results also show good agreement with the analytical solutions or some available results. Lastly, we use the present model to investigate the droplet impact on a thin liquid film with a large density ratio of 1000 and the Reynolds number ranging from 20 to 500. The fascinating phenomena of droplet splashing is successfully reproduced by the present model and the numerically predicted spreading radius exhibits to obey the power law reported in the literature.}, }
@article {pmid29776043, year = {2018}, author = {Oyama, N and Teshigawara, K and Molina, JJ and Yamamoto, R and Taniguchi, T}, title = {Reynolds-number-dependent dynamical transitions on hydrodynamic synchronization modes of externally driven colloids.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {97}, number = {3-1}, pages = {032611}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.97.032611}, pmid = {29776043}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The collective dynamics of externally driven N_{p}-colloidal systems (1≤N_{p}≤4) in a confined viscous fluid have been investigated using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations with fully resolved hydrodynamics. The dynamical modes of collective particle motion are studied by changing the particle Reynolds number as determined by the strength of the external driving force and the confining wall distance. For a system with N_{p}=3, we found that at a critical Reynolds number a dynamical mode transition occurs from the doublet-singlet mode to the triplet mode, which has not been reported experimentally. The dynamical mode transition was analyzed in detail from the following two viewpoints: (1) spectrum analysis of the time evolution of a tagged particle velocity and (2) the relative acceleration of the doublet cluster with respect to the singlet particle. For a system with N_{p}=4, we found similar dynamical mode transitions from the doublet-singlet-singlet mode to the triplet-singlet mode and further to the quartet mode.}, }
@article {pmid29772223, year = {2018}, author = {Markwalter, CE and Prud'homme, RK}, title = {Design of a Small-Scale Multi-Inlet Vortex Mixer for Scalable Nanoparticle Production and Application to the Encapsulation of Biologics by Inverse Flash NanoPrecipitation.}, journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical sciences}, volume = {107}, number = {9}, pages = {2465-2471}, pmid = {29772223}, issn = {1520-6017}, mesh = {Biological Products/*chemical synthesis/metabolism ; *Chemical Precipitation ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/*instrumentation/methods ; Equipment Design/*instrumentation/methods ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Nanoparticles/*chemistry/metabolism ; Particle Size ; }, abstract = {Flash NanoPrecipitation is a scalable approach to generate polymeric nanoparticles using rapid micromixing in specially designed geometries such as a confined impinging jets mixer or a Multi-Inlet Vortex Mixer (MIVM). A major limitation of formulation screening using the MIVM is that a single run requires tens of milligrams of the therapeutic. To overcome this, we have developed a scaled-down version of the MIVM, requiring as little as 0.2 mg of therapeutic, for formulation screening. The redesigned mixer can then be attached to pumps for scale-up of the identified formulation. It was shown that Reynolds number allowed accurate scaling between the 2 MIVM designs. The utility of the small-scale MIVM for formulation development was demonstrated through the encapsulation of a number of hydrophilic macromolecules using inverse Flash NanoPrecipitation with target loadings as high as 50% by mass.}, }
@article {pmid31831915, year = {2018}, author = {Coleman, GN and Rumsey, CL and Spalart, PR}, title = {Numerical study of turbulent separation bubbles with varying pressure gradient and Reynolds number.}, journal = {Journal of fluid mechanics}, volume = {847}, number = {}, pages = {28-70}, doi = {10.1017/jfm.2018.257}, pmid = {31831915}, issn = {0022-1120}, support = {/LaRC/Langley Research Center NASA/United States ; N-999999/ImNASA/Intramural NASA/United States ; }, abstract = {A family of cases each containing a small separation bubble is treated by direct numerical simulation (DNS), varying two parameters: the severity of the pressure gradients, generated by suction and blowing across the opposite boundary, and the Reynolds number. Each flow contains a well-developed entry region with essentially zero pressure gradient, and all are adjusted to have the same value for the momentum thickness, extrapolated from the entry region to the centre of the separation bubble. Combined with fully defined boundary conditions this will make comparisons with other simulations and turbulence models rigorous; we present results for a set of eight Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes turbulence models. Even though the largest Reynolds number is approximately 5.5 times higher than in a similar DNS study we presented in 1997, the models have difficulties matching the DNS skin friction very closely even in the zero pressure gradient, which complicates their assessment. In the rest of the domain, the separation location per se is not particularly difficult to predict, and the most definite disagreement between DNS and models is near reattachment. Curiously, the better models tend to cluster together in their predictions of pressure and skin friction even when they deviate from the DNS, although their eddy-viscosity levels are widely different in the outer region near the bubble (or they do not rely on an eddy viscosity). Stratford's square-root law is satisfied by the velocity profiles, both at separation and reattachment. The Reynolds-number range covers a factor of two, with the Reynolds number based on the extrapolated momentum thickness equal to approximately 1500 and 3000. This allows tentative estimates of the improvements that even higher values will bring to the model comparisons. The solutions are used to assess models through pressure, skin friction and other measures; the flow fields are also used to produce effective eddy-viscosity targets for the models, thus guiding turbulence-modelling work in each region of the flow.}, }
@article {pmid29758688, year = {2018}, author = {Sanjeevi, SKP and Zarghami, A and Padding, JT}, title = {Choice of no-slip curved boundary condition for lattice Boltzmann simulations of high-Reynolds-number flows.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {97}, number = {4-1}, pages = {043305}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.97.043305}, pmid = {29758688}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Various curved no-slip boundary conditions available in literature improve the accuracy of lattice Boltzmann simulations compared to the traditional staircase approximation of curved geometries. Usually, the required unknown distribution functions emerging from the solid nodes are computed based on the known distribution functions using interpolation or extrapolation schemes. On using such curved boundary schemes, there will be mass loss or gain at each time step during the simulations, especially apparent at high Reynolds numbers, which is called mass leakage. Such an issue becomes severe in periodic flows, where the mass leakage accumulation would affect the computed flow fields over time. In this paper, we examine mass leakage of the most well-known curved boundary treatments for high-Reynolds-number flows. Apart from the existing schemes, we also test different forced mass conservation schemes and a constant density scheme. The capability of each scheme is investigated and, finally, recommendations for choosing a proper boundary condition scheme are given for stable and accurate simulations.}, }
@article {pmid29758634, year = {2018}, author = {Mahalinkam, R and Gong, F and Khair, AS}, title = {Reduced-order model for inertial locomotion of a slender swimmer.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {97}, number = {4-1}, pages = {043102}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.97.043102}, pmid = {29758634}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The inertial locomotion of an elongated model swimmer in a Newtonian fluid is quantified, wherein self-propulsion is achieved via steady tangential surface treadmilling. The swimmer has a length 2l and a circular cross section of longitudinal profile aR(z), where a is the characteristic width of the cross section, R(z) is a dimensionless shape function, and z is a dimensionless coordinate, normalized by l, along the centerline of the body. It is assumed that the swimmer is slender, ε=a/l≪1. Hence, we utilize slender-body theory to analyze the Navier-Stokes equations that describe the flow around the swimmer. Therefrom, we compute an asymptotic approximation to the swimming speed, U, as U/u_{s}=1-β[V(Re)-1/2∫_{-1}^{1}zlnR(z)dz]/ln(1/ε)+O[1/ln^{2}(1/ε)], where u_{s} is the characteristic speed of the surface treadmilling, Re is the Reynolds number based on the body length, and β is a dimensionless parameter that differentiates between &quot;pusher&quot; (propelled from the rear, β<0) and &quot;puller&quot; (propelled from the front, β>0) -type swimmers. The function V(Re) increases monotonically with increasing Re; hence, fluid inertia causes an increase (decrease) in the swimming speed of a pusher (puller). Next, we demonstrate that the power expenditure of the swimmer increases monotonically with increasing Re. Further, the power expenditures of a puller and pusher with the same value of |β| are equal. Therefore, pushers are superior in inertial locomotion as compared to pullers, in that they achieve a faster swimming speed for the same power expended. Finally, it is demonstrated that the flow structure predicted from our reduced-order model is consistent with that from direct numerical simulation of swimmers at intermediate Re.}, }
@article {pmid29757157, year = {2018}, author = {Daddi-Moussa-Ider, A and Lisicki, M and Mathijssen, AJTM and Hoell, C and Goh, S and Bławzdziewicz, J and Menzel, AM and Löwen, H}, title = {State diagram of a three-sphere microswimmer in a channel.}, journal = {Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal}, volume = {30}, number = {25}, pages = {254004}, doi = {10.1088/1361-648X/aac470}, pmid = {29757157}, issn = {1361-648X}, abstract = {Geometric confinements are frequently encountered in soft matter systems and in particular significantly alter the dynamics of swimming microorganisms in viscous media. Surface-related effects on the motility of microswimmers can lead to important consequences in a large number of biological systems, such as biofilm formation, bacterial adhesion and microbial activity. On the basis of low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics, we explore the state diagram of a three-sphere microswimmer under channel confinement in a slit geometry and fully characterize the swimming behavior and trajectories for neutral swimmers, puller- and pusher-type swimmers. While pushers always end up trapped at the channel walls, neutral swimmers and pullers may further perform a gliding motion and maintain a stable navigation along the channel. We find that the resulting dynamical system exhibits a supercritical pitchfork bifurcation in which swimming in the mid-plane becomes unstable beyond a transition channel height while two new stable limit cycles or fixed points that are symmetrically disposed with respect to the channel mid-height emerge. Additionally, we show that an accurate description of the averaged swimming velocity and rotation rate in a channel can be captured analytically using the method of hydrodynamic images, provided that the swimmer size is much smaller than the channel height.}, }
@article {pmid29749100, year = {2018}, author = {Tottori, S and Nelson, BJ}, title = {Controlled Propulsion of Two-Dimensional Microswimmers in a Precessing Magnetic Field.}, journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {14}, number = {24}, pages = {e1800722}, doi = {10.1002/smll.201800722}, pmid = {29749100}, issn = {1613-6829}, abstract = {Magnetically actuated micro-/nanoswimmers can potentially be used in noninvasive biomedical applications, such as targeted drug delivery and micromanipulation. Herein, two-dimensional (2D) rigid ferromagnetic microstructures are shown to be capable of propelling themselves in three dimensions at low Reynolds numbers in a precessing field. Importantly, the above propulsion relies neither on soft structure deformation nor on the geometrical chirality of swimmers, but is rather driven by the dynamic chirality generated by field precession, which allows an almost unconstrained choice of materials and fabrication methods. Therefore, the swimming performance is systematically investigated as a function of precession angle and geometric design. One disadvantage of the described propulsion method is that the fabricated 2D swimmers are achiral, which means that the forward/backward swimming direction cannot be controlled. However, it has been found that asymmetric 2D swimmers always propel themselves toward their longer arm, which implies that dynamic chirality can be constrained to be either right-handed or left-handed by permanent magnetization. Thus, the simplicity of fabrication and possibility of dynamic chirality control make the developed method ideal for applications and fundamental studies that require a large number of swimmers.}, }
@article {pmid29745778, year = {2018}, author = {Perrin, A and Herbelin, P and Jorand, FPA and Skali-Lami, S and Mathieu, L}, title = {Design of a rotating disk reactor to assess the colonization of biofilms by free-living amoebae under high shear rates.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {368-377}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2018.1444756}, pmid = {29745778}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Amoeba/*physiology ; *Bacteria ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biofilms ; Fresh Water ; Hydrodynamics ; Locomotion ; Stainless Steel ; }, abstract = {The present study was aimed at designing and optimizing a rotating disk reactor simulating high hydrodynamic shear rates (γ), which are representative of cooling circuits. The characteristics of the hydrodynamic conditions in the reactor and the complex approach used to engineer it are described. A 60 l tank was filled with freshwater containing free-living amoebae (FLA) and bacteria. Adhesion of the bacteria and formation of a biofilm on the stainless steel coupons were observed. FLA were able to establish in these biofilms under γ as high as 85,000 s-1. Several physical mechanisms (convection, diffusion, sedimentation) could explain the accumulation of amoeboid cells on surfaces, but further research is required to fully understand and model the fine mechanisms governing such transport under γ similar to those encountered in the industrial environment. This technological advance may enable research into these topics.}, }
@article {pmid29744606, year = {2018}, author = {Zhang, S and Luo, X and Cai, Z}, title = {Three-dimensional flows in a hyperelastic vessel under external pressure.}, journal = {Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {1187-1207}, doi = {10.1007/s10237-018-1022-y}, pmid = {29744606}, issn = {1617-7940}, support = {EP/N014642/1//Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council/ ; 11172200//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2013CB035042//National Basic Research Program of China/ ; RF-2015-510//Leverhulme Trust/ ; }, mesh = {Algorithms ; Arteries/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Blood Flow Velocity/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Elasticity ; Finite Element Analysis ; Humans ; Models, Anatomic ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Pressure ; Rheology ; Veins/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {We study the collapsible behaviour of a vessel conveying viscous flows subject to external pressure, a scenario that could occur in many physiological applications. The vessel is modelled as a three-dimensional cylindrical tube of nonlinear hyperelastic material. To solve the fully coupled fluid-structure interaction, we have developed a novel approach based on the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method and the frontal solver. The method of rotating spines is used to enable an automatic mesh adaptation. The numerical code is verified extensively with published results and those obtained using the commercial packages in simpler cases, e.g. ANSYS for the structure with the prescribed flow, and FLUENT for the fluid flow with prescribed structure deformation. We examine three different hyperelastic material models for the tube for the first time in this context and show that at the small strain, all three material models give similar results. However, for the large strain, results differ depending on the material model used. We further study the behaviour of the tube under a mode-3 buckling and reveal its complex flow patterns under various external pressures. To understand these flow patterns, we show how energy dissipation is associated with the boundary layers created at the narrowest collapsed section of the tube, and how the transverse flow forms a virtual sink to feed a strong axial jet. We found that the energy dissipation associated with the recirculation does not coincide with the flow separation zone itself, but overlaps with the streamlines that divide the three recirculation zones. Finally, we examine the bifurcation diagrams for both mode-3 and mode-2 collapses and reveal that multiple solutions exist for a range of the Reynolds number. Our work is a step towards modelling more realistic physiological flows in collapsible arteries and veins.}, }
@article {pmid31631904, year = {2018}, author = {Yang, XIA and Abkar, M}, title = {A hierarchical random additive model for passive scalars in wall-bounded flows at high Reynolds numbers.}, journal = {Journal of fluid mechanics}, volume = {842}, number = {}, pages = {354-380}, pmid = {31631904}, issn = {0022-1120}, support = {NNX15AU93A//NASA/United States ; }, abstract = {The kinematics of a fully developed passive scalar is modelled using the hierarchical random additive process (HRAP) formalism. Here, 'a fully developed passive scalar' refers to a scalar field whose instantaneous fluctuations are statistically stationary, and the 'HRAP formalism' is a recently proposed interpretation of the Townsend attached eddy hypothesis. The HRAP model was previously used to model the kinematics of velocity fluctuations in wall turbulence: u = ∑ i = 1 N z a i , where the instantaneous streamwise velocity fluctuation at a generic wall-normal location z is modelled as a sum of additive contributions from wall-attached eddies (ai) and the number of addends is Nz ~ log(δ/z). The HRAP model admits generalized logarithmic scalings including 〈ϕ2〉~log(δ/z), 〈ϕ(x)ϕ(x+rx)〉 ~ log(δ/rx), 〈(ϕ(x) - ϕ(x+rx))2〉 ~ log(rx /z), where ϕ is the streamwise velocity fluctuation, δ is an outer length scale, rx is the two-point displacement in the streamwise direction and 〈·〉 denotes ensemble averaging. If the statistical behaviours of the streamwise velocity fluctuation and the fluctuation of a passive scalar are similar, we can expect first that the above mentioned scalings also exist for passive scalars (i.e. for ϕ being fluctuations of scalar concentration) and second that the instantaneous fluctuations of a passive scalar can be modelled using the HRAP model as well. Such expectations are confirmed using large-eddy simulations. Hence the work here presents a framework for modelling scalar turbulence in high Reynolds number wall-bounded flows.}, }
@article {pmid29732048, year = {2018}, author = {Zhou, Y and Lee, C and Wang, J}, title = {The Computational Fluid Dynamics Analyses on Hemodynamic Characteristics in Stenosed Arterial Models.}, journal = {Journal of healthcare engineering}, volume = {2018}, number = {}, pages = {4312415}, pmid = {29732048}, issn = {2040-2295}, mesh = {Arterial Occlusive Diseases/*physiopathology ; Computer Simulation ; Hemodynamics/*physiology ; Humans ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; Rheology ; }, abstract = {Arterial stenosis plays an important role in the progressions of thrombosis and stroke. In the present study, a standard axisymmetric tube model of the stenotic artery is introduced and the degree of stenosis η is evaluated by the area ratio of the blockage to the normal vessel. A normal case (η = 0) and four stenotic cases of η = 0.25, 0.5, 0.625, and 0.75 with a constant Reynolds number of 300 are simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD), respectively, with the Newtonian and Carreau models for comparison. Results show that for both models, the poststenotic separation vortex length increases exponentially with the growth of stenosis degree. However, the vortex length of the Carreau model is shorter than that of the Newtonian model. The artery narrowing accelerates blood flow, which causes high blood pressure and wall shear stress (WSS). The pressure drop of the η = 0.75 case is nearly 8 times that of the normal value, while the WSS peak at the stenosis region of η = 0.75 case even reaches up to 15 times that of the normal value. The present conclusions are of generality and contribute to the understanding of the dynamic mechanisms of artery stenosis diseases.}, }
@article {pmid29729406, year = {2018}, author = {García-Salazar, G and de la Luz Zambrano-Zaragoza, M and Quintanar-Guerrero, D}, title = {Preparation of nanodispersions by solvent displacement using the Venturi tube.}, journal = {International journal of pharmaceutics}, volume = {545}, number = {1-2}, pages = {254-260}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.005}, pmid = {29729406}, issn = {1873-3476}, mesh = {Acetone/*chemistry ; Drug Compounding ; Dynamic Light Scattering ; Equipment and Supplies ; Excipients/chemistry ; *Nanoparticles ; Nanotechnology ; Particle Size ; Polyesters/*chemistry ; Solvents/*chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical/*instrumentation/methods ; }, abstract = {The Venturi tube (VT) is an apparatus that produces turbulence which is taken advantage of to produce nanoparticles (NP) by solvent displacement. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of this device for preparing NP of poly-ε-caprolactone. Response Surface Methodology was used to determine the effect of the operating conditions and optimization. The NP produced by VT were characterized by Dynamic Light-Scattering to determine their particle size distribution (PS) and polydispersity index (PDI). Results showed that the Reynolds number (Re) has a strong effect on both PS and process yield (PY).The turbulence regime is key to the efficient formation of NP. The optimal conditions for obtaining NP were a polymer concentration of 1.6 w/v, a recirculation rate of 4.8 L/min, and a stabilizer concentration of 1.1 w/v. The predicted response of the PY was 99.7%, with a PS of 333 nm, and a PDI of 0.2. Maintaining the same preparation conditions will make it possible to obtain NP using other polymers with similar properties. Our results show that VT is a reproducible and versatile method for manufacturing NP, and so may be a feasible method for industrial-scale nanoprecipitation production.}, }
@article {pmid29710732, year = {2018}, author = {Sandeep, N and Kumaran, G and Saleem, S}, title = {The influence of cross diffusion on magnetohydrodynamic flow of Carreau liquid in the presence of buoyancy force.}, journal = {Journal of integrative neuroscience}, volume = {17}, number = {3-4}, pages = {525-546}, doi = {10.3233/JIN-180086}, pmid = {29710732}, issn = {0219-6352}, abstract = {The flow of magnetohydrodynamic Carreau liquid with the Brownian moment, thermophoresis and cross diffusion effects is investigated numerically. The buoyancy persuades on the flow is contemplated in such a way that the surface is neither perpendicular/horizontal nor wedge/cone. This is very helpful in the design of jet-engine. The equations govern the flow are transmuted using acceptable similarity variables and numerically solved by recruiting Runge-Kutta based Newtons method. The graphical results are obtained to discuss the stimulus of flow, thermal and concentration fields for different parameters of interest. The wall friction, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are examined with the assistance of tables. It is noticed that the parabolic flow is controlled by the buoyant forces developed by the temperature difference. Since the flow is laminar, the Reynolds number considered as <1000. This study has applicable in man-made products and various industries like pumps and oil purification, petroleum production, power engineering and chemical engineering processes.}, }
@article {pmid29708343, year = {2018}, author = {Gao, S and Liao, Q and Liu, W and Liu, Z}, title = {Nanodroplets Impact on Rough Surfaces: A Simulation and Theoretical Study.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {34}, number = {20}, pages = {5910-5917}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00480}, pmid = {29708343}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {Impact of droplets is widespread in life, and modulating the dynamics of impinging droplets is a significant problem in production. However, on textured surfaces, the micromorphologic change and mechanism of impinging nanodroplets are not well-understood; furthermore, the accuracy of the theoretical model for nanodroplets needs to be improved. Here, considering the great challenge of conducting experiments on nanodroplets, a molecular dynamics simulation is performed to visualize the impact process of nanodroplets on nanopillar surfaces. Compared with macroscale droplets, apart from the similar relation of restitution coefficient with the Weber number, we found some distinctive results: the maximum spreading time is described as a power law of impact velocity, and the relation of maximum spreading factor with impact velocity or the Reynolds number is exponential. Moreover, the roughness of substrates plays a prominent role in the dynamics of impact nanodroplets, and on surfaces with lower solid fraction, the lower attraction force induces an easier rebound of impact nanodroplets. At last, on the basis of the energy balance, through modifying the estimation of viscous dissipation and surface energy terms, we proposed an improved model for the maximum spreading factor, which shows greater accuracy for nanodroplets, especially in the low-to-moderate velocity range. The outcome of this study demonstrates that a distinctive dynamical behavior of impinging nanodroplets, the fundamental insight, and more accurate prediction are very useful in the improvement of the hydrodynamic behavior of the nanodroplets.}, }
@article {pmid29670984, year = {2018}, author = {Vilfan, M and Osterman, N and Vilfan, A}, title = {Magnetically driven omnidirectional artificial microswimmers.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {14}, number = {17}, pages = {3415-3422}, doi = {10.1039/c8sm00230d}, pmid = {29670984}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {We present an experimental realisation of two new artificial microswimmers that swim at low Reynolds number. The swimmers are externally driven with a periodically modulated magnetic field that induces an alternating attractive/repulsive interaction between the swimmer parts. The field sequence also modulates the drag on the swimmer components, making the working cycle non-reciprocal. The resulting net translational displacement leads to velocities of up to 2 micrometers per second. The swimmers can be made omnidirectional, meaning that the same magnetic field sequence can drive swimmers in any direction in the sample plane. Although the direction of their swimming is determined by the momentary orientation of the swimmer, their motion can be guided by solid boundaries. We demonstrate their omnidirectionality by letting them travel through a circular microfluidic channel. We use simple scaling arguments as well as more detailed numerical simulations to explain the measured velocity as a function of the actuation frequency.}, }
@article {pmid29670148, year = {2018}, author = {Govindarajan, V and Mousel, J and Udaykumar, HS and Vigmostad, SC and McPherson, DD and Kim, H and Chandran, KB}, title = {Synergy between Diastolic Mitral Valve Function and Left Ventricular Flow Aids in Valve Closure and Blood Transport during Systole.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {6187}, pmid = {29670148}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {R01 HL109597/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; UL1 TR000371/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Algorithms ; Atrial Function ; Blood Flow Velocity ; *Diastole ; Heart Atria/diagnostic imaging ; Heart Ventricles/diagnostic imaging ; *Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Mitral Valve/diagnostic imaging/*physiology ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; *Systole ; Ventricular Function ; }, abstract = {Highly resolved three-dimensional (3D) fluid structure interaction (FSI) simulation using patient-specific echocardiographic data can be a powerful tool for accurately and thoroughly elucidating the biomechanics of mitral valve (MV) function and left ventricular (LV) fluid dynamics. We developed and validated a strongly coupled FSI algorithm to fully characterize the LV flow field during diastolic MV opening under physiologic conditions. Our model revealed that distinct MV deformation and LV flow patterns developed during different diastolic stages. A vortex ring that strongly depended on MV deformation formed during early diastole. At peak E wave, the MV fully opened, with a local Reynolds number of ~5500, indicating that the flow was in the laminar-turbulent transitional regime. Our results showed that during diastasis, the vortex structures caused the MV leaflets to converge, thus increasing mitral jet's velocity. The vortex ring became asymmetrical, with the vortex structures on the anterior side being larger than on the posterior side. During the late diastolic stages, the flow structures advected toward the LV outflow tract, enhancing fluid transport to the aorta. This 3D-FSI study demonstrated the importance of leaflet dynamics, their effect on the vortex ring, and their influence on MV function and fluid transport within the LV during diastole.}, }
@article {pmid29657749, year = {2018}, author = {Li, H and Guo, S}, title = {Aerodynamic efficiency of a bioinspired flapping wing rotor at low Reynolds number.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {171307}, pmid = {29657749}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {This study investigates the aerodynamic efficiency of a bioinspired flapping wing rotor kinematics which combines an active vertical flapping motion and a passive horizontal rotation induced by aerodynamic thrust. The aerodynamic efficiencies for producing both vertical lift and horizontal thrust of the wing are obtained using a quasi-steady aerodynamic model and two-dimensional (2D) CFD analysis at Reynolds number of 2500. The calculated efficiency data show that both efficiencies (propulsive efficiency-ηp, and efficiency for producing lift-Pf) of the wing are optimized at Strouhal number (St) between 0.1 and 0.5 for a range of wing pitch angles (upstroke angle of attack αu less than 45°); the St for high Pf (St = 0.1 ∼ 0.3) is generally lower than for high ηp (St = 0.2 ∼ 0.5), while the St for equilibrium rotation states lies between the two. Further systematic calculations show that the natural equilibrium of the passive rotating wing automatically converges to high-efficiency states: above 85% of maximum Pf can be obtained for a wide range of prescribed wing kinematics. This study provides insight into the aerodynamic efficiency of biological flyers in cruising flight, as well as practical applications for micro air vehicle design.}, }
@article {pmid29648545, year = {2018}, author = {Wang, C and Tang, H}, title = {Enhancement of aerodynamic performance of a heaving airfoil using synthetic-jet based active flow control.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {046005}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/aabdb9}, pmid = {29648545}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Air ; Air Movements ; *Aircraft ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Biomimetic Materials ; Biomimetics ; Computer Simulation ; Equipment Design ; Flight, Animal/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Physical Phenomena ; Wings, Animal/physiology ; }, abstract = {In this study, we explore the use of synthetic jet (SJ) in manipulating the vortices around a rigid heaving airfoil, so as to enhance its aerodynamic performance. The airfoil heaves at two fixed pitching angles, with the Strouhal number, reduced frequency and Reynolds number chosen as St = 0.3, k = 0.25 and Re = 100, respectively, all falling in the ranges for natural flyers. As such, the vortex force plays a dominant role in determining the airfoil's aerodynamic performance. A pair of in-phase SJs is implemented on the airfoil's upper and lower surfaces, operating with the same strength but in opposite directions. Such a fluid-structure interaction problem is numerically solved using a lattice Boltzmann method based numerical framework. It is found that, as the airfoil heaves with zero pitching angle, its lift and drag can be improved concurrently when the SJ phase angle [Formula: see text] relative to the heave motion varies between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. But this concurrent improvement does not occur as the airfoil heaves with [Formula: see text] pitching angle. Detailed inspection of the vortex evolution and fluid stress over the airfoil surface reveals that, if at good timing, the suction and blowing strokes of the SJ pair can effectively delay or promote the shedding of leading edge vortices, and mitigate or even eliminate the generation of trailing edge vortices, so as to enhance the airfoil's aerodynamic performance. Based on these understandings, an intermittent operation of the SJ pair is then proposed to realize concurrent lift and drag improvement for the heaving airfoil with [Formula: see text] pitching angle.}, }
@article {pmid29633848, year = {2018}, author = {Bordbar, A and Taassob, A and Khojasteh, D and Marengo, M and Kamali, R}, title = {Maximum Spreading and Rebound of a Droplet Impacting onto a Spherical Surface at Low Weber Numbers.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {34}, number = {17}, pages = {5149-5158}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00625}, pmid = {29633848}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {The spreading and rebound patterns of low-viscous droplets upon impacting spherical solid surfaces are investigated numerically. The studied cases consider a droplet impinging onto hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces with various parameters varied throughout the study, and their effects on the postimpingement behavior are discussed. These parameters include impact Weber number (through varying the surface tension and impingement velocity), the size ratio of the droplet to the solid surface, and the surface contact angle. According to the findings, the maximum spreading diameter increases with the impact velocity, with an increase of the sphere diameter, with a lower surface wettability, and with a lower surface tension. Typical outcomes of the impact include (1) complete rebound, (2) splash, and (3) a final deposition stage after a series of spreading and recoiling phases. Finally, a novel, practical model is proposed, which can reasonably predict the maximum deformation of low Reynolds number impact of droplets onto hydrophobic or superhydrophobic spherical solid surfaces.}, }
@article {pmid29608886, year = {2018}, author = {Hopgood, M and Reynolds, G and Barker, R}, title = {Using Computational Fluid Dynamics to Compare Shear Rate and Turbulence in the TIM-Automated Gastric Compartment With USP Apparatus II.}, journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical sciences}, volume = {107}, number = {7}, pages = {1911-1919}, doi = {10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.019}, pmid = {29608886}, issn = {1520-6017}, mesh = {Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/instrumentation ; Drug Development/instrumentation ; Humans ; *Hydrodynamics ; Models, Biological ; Solubility ; Stomach/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Surface Properties ; Tablets/chemistry/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {We use computational fluid dynamics to compare the shear rate and turbulence in an advanced in vitro gastric model (TIMagc) during its simulation of fasted state Migrating Motor Complex phases I and II, with the United States Pharmacopeia paddle dissolution apparatus II (USPII). A specific focus is placed on how shear rate in these apparatus affects erosion-based solid oral dosage forms. The study finds that tablet surface shear rates in TIMagc are strongly time dependant and fluctuate between 0.001 and 360 s-1. In USPII, tablet surface shear rates are approximately constant for a given paddle speed and increase linearly from 9 s-1 to 36 s-1 as the paddle speed is increased from 25 to 100 rpm. A strong linear relationship is observed between tablet surface shear rate and tablet erosion rate in USPII, whereas TIMagc shows highly variable behavior. The flow regimes present in each apparatus are compared to in vivo predictions using Reynolds number analysis. Reynolds numbers for flow in TIMagc lie predominantly within the predicted in vivo bounds (0.01-30), whereas Reynolds numbers for flow in USPII lie above the predicted upper bound when operating with paddle speeds as low as 25 rpm (33).}, }
@article {pmid29596861, year = {2018}, author = {Prakash, J and Ramesh, K and Tripathi, D and Kumar, R}, title = {Numerical simulation of heat transfer in blood flow altered by electroosmosis through tapered micro-vessels.}, journal = {Microvascular research}, volume = {118}, number = {}, pages = {162-172}, doi = {10.1016/j.mvr.2018.03.009}, pmid = {29596861}, issn = {1095-9319}, mesh = {Blood Flow Velocity ; *Computer Simulation ; *Electroosmosis ; Energy Transfer ; Humans ; Microvessels/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted ; Peristalsis ; Pulsatile Flow ; Regional Blood Flow ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {A numerical simulation is presented to study the heat and flow characteristics of blood flow altered by electroosmosis through the tapered micro-vessels. Blood is assumed as non-Newtonian (micropolar) nanofluids. The flow regime is considered as asymmetric diverging (tapered) microchannel for more realistic micro-vessels which is produced by choosing the peristaltic wave train on the walls to have different amplitudes and phase. The Rosseland approximation is employed to model the radiation heat transfer and temperatures of the walls are presumed constants. The mathematical formulation of the present problem is simplified under the long-wavelength, low-Reynolds number and Debye-Hückel linearization approximations. The influence of various dominant physical parameters are discussed for axial velocity, microrotation distribution, thermal temperature distribution and nanoparticle volume fraction field. However, our foremost emphasis is to determine the effects of thermal radiation and coupling number on the axial velocity and microrotation distribution beneath electroosmotic environment. This analysis places a significant observation on the thermal radiation and coupling number which plays an influential role in hearten fluid velocity. This study is encouraged by exploring the nanofluid-dynamics in peristaltic transport as symbolized by heat transport in biological flows and also in novel pharmacodynamics pumps and gastro-intestinal motility enhancement.}, }
@article {pmid29594300, year = {2018}, author = {Jing, H and Das, S}, title = {Theory of diffusioosmosis in a charged nanochannel.}, journal = {Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP}, volume = {20}, number = {15}, pages = {10204-10212}, doi = {10.1039/c8cp01091a}, pmid = {29594300}, issn = {1463-9084}, abstract = {We probe the diffusioosmotic transport in a charged nanofluidic channel in the presence of an applied tangential salt concentration gradient. Ionic salt gradient driven diffusioosmosis or ionic diffusioosmosis (IDO) is characterized by the generation of an induced tangential electric field and a diffusioosmotic velocity (DOSV) that is a combination of an electroosmotic velocity (EOSV) triggered by this electric field and a chemiosmotic velocity (COSV) triggered by an induced tangential pressure gradient. We explain that unlike the existing theories on IDO, it is more appropriate to apply the zero net current conditions (formulation F2) and not more restrictive zero net local flux conditions (formulation F1) particularly for the case where one considers a nanochannel connected to two reservoirs. We pinpoint limitations in the existing literature in correctly predicting the diffusioosmotic behavior even for the case where formulation F1 is used. We address these limitations and establish that (a) the induced electric field is an interplay of the differences in ionic diffusivity, the EDL-induced imbalance in ion concentrations, and the advection effects, (b) formulation F1 may overpredict or underpredict the electric field and the EOSV leading to an overprediction/underprediction of the DOSV and (c) formulation F2 demonstrates remarkable fluid physics of localized backflows owing to a dominant local influence of the COSV, which is missed by formulation F1. We anticipate that our theory will provide the first rigorous understanding of nanofluidic IDO with applications in multiple areas of low Reynolds number transport such as biofluidics, microfluidic separation, and colloidal transport.}, }
@article {pmid29589515, year = {2018}, author = {Rigatelli, G and Zuin, M and Dell'Avvocata, F and Nguyen, T}, title = {Rheolytic effects of left main mid-shaft/distal stenting: a computational flow dynamic analysis.}, journal = {Therapeutic advances in cardiovascular disease}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {161-168}, pmid = {29589515}, issn = {1753-9455}, mesh = {Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/*instrumentation ; Cardiovascular Agents/administration &amp; dosage ; Computed Tomography Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology/*therapy ; *Coronary Circulation ; Coronary Stenosis/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology/*therapy ; Coronary Vessels/diagnostic imaging/*physiopathology ; *Drug-Eluting Stents ; Everolimus/administration &amp; dosage ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; *Patient-Specific Modeling ; Prosthesis Design ; Retrospective Studies ; Rheology ; Treatment Outcome ; }, abstract = {Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the rheolytic effects of stenting a mid-shaft/distal left main coronary artery (LMCA) lesion with and without ostial coverage. Stenting of the LMCA has emerged as a valid alternative in place of traditional coronary bypass graft surgery. However, in case of mid-shaft/distal lesion, there is no consensus regarding the extension of the strut coverage up to the ostium or to stent only the culprit lesion. Methods We reconstructed a left main-left descending coronary artery (LM-LCA)-left circumflex (LCX) bifurcation after analysing 100 consecutive patients (mean age 71.4 ± 9.3, 49 males) with LM mid-shaft/distal disease. The mean diameter of proximal LM, left anterior descending (LAD) and LCX, evaluated with quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was 4.62 ± 0.86 mm, 3.31 ± 0.92 mm, and 2.74 ± 0.93 mm, respectively. For the stent simulation, a third-generation, everolimus-eluting stent was virtually reconstructed. Results After virtual stenting, the net area averaged wall shear stress (WSS) of the model and the WSS at the LCA-LCX bifurcation resulted higher when the stent covered the culprit mid-shaft lesion only compared with the extension of the stent covering the ostium (3.68 versus 2.06 Pa, p = 0.01 and 3.97 versus 1.98 Pa, p < 0.001, respectively. Similarly, the static pressure and the Reynolds number were significantly higher after stent implantation covering up the ostium. At the ostium, the flow resulted more laminar when stenting only the mid-shaft lesion than including the ostium. Conclusions Although these findings cannot be translated directly into real practice our brief study suggests that stenting lesion 1:1 or extending the stent to cover the LM ostium impacts differently the rheolytic properties of LMCA bifurcation with potential insights for restenosis or thrombosis.}, }
@article {pmid29584651, year = {2018}, author = {Xi, J and Hu, Q and Zhao, L and Si, XA}, title = {Molecular Binding Contributes to Concentration Dependent Acrolein Deposition in Rat Upper Airways: CFD and Molecular Dynamics Analyses.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {29584651}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Acrolein/*chemistry ; Animals ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Male ; Models, Anatomic ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Particle Size ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Trachea/anatomy &amp; histology/*chemistry ; Water/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Existing in vivo experiments show significantly decreased acrolein uptake in rats with increasing inhaled acrolein concentrations. Considering that high-polarity chemicals are prone to bond with each other, it is hypothesized that molecular binding between acrolein and water will contribute to the experimentally observed deposition decrease by decreasing the effective diffusivity. The objective of this study is to quantify the probability of molecular binding for acrolein, as well as its effects on acrolein deposition, using multiscale simulations. An image-based rat airway geometry was used to predict the transport and deposition of acrolein using the chemical species model. The low Reynolds number turbulence model was used to simulate the airflows. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were used to study the molecular binding of acrolein in different media and at different acrolein concentrations. MD results show that significant molecular binding can happen between acrolein and water molecules in human and rat airways. With 72 acrolein embedded in 800 water molecules, about 48% of acrolein compounds contain one hydrogen bond and 10% contain two hydrogen bonds, which agreed favorably with previous MD results. The percentage of hydrogen-bonded acrolein compounds is higher at higher acrolein concentrations or in a medium with higher polarity. Computational dosimetry results show that the size increase caused by the molecular binding reduces the effective diffusivity of acrolein and lowers the chemical deposition onto the airway surfaces. This result is consistent with the experimentally observed deposition decrease at higher concentrations. However, this size increase can only explain part of the concentration-dependent variation of the acrolein uptake and acts as a concurrent mechanism with the uptake-limiting tissue ration rate. Intermolecular interactions and associated variation in diffusivity should be considered in future dosimetry modeling of high-polarity chemicals such as acrolein.}, }
@article {pmid29557508, year = {2018}, author = {Gupta, A and Clercx, HJH and Toschi, F}, title = {Computational study of radial particle migration and stresslet distributions in particle-laden turbulent pipe flow.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {34}, pmid = {29557508}, issn = {1292-895X}, abstract = {Particle-laden turbulent flows occur in a variety of industrial applications as well as in naturally occurring flows. While the numerical simulation of such flows has seen significant advances in recent years, it still remains a challenging problem. Many studies investigated the rheology of dense suspensions in laminar flows as well as the dynamics of point-particles in turbulence. Here we employ a fully-resolved numerical simulation based on a lattice Boltzmann scheme, to investigate turbulent flow with large neutrally buoyant particles in a pipe flow at low Reynolds number and in dilute regimes. The energy input is kept fixed resulting in a Reynolds number based on the friction velocity around 250. Two different particle radii were used giving a particle-pipe diameter ratio of 0.05 and 0.075. The number of particles is kept constant resulting in a volume fraction of 0.54% and 1.83%, respectively. We investigated Eulerian and Lagrangian statistics along with the stresslet exerted by the fluid on the spherical particles. It was observed that the high particle-to-fluid slip velocity close to the wall corresponds locally to events of high energy dissipation, which are not present in the single-phase flow. The migration of particles from the inner to the outer region of the pipe, the dependence of the stresslet on the particle radial positions and a proxy for the fragmentation rate of the particles computed using the stresslet have been investigated.}, }
@article {pmid29557347, year = {2018}, author = {Bayiz, Y and Ghanaatpishe, M and Fathy, H and Cheng, B}, title = {Hovering efficiency comparison of rotary and flapping flight for rigid rectangular wings via dimensionless multi-objective optimization.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {046002}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/aab801}, pmid = {29557347}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Biomimetics ; Computer Simulation ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Insecta/physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Torque ; Wings, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In this work, a multi-objective optimization framework is developed for optimizing low Reynolds number ([Formula: see text]) hovering flight. This framework is then applied to compare the efficiency of rigid revolving and flapping wings with rectangular shape under varying [Formula: see text] and Rossby number ([Formula: see text], or aspect ratio). The proposed framework is capable of generating sets of optimal solutions and Pareto fronts for maximizing the lift coefficient and minimizing the power coefficient in dimensionless space, explicitly revealing the trade-off between lift generation and power consumption. The results indicate that revolving wings are more efficient when the required average lift coefficient [Formula: see text] is low (<1 for [Formula: see text] and <1.6 for [Formula: see text]), while flapping wings are more efficient in achieving higher [Formula: see text]. With the dimensionless power loading as the single-objective performance measure to be maximized, rotary flight is more efficient than flapping wings for [Formula: see text] regardless of the amount of energy storage assumed in the flapping wing actuation mechanism, while flapping flight is more efficient for [Formula: see text]. It is observed that wings with low [Formula: see text] perform better when higher [Formula: see text] is needed, whereas higher [Formula: see text] cases are more efficient at [Formula: see text] regions. However, for the selected geometry and [Formula: see text], the efficiency is weakly dependent on [Formula: see text] when the dimensionless power loading is maximized.}, }
@article {pmid29555806, year = {2018}, author = {Margolin, LG}, title = {Scale matters.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {376}, number = {2118}, pages = {}, pmid = {29555806}, issn = {1471-2962}, abstract = {The applicability of Navier-Stokes equations is limited to near-equilibrium flows in which the gradients of density, velocity and energy are small. Here I propose an extension of the Chapman-Enskog approximation in which the velocity probability distribution function (PDF) is averaged in the coordinate phase space as well as the velocity phase space. I derive a PDF that depends on the gradients and represents a first-order generalization of local thermodynamic equilibrium. I then integrate this PDF to derive a hydrodynamic model. I discuss the properties of that model and its relation to the discrete equations of computational fluid dynamics.This article is part of the theme issue 'Hilbert's sixth problem'.}, }
@article {pmid29553536, year = {2018}, author = {Agudo, JR and Han, J and Park, J and Kwon, S and Loekman, S and Luzi, G and Linderberger, C and Delgado, A and Wierschem, A}, title = {Visually Based Characterization of the Incipient Particle Motion in Regular Substrates: From Laminar to Turbulent Conditions.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {132}, pages = {}, pmid = {29553536}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Motion ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; *Stress, Mechanical ; }, abstract = {Two different experimental methods for determining the threshold of particle motion as a function of geometrical properties of the bed from laminar to turbulent flow conditions are presented. For that purpose, the incipient motion of a single bead is studied on regular substrates that consist of a monolayer of fixed spheres of uniform size that are regularly arranged in triangular and quadratic symmetries. The threshold is characterized by the critical Shields number. The criterion for the onset of motion is defined as the displacement from the original equilibrium position to the neighboring one. The displacement and the mode of motion are identified with an imaging system. The laminar flow is induced using a rotational rheometer with a parallel disk configuration. The shear Reynolds number remains below 1. The turbulent flow is induced in a low-speed wind tunnel with open jet test section. The air velocity is regulated with a frequency converter on the blower fan. The velocity profile is measured with a hot wire probe connected to a hot film anemometer. The shear Reynolds number ranges between 40 and 150. The logarithmic velocity law and the modified wall law presented by Rotta are used to infer the shear velocity from the experimental data. The latter is of special interest when the mobile bead is partially exposed to the turbulent flow in the so-called hydraulically transitional flow regime. The shear stress is estimated at onset of motion. Some illustrative results showing the strong impact of the angle of repose, and the exposure of the bead to shear flow are represented in both regimes.}, }
@article {pmid29548174, year = {2018}, author = {Kawamura, Y and Tsubaki, R}, title = {Phase reduction approach to elastohydrodynamic synchronization of beating flagella.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {97}, number = {2-1}, pages = {022212}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.97.022212}, pmid = {29548174}, issn = {2470-0053}, mesh = {Flagella/*metabolism ; *Hydrodynamics ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {We formulate a theory for the phase reduction of a beating flagellum. The theory enables us to describe the dynamics of a beating flagellum in a systematic manner using a single variable called the phase. The theory can also be considered as a phase reduction method for the limit-cycle solutions in infinite-dimensional dynamical systems, namely, the limit-cycle solutions to partial differential equations representing beating flagella. We derive the phase sensitivity function, which quantifies the phase response of a beating flagellum to weak perturbations applied at each point and at each time. Using the phase sensitivity function, we analyze the phase synchronization between a pair of beating flagella through hydrodynamic interactions at a low Reynolds number.}, }
@article {pmid29548159, year = {2018}, author = {Rolland, J}, title = {Extremely rare collapse and build-up of turbulence in stochastic models of transitional wall flows.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {97}, number = {2-1}, pages = {023109}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.97.023109}, pmid = {29548159}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {This paper presents a numerical and theoretical study of multistability in two stochastic models of transitional wall flows. An algorithm dedicated to the computation of rare events is adapted on these two stochastic models. The main focus is placed on a stochastic partial differential equation model proposed by Barkley. Three types of events are computed in a systematic and reproducible manner: (i) the collapse of isolated puffs and domains initially containing their steady turbulent fraction; (ii) the puff splitting; (iii) the build-up of turbulence from the laminar base flow under a noise perturbation of vanishing variance. For build-up events, an extreme realization of the vanishing variance noise pushes the state from the laminar base flow to the most probable germ of turbulence which in turn develops into a full blown puff. For collapse events, the Reynolds number and length ranges of the two regimes of collapse of laminar-turbulent pipes, independent collapse or global collapse of puffs, is determined. The mean first passage time before each event is then systematically computed as a function of the Reynolds number r and pipe length L in the laminar-turbulent coexistence range of Reynolds number. In the case of isolated puffs, the faster-than-linear growth with Reynolds number of the logarithm of mean first passage time T before collapse is separated in two. One finds that ln(T)=A_{p}r-B_{p}, with A_{p} and B_{p} positive. Moreover, A_{p} and B_{p} are affine in the spatial integral of turbulence intensity of the puff, with the same slope. In the case of pipes initially containing the steady turbulent fraction, the length L and Reynolds number r dependence of the mean first passage time T before collapse is also separated. The author finds that T≍exp[L(Ar-B)] with A and B positive. The length and Reynolds number dependence of T are then discussed in view of the large deviations theoretical approaches of the study of mean first passage times and multistability, where ln(T) in the limit of small variance noise is studied. Two points of view, local noise of small variance and large length, can be used to discuss the exponential dependence in L of T. In particular, it is shown how a T≍exp[L(A^{'}R-B^{'})] can be derived in a conceptual two degrees of freedom model of a transitional wall flow proposed by Dauchot and Manneville. This is done by identifying a quasipotential in low variance noise, large length limit. This pinpoints the physical effects controlling collapse and build-up trajectories and corresponding passage times with an emphasis on the saddle points between laminar and turbulent states. This analytical analysis also shows that these effects lead to the asymmetric probability density function of kinetic energy of turbulence.}, }
@article {pmid29548094, year = {2018}, author = {Nemoto, T and Alexakis, A}, title = {Method to measure efficiently rare fluctuations of turbulence intensity for turbulent-laminar transitions in pipe flows.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {97}, number = {2-1}, pages = {022207}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.97.022207}, pmid = {29548094}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The fluctuations of turbulence intensity in a pipe flow around the critical Reynolds number is difficult to study but important because they are related to turbulent-laminar transitions. We here propose a rare-event sampling method to study such fluctuations in order to measure the time scale of the transition efficiently. The method is composed of two parts: (i) the measurement of typical fluctuations (the bulk part of an accumulative probability function) and (ii) the measurement of rare fluctuations (the tail part of the probability function) by employing dynamics where a feedback control of the Reynolds number is implemented. We apply this method to a chaotic model of turbulent puffs proposed by Barkley and confirm that the time scale of turbulence decay increases super exponentially even for high Reynolds numbers up to Re =2500, where getting enough statistics by brute-force calculations is difficult. The method uses a simple procedure of changing Reynolds number that can be applied even to experiments.}, }
@article {pmid29542932, year = {2018}, author = {Song, F and Ju, D and Gu, F and Liu, Y and Ji, Y and Ren, Y and He, X and Sha, B and Li, BQ and Yang, Q}, title = {Parametric Study on Electric Field-Induced Micro-/Nanopatterns in Thin Polymer Films.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {34}, number = {14}, pages = {4188-4198}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00007}, pmid = {29542932}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {Electric field-induced micro-/nanopatterns in thin polymer films, sometimes referred as electrohydrodynamic patterning, is a promising technique to fabricate micro-/nanostructures. Extensive attention has been attracted because of its advantages in microcontact (easy demolding) and low cost. Although considerable work has been done on this technique, including both experimental and theoretical ones, there still appears a requirement for understanding the mechanism of electrohydrodynamic patterning. Thus, we systematically studied the effect of different parameters on electrohydrodynamic patterning with a numerical phase field model. Previous researchers usually employed lubrication approximation (i.e., long-wave approximation) to simplify the numerical model. However, this approximation would lose its validity if the structure height is on the same scale or larger than the wavelength, which occurs in most cases. Thus, we abandoned the lubrication approximation and solved the full governing equations for fluid flow and electric field. In this model, the deformation of polymer film is described by the phase field model. As to the electric field, the leaky dielectric model is adopted in which both electrical permittivity and conductivity are considered. The fluid flow together with electric field is coupled together in the framework of phase field. By this model, the effect of physical parameters, such as external voltage, template structure height, and polymer conductivity, is studied in detail. After that, the governing equations are nondimesionalized to analyze the relationship between different parameters. A dimensionless parameter, electrical Reynolds number ER, is defined, for which, a large value would simplify the electric field to perfect dielectric model and a small value leads it to steady leaky model. These findings and results may enhance our understanding of electrohydrodynamic patterning and may be a meaningful guide for experiments.}, }
@article {pmid29542796, year = {2018}, author = {Du, D and Hilou, E and Biswal, SL}, title = {Reconfigurable paramagnetic microswimmers: Brownian motion affects non-reciprocal actuation.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {14}, number = {18}, pages = {3463-3470}, doi = {10.1039/c8sm00069g}, pmid = {29542796}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {Swimming at low Reynolds number is typically dominated by a large viscous drag, therefore microscale swimmers require non-reciprocal body deformation to generate locomotion. Purcell described a simple mechanical swimmer at the microscale consisting of three rigid components connected together with two hinges. Here we present a simple microswimmer consisting of two rigid paramagnetic particles with different sizes. When placed in an eccentric magnetic field, this simple microswimmer exhibits non-reciprocal body motion and its swimming locomotion can be directed in a controllable manner. Additional components can be added to create a multibody microswimmer, whereby the particles act cooperatively and translate in a given direction. For some multibody swimmers, the stochastic thermal forces fragment the arm, which therefore modifies the swimming strokes and changes the locomotive speed. This work offers insight into directing the motion of active systems with novel time-varying magnetic fields. It also reveals that Brownian motion not only affects the locomotion of reciprocal swimmers that are subject to the Scallop theorem, but also affects that of non-reciprocal swimmers.}, }
@article {pmid29542373, year = {2018}, author = {Oota-Ishigaki, A and Masuzawa, T and Nagayama, K}, title = {Analysis of the effect of the size of three-dimensional micro-geometric structures on physical adhesion phenomena using microprint technique.}, journal = {The International journal of artificial organs}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, pages = {277-283}, doi = {10.1177/0391398818763264}, pmid = {29542373}, issn = {1724-6040}, mesh = {Biocompatible Materials ; Heart-Assist Devices/*adverse effects ; Humans ; Hydrodynamics ; Surface Properties ; Thrombosis/*etiology ; }, abstract = {Thrombus formation on biomaterial surfaces with microstructures is complex and not fully understood. We have studied the micro-secondary flow around microstructures that causes components of blood to adhere physically in a low Reynolds number region. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of micro-column size on the adhesion phenomena and show a quantitative relationship between the micro-secondary flow and physical adhesion phenomena, considering microstructures of various sizes. The flow simulation and quantitative assessment of adhesion rates around micro-columns was conducted using four sizes of micro-columns. This study also calculated the vectors of micro-secondary flow and average shear rate around a micro-column using a computational fluid dynamics analysis. The simulation showed the micro-secondary flow toward the bottom surface at upstream side and low shear rate distribution generated around a micro-column. Furthermore, physical adhesion tests were conducted using microbeads and a perfusion circuit to examine the size effect of the micro-columns on the physical adhesion. The results showed that the average adhesion rate around the micro-column increases with the associated size increase of the micro-column. Our results indicate that quantification of micro-secondary flow on a material surface with microstructures of several sizes and shapes (such as in a rough surface) is important for the evaluation of the adhesion phenomenon even though the surface roughness value on the material surface is small.}, }
@article {pmid29535341, year = {2018}, author = {Rubol, S and Ling, B and Battiato, I}, title = {Universal scaling-law for flow resistance over canopies with complex morphology.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {4430}, pmid = {29535341}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Flow resistance caused by vegetation is a key parameter to properly assess flood management and river restoration. However, quantifying the friction factor or any of its alternative metrics, e.g. the drag coefficient, in canopies with complex geometry has proven elusive. We explore the effect of canopy morphology on vegetated channels flow structure and resistance by treating the canopy as a porous medium characterized by an effective permeability, a property that describes the ease with which water can flow through the canopy layer. We employ a two-domain model for flow over and within the canopy, which couples the log-law in the free layer to the Darcy-Brinkman equation in the vegetated layer. We validate the model analytical solutions for the average velocity profile within and above the canopy, the volumetric discharge and the friction factor against data collected across a wide range of canopy morphologies encountered in riverine systems. Results indicate agreement between model predictions and data for both simple and complex plant morphologies. For low submergence canopies, we find a universal scaling law that relates friction factor with canopy permeability and a rescaled bulk Reynolds number. This provides a valuable tool to assess habitats sustainability associated with hydro-dynamical conditions.}, }
@article {pmid29527067, year = {2017}, author = {Yang, J and Wang, X and Krane, M and Zhang, LT}, title = {Fully-coupled aeroelastic simulation with fluid compressibility - For application to vocal fold vibration.}, journal = {Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering}, volume = {315}, number = {}, pages = {584-606}, pmid = {29527067}, issn = {0045-7825}, support = {R01 DC005642/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {In this study, a fully-coupled fluid-structure interaction model is developed for studying dynamic interactions between compressible fluid and aeroelastic structures. The technique is built based on the modified Immersed Finite Element Method (mIFEM), a robust numerical technique to simulate fluid-structure interactions that has capabilities to simulate high Reynolds number flows and handles large density disparities between the fluid and the solid. For accurate assessment of this intricate dynamic process between compressible fluid, such as air and aeroelastic structures, we included in the model the fluid compressibility in an isentropic process and a solid contact model. The accuracy of the compressible fluid solver is verified by examining acoustic wave propagations in a closed and an open duct, respectively. The fully-coupled fluid-structure interaction model is then used to simulate and analyze vocal folds vibrations using compressible air interacting with vocal folds that are represented as layered viscoelastic structures. Using physiological geometric and parametric setup, we are able to obtain a self-sustained vocal fold vibration with a constant inflow pressure. Parametric studies are also performed to study the effects of lung pressure and vocal fold tissue stiffness in vocal folds vibrations. All the case studies produce expected airflow behavior and a sustained vibration, which provide verification and confidence in our future studies of realistic acoustical studies of the phonation process.}, }
@article {pmid29513310, year = {2018}, author = {Marson, RL and Huang, Y and Huang, M and Fu, T and Larson, RG}, title = {Inertio-capillary cross-streamline drift of droplets in Poiseuille flow using dissipative particle dynamics simulations.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {2267-2280}, doi = {10.1039/c7sm02294h}, pmid = {29513310}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {We find using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations that a deformable droplet sheared in a narrow microchannel migrates to steady-state position that depends upon the dimensionless particle capillary number , which controls the droplet deformability (with Vmax the centerline velocity, μf the fluid viscosity, Γ the surface tension, R the droplet radius, and H the gap), the droplet (particle) Reynolds number , which controls inertia, where ρ is the fluid density, as well as on the viscosity ratio of the droplet to the suspending fluid κ = μd/μf. We find that when the Ohnesorge number is around 0.06, so that inertia is stronger than capillarity, at small capillary number Cap < 0.1, the droplet migrates to a position close to that observed for hard spheres by Segre and Silberberg, around 60% of the distance from the centerline to the wall, while for increasing Cap the droplet steady-state position moves smoothly towards the centerline, reaching around 20% of the distance from centerline to the wall when Cap reaches 0.5 or so. For higher Oh, the droplet position is much less sensitive to Cap, and remains at around 30% of the distance from centerline to the wall over the whole accessible range of Cap. The results are insensitive to viscosity ratios from unity to the highest value studied here, around 13, and the drift towards the centerline for increasing Cap is observed for ratios of droplet diameter to gap size ranging from 0.1 to 0.3. We also find consistency between our predictions and existing perturbation theory for small droplet or particle size, as well as with experimental data. Additionally, we assess the accuracy of the DPD method and conclude that with current computer resources and methods DPD is not readily able to predict cross-stream-line drift for small particle Reynolds number (much less than unity), or for droplets that are less than one tenth the gap size, owing to excessive noise and inadequate numbers of DPD particles per droplet.}, }
@article {pmid29512658, year = {2018}, author = {Hadikhani, P and Hashemi, SMH and Balestra, G and Zhu, L and Modestino, MA and Gallaire, F and Psaltis, D}, title = {Inertial manipulation of bubbles in rectangular microfluidic channels.}, journal = {Lab on a chip}, volume = {18}, number = {7}, pages = {1035-1046}, doi = {10.1039/c7lc01283g}, pmid = {29512658}, issn = {1473-0189}, abstract = {Inertial microfluidics is an active field of research that deals with crossflow positioning of the suspended entities in microflows. Until now, the majority of the studies have focused on the behavior of rigid particles in order to provide guidelines for microfluidic applications such as sorting and filtering. Deformable entities such as bubbles and droplets are considered in fewer studies despite their importance in multiphase microflows. In this paper, we show that the trajectory of bubbles flowing in rectangular and square microchannels can be controlled by tuning the balance of forces acting on them. A T-junction geometry is employed to introduce bubbles into a microchannel and analyze their lateral equilibrium position in a range of Reynolds (1 < Re < 40) and capillary numbers (0.1 < Ca < 1). We find that the Reynolds number (Re), the capillary number (Ca), the diameter of the bubble (D[combining macron]), and the aspect ratio of the channel are the influential parameters in this phenomenon. For instance, at high Re, the flow pushes the bubble towards the wall while large Ca or D[combining macron] moves the bubble towards the center. Moreover, in the shallow channels, having aspect ratios higher than one, the bubble moves towards the narrower sidewalls. One important outcome of this study is that the equilibrium position of bubbles in rectangular channels is different from that of solid particles. The experimental observations are in good agreement with the performed numerical simulations and provide insights into the dynamics of bubbles in laminar flows which can be utilized in the design of flow based multiphase flow reactors.}, }
@article {pmid29505991, year = {2018}, author = {Martínez-Pedrero, F and Tierno, P}, title = {Advances in colloidal manipulation and transport via hydrodynamic interactions.}, journal = {Journal of colloid and interface science}, volume = {519}, number = {}, pages = {296-311}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcis.2018.02.062}, pmid = {29505991}, issn = {1095-7103}, abstract = {In this review article, we highlight many recent advances in the field of micromanipulation of colloidal particles using hydrodynamic interactions (HIs), namely solvent mediated long-range interactions. At the micrsocale, the hydrodynamic laws are time reversible and the flow becomes laminar, features that allow precise manipulation and control of colloidal matter. We focus on different strategies where externally operated microstructures generate local flow fields that induce the advection and motion of the surrounding components. In addition, we review cases where the induced flow gives rise to hydrodynamic bound states that may synchronize during the process, a phenomenon essential in different systems such as those that exhibit self-assembly and swarming.}, }
@article {pmid29497820, year = {2018}, author = {Wang, Q and Othmer, HG}, title = {Analysis of a model microswimmer with applications to blebbing cells and mini-robots.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {76}, number = {7}, pages = {1699-1763}, pmid = {29497820}, issn = {1432-1416}, support = {DMS 0817529//National Science Foundation/ ; 1311974//National Science Foundation/ ; DMS1562176//National Science Foundation/ ; R01GM107264//National Institutes of Health/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biophysical Phenomena ; Cell Membrane/physiology ; Cell Movement/*physiology ; Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Hydrodynamics ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Robotics ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {Recent research has shown that motile cells can adapt their mode of propulsion depending on the environment in which they find themselves. One mode is swimming by blebbing or other shape changes, and in this paper we analyze a class of models for movement of cells by blebbing and of nano-robots in a viscous fluid at low Reynolds number. At the level of individuals, the shape changes comprise volume exchanges between connected spheres that can control their separation, which are simple enough that significant analytical results can be obtained. Our goal is to understand how the efficiency of movement depends on the amplitude and period of the volume exchanges when the spheres approach closely during a cycle. Previous analyses were predicated on wide separation, and we show that the speed increases significantly as the separation decreases due to the strong hydrodynamic interactions between spheres in close proximity. The scallop theorem asserts that at least two degrees of freedom are needed to produce net motion in a cyclic sequence of shape changes, and we show that these degrees can reside in different swimmers whose collective motion is studied. We also show that different combinations of mode sharing can lead to significant differences in the translation and performance of pairs of swimmers.}, }
@article {pmid29487930, year = {2018}, author = {Bao, L and Spandan, V and Yang, Y and Dyett, B and Verzicco, R and Lohse, D and Zhang, X}, title = {Flow-induced dissolution of femtoliter surface droplet arrays.}, journal = {Lab on a chip}, volume = {18}, number = {7}, pages = {1066-1074}, doi = {10.1039/c7lc01321c}, pmid = {29487930}, issn = {1473-0189}, abstract = {The dissolution of liquid nanodroplets is a crucial step in many applied processes, such as separation and dispersion in the food industry, crystal formation of pharmaceutical products, concentrating and analysis in medical diagnosis, and drug delivery in aerosols. In this work, using both experiments and numerical simulations, we quantitatively study the dissolution dynamics of femtoliter surface droplets in a highly ordered array under a uniform flow. Our results show that the dissolution of femtoliter droplets strongly depends on their spatial positions relative to the flow direction, drop-to-drop spacing in the array, and the imposed flow rate. In some particular cases, the droplet at the edge of the array can dissolve about 30% faster than the ones located near the centre. The dissolution rate of the droplet increases by 60% as the inter-droplet spacing is increased from 2.5 μm to 20 μm. Moreover, the droplets close to the front of the flow commence to shrink earlier than those droplets in the center of the array. The average dissolution rate is faster for the faster flow. As a result, the dissolution time (Ti) decreases with the Reynolds number (Re) of the flow as Ti ∝ Re-3/4. The experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical simulations where the advection-diffusion equation for the concentration field is solved and the concentration gradient on the surface of the drop is computed. The findings suggest potential approaches to manipulate nanodroplet sizes in droplet arrays simply by dissolution controlled by an external flow. The obtained droplets with varying curvatures may serve as templates for generating multifocal microlenses in one array.}, }
@article {pmid29481162, year = {2018}, author = {Nissan, A and Berkowitz, B}, title = {Inertial Effects on Flow and Transport in Heterogeneous Porous Media.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {120}, number = {5}, pages = {054504}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.054504}, pmid = {29481162}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {We investigate the effects of high fluid velocities on flow and tracer transport in heterogeneous porous media. We simulate fluid flow and advective transport through two-dimensional pore-scale matrices with varying structural complexity. As the Reynolds number increases, the flow regime transitions from linear to nonlinear; this behavior is controlled by the medium structure, where higher complexity amplifies inertial effects. The result is, nonintuitively, increased homogenization of the flow field, which leads in the context of conservative chemical transport to less anomalous behavior. We quantify the transport patterns via a continuous time random walk, using the spatial distribution of the kinetic energy within the fluid as a characteristic measure.}, }
@article {pmid29481155, year = {2018}, author = {Cerbus, RT and Liu, CC and Gioia, G and Chakraborty, P}, title = {Laws of Resistance in Transitional Pipe Flows.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {120}, number = {5}, pages = {054502}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.054502}, pmid = {29481155}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {As everyone knows who has opened a kitchen faucet, pipe flow is laminar at low flow velocities and turbulent at high flow velocities. At intermediate velocities, there is a transition wherein plugs of laminar flow alternate along the pipe with &quot;flashes&quot; of a type of fluctuating, nonlaminar flow that remains poorly understood. In the 19th century, Osborne Reynolds sought to connect these states of flow with quantitative &quot;laws of resistance,&quot; whereby the fluid friction is determined as a function of the Reynolds number. While he succeeded for laminar and turbulent flows, the laws for transitional flows eluded him and remain unknown to this day. By properly distinguishing between laminar plugs and flashes in the transitional regime, we show experimentally and numerically that the law of resistance for laminar plugs corresponds to the laminar law and the law of resistance for flashes is identical to that of turbulence.}, }
@article {pmid29480329, year = {2018}, author = {Wu, H and de León, MAP and Othmer, HG}, title = {Getting in shape and swimming: the role of cortical forces and membrane heterogeneity in eukaryotic cells.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {77}, number = {3}, pages = {595-626}, pmid = {29480329}, issn = {1432-1416}, support = {R01 GM029123/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; #54-CA-210190/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; DMS 0817529//National Science Foundation/International ; U54 CA210190/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; 1311974//National Science Foundation/International ; }, abstract = {Recent research has shown that motile cells can adapt their mode of propulsion to the mechanical properties of the environment in which they find themselves-crawling in some environments while swimming in others. The latter can involve movement by blebbing or other cyclic shape changes, and both highly-simplified and more realistic models of these modes have been studied previously. Herein we study swimming that is driven by membrane tension gradients that arise from flows in the actin cortex underlying the membrane, and does not involve imposed cyclic shape changes. Such gradients can lead to a number of different characteristic cell shapes, and our first objective is to understand how different distributions of membrane tension influence the shape of cells in an inviscid quiescent fluid. We then analyze the effects of spatial variation in other membrane properties, and how they interact with tension gradients to determine the shape. We also study the effect of fluid-cell interactions and show how tension leads to cell movement, how the balance between tension gradients and a variable bending modulus determine the shape and direction of movement, and how the efficiency of movement depends on the properties of the fluid and the distribution of tension and bending modulus in the membrane.}, }
@article {pmid29466251, year = {2018}, author = {Arranz, G and Moriche, M and Uhlmann, M and Flores, O and García-Villalba, M}, title = {Kinematics and dynamics of the auto-rotation of a model winged seed.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {036011}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/aab144}, pmid = {29466251}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Biomechanical Phenomena ; Biomimetics ; Computer Simulation ; *Models, Biological ; Motion ; Rotation ; Seeds/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Wind ; }, abstract = {Numerical simulations of the auto-rotation of a model winged seed are presented. The calculations are performed by solving simultaneously the Navier-Stokes equations for the flow surrounding the seed and the rigid-body equations for the motion of the seed. The Reynolds number based on the descent speed and a characteristic chord length is varied in the range 80-240. Within this range, the seed attains an asymptotic state with finite amplitude auto-rotation, while for smaller values of the Reynolds number no auto-rotation is observed. The motion of the seed is characterized by the coning and pitch angles, the angular velocity and the horizontal translation of the seed. The values obtained for these quantities are qualitatively similar to those reported in the literature in experiments with real winged seeds. When increasing the Reynolds number, the seed tends to rotate at higher speeds, with less inclination with respect to the horizontal plane, and with a larger translation velocity. With respect to the aerodynamic forces, it is observed that, with increasing Reynolds number, the horizontal components decrease in magnitude while the vertical component increases. The force distribution along the wing span is characterized using both global and local characteristic speeds and chord lengths for the non-dimensionalisation of the force coefficients. It is found that the vertical component does not depend on the Reynolds number when using local scaling, while the chordwise component of the force does.}, }
@article {pmid29462624, year = {2018}, author = {Ishimoto, K and Gadêlha, H and Gaffney, EA and Smith, DJ and Kirkman-Brown, J}, title = {Human sperm swimming in a high viscosity mucus analogue.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {446}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.02.013}, pmid = {29462624}, issn = {1095-8541}, support = {HCS SCL-2014-05-001//Department of Health/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; Mucus/metabolism ; Sperm Motility/*physiology ; Spermatozoa/cytology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Remarkably, mammalian sperm maintain a substantive proportion of their progressive swimming speed within highly viscous fluids, including those of the female reproductive tract. Here, we analyse the digital microscopy of a human sperm swimming in a highly viscous, weakly elastic mucus analogue. We exploit principal component analysis to simplify its flagellar beat pattern, from which boundary element calculations are used to determine the time-dependent flow field around the sperm cell. The sperm flow field is further approximated in terms of regularised point forces, and estimates of the mechanical power consumption are determined, for comparison with analogous low viscosity media studies. This highlights extensive differences in the structure of the flows surrounding human sperm in different media, indicating how the cell-cell and cell-boundary hydrodynamic interactions significantly differ with the physical microenvironment. The regularised point force decomposition also provides cell-level information that may ultimately be incorporated into sperm population models. We further observe indications that the core feature in explaining the effectiveness of sperm swimming in high viscosity media is the loss of cell yawing, which is related with a greater density of regularised point force singularities along the axis of symmetry of the flagellar beat to represent the flow field. In turn this implicates a reduction of the wavelength of the distal beat pattern - and hence dynamical wavelength selection of the flagellar beat - as the dominant feature governing the effectiveness of sperm swimming in highly viscous media.}, }
@article {pmid29454239, year = {2018}, author = {Ren, LF and Adeel, M and Li, J and Xu, C and Xu, Z and Zhang, X and Shao, J and He, Y}, title = {Phenol separation from phenol-laden saline wastewater by membrane aromatic recovery system-like membrane contactor using superhydrophobic/organophilic electrospun PDMS/PMMA membrane.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {135}, number = {}, pages = {31-43}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.011}, pmid = {29454239}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Dimethylpolysiloxanes/chemistry ; Equipment Design ; *Membranes, Artificial ; Methacrylates/chemistry ; Phenol/*isolation &amp; purification ; Polymethyl Methacrylate/chemistry ; Sodium Chloride ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/instrumentation/*methods ; Waste Water/chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*isolation &amp; purification ; Water Purification/instrumentation/methods ; }, abstract = {Phenol recovery from phenol-laden saline wastewater plays an important role in the waste reclamation and pollution control. A membrane aromatic recovery system-like membrane contactor (MARS-like membrane contactor) was set up in this study using electrospun polydimethylsiloxane/polymethyl methacrylate (PDMS/PMMA) membrane with 0.0048 m2 effective area to separate phenol from saline wastewater. Phenol and water contact angles of 0° and 162° were achieved on this membrane surface simultaneously, indicating its potential in the separation of phenol and water-soluble salt. Feed solution (500 mL) of 0.90 L/h and receiving solution (500 mL) of 1.26 L/h were investigated to be the optimum conditions for phenol separation, which corresponds to the employed Reynolds number of 14.6 and 20.5. During 108-h continuous separation for feed solution (2.0 g/L phenol, 10.0 g/L NaCl) under room temperature (20 °C), 42.6% of phenol was recycled in receiving solution with a salt rejection of 99.95%. Meanwhile, the mean phenol mass transfer coefficient (Kov) was 6.7 × 10-7 m s-1. As a membrane-based process, though the permeated phenol increased with the increase of phenol concentration in feed solution, the phenol recovery ratio was determined by the membrane properties rather than the pollutant concentrations. Phenol was found to permeate this membrane via adsorption, diffusion and desorption, and therefore, the membrane fouling generated from pore blockage in other membrane separation processes was totally avoided.}, }
@article {pmid29448779, year = {2018}, author = {Fang, C and Wu, X and Yang, F and Qiao, R}, title = {Flow of quasi-two dimensional water in graphene channels.}, journal = {The Journal of chemical physics}, volume = {148}, number = {6}, pages = {064702}, doi = {10.1063/1.5017491}, pmid = {29448779}, issn = {1089-7690}, abstract = {When liquids confined in slit channels approach a monolayer, they become two-dimensional (2D) fluids. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we study the flow of quasi-2D water confined in slit channels featuring pristine graphene walls and graphene walls with hydroxyl groups. We focus on to what extent the flow of quasi-2D water can be described using classical hydrodynamics and what are the effective transport properties of the water and the channel. First, the in-plane shearing of quasi-2D water confined between pristine graphene can be described using the classical hydrodynamic equation, and the viscosity of the water is ∼50% higher than that of the bulk water in the channel studied here. Second, the flow of quasi-2D water around a single hydroxyl group is perturbed at a position of tens of cluster radius from its center, as expected for low Reynolds number flows. Even though water is not pinned at the edge of the hydroxyl group, the hydroxyl group screens the flow greatly, with a single, isolated hydroxyl group rendering drag similar to ∼90 nm2 pristine graphene walls. Finally, the flow of quasi-2D water through graphene channels featuring randomly distributed hydroxyl groups resembles the fluid flow through porous media. The effective friction factor of the channel increases linearly with the hydroxyl groups' area density up to 0.5 nm-2 but increases nonlinearly at higher densities. The effective friction factor of the channel can be fitted to a modified Carman equation at least up to a hydroxyl area density of 2.0 nm-2. These findings help understand the liquid transport in 2D material-based nanochannels for applications including desalination.}, }
@article {pmid29445037, year = {2018}, author = {Godoy-Diana, R and Thiria, B}, title = {On the diverse roles of fluid dynamic drag in animal swimming and flying.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {15}, number = {139}, pages = {}, pmid = {29445037}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Hydrodynamics ; *Models, Biological ; Swimming/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Questions of energy dissipation or friction appear immediately when addressing the problem of a body moving in a fluid. For the most simple problems, involving a constant steady propulsive force on the body, a straightforward relation can be established balancing this driving force with a skin friction or form drag, depending on the Reynolds number and body geometry. This elementary relation closes the full dynamical problem and sets, for instance, average cruising velocity or energy cost. In the case of finite-sized and time-deformable bodies though, such as flapping flyers or undulatory swimmers, the comprehension of driving/dissipation interactions is not straightforward. The intrinsic unsteadiness of the flapping and deforming animal bodies complicates the usual application of classical fluid dynamic forces balance. One of the complications is because the shape of the body is indeed changing in time, accelerating and decelerating perpetually, but also because the role of drag (more specifically the role of the local drag) has two different facets, contributing at the same time to global dissipation and to driving forces. This causes situations where a strong drag is not necessarily equivalent to inefficient systems. A lot of living systems are precisely using strong sources of drag to optimize their performance. In addition to revisiting classical results under the light of recent research on these questions, we discuss in this review the crucial role of drag from another point of view that concerns the fluid-structure interaction problem of animal locomotion. We consider, in particular, the dynamic subtleties brought by the quadratic drag that resists transverse motions of a flexible body or appendage performing complex kinematics, such as the phase dynamics of a flexible flapping wing, the propagative nature of the bending wave in undulatory swimmers, or the surprising relevance of drag-based resistive thrust in inertial swimmers.}, }
@article {pmid29435817, year = {2018}, author = {Walait, A and Siddiqui, AM and Rana, MA}, title = {Analysis of a self-propelling sheet with heat transfer through non-isothermal fluid in an inclined human cervical canal.}, journal = {Journal of biological physics}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, pages = {273-300}, pmid = {29435817}, issn = {1573-0689}, mesh = {*Biophysical Phenomena ; *Cervical Vertebrae ; Computer Simulation ; *Hot Temperature ; Humans ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted ; Pressure ; *Rheology ; }, abstract = {The present theoretical analysis deals with biomechanics of the self-propulsion of a swimming sheet with heat transfer through non-isothermal fluid filling an inclined human cervical canal. Partial differential equations arising from the mathematical modeling of the proposed model are solved analytically. Flow variables like pressure gradient, propulsive velocity, fluid velocity, time mean flow rate, fluid temperature, and heat-transfer coefficients are analyzed for the pertinent parameters. Striking features of the pumping characteristics are explored. Propulsive velocity of the swimming sheet becomes faster for lower Froude number, higher Reynolds number, and for a vertical channel. Temperature and peak value of the heat-transfer coefficients below the swimming sheet showed an increase by the increment of Brinkmann number, inclination, pressure difference over wavelength, and Reynolds number whereas these quantities decrease with increasing Froude number. Aforesaid parameters have shown opposite effects on the peak value of the heat-transfer coefficients below and above the swimming sheet. Relevance of the current results to the spermatozoa transport with heat transfer through non-isothermal cervical mucus filling an inclined human cervical canal is also explored.}, }
@article {pmid29429719, year = {2018}, author = {Dehbani, M and Rahimi, M}, title = {Introducing ultrasonic falling film evaporator for moderate temperature evaporation enhancement.}, journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry}, volume = {42}, number = {}, pages = {689-696}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.12.016}, pmid = {29429719}, issn = {1873-2828}, abstract = {In the present study, Ultrasonic Falling Film (USFF), as a novel technique has been proposed to increase the evaporation rate of moderate temperature liquid film. It is a proper method for some applications which cannot be performed at high temperature, such as foodstuff industry, due to their sensitivity to high temperatures. Evaporation rate of sodium chloride solution from an USFF on an inclined flat plate compared to that for Falling Film without ultrasonic irradiation (FF) at various temperatures was investigated. The results revealed that produced cavitation bubbles have different effects on evaporation rate at different temperatures. At lower temperatures, size fluctuation and collapse of bubbles and in consequence induced physical effects of cavitation bubbles resulted in more turbulency and evaporation rate enhancement. At higher temperatures, the behavior was different. Numerous created bubbles joined together and cover the plate surface, so not only decreased the ultrasound vibrations but also reduced the evaporation rate in comparison with FF. The highest evaporation rate enhancement of 353% was obtained at 40 °C at the lowest Reynolds number of 250. In addition, the results reveal that at temperature of 40 °C, USFF has the highest efficiency compared to FF.}, }
@article {pmid29420569, year = {2018}, author = {Tang, H and Xu, L and Hu, F}, title = {Hydrodynamic characteristics of knotted and knotless purse seine netting panels as determined in a flume tank.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {e0192206}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0192206}, pmid = {29420569}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Hydrodynamics ; Models, Theoretical ; *Nylons ; }, abstract = {Nylon (PA) netting is widely used in purse seines and other fishing gears due to its high strength and good sinking performance. However, hydrodynamic properties of nylon netting of different characteristics are poorly understood. This study investigated hydrodynamic characteristics of nylon netting of different knot types and solidity ratios under different attack angles and flow velocities. It was found that the hydrodynamic coefficient of netting panels was related to Reynolds number, solidity ratio, attack angle, knot type and twine construction. The solidity ratio was found to positively correlate with drag coefficient when the netting was normal to the flow (CD90), but not the case when the netting was parallel to the flow (CD0). For netting panels inclined to the flow, the inclined drag coefficient had a negative relationship with the solidity ratio for attack angles between 0° and 50°, but a positive relationship for attack angles between 50° and 90°. The lift coefficient increased with the attack angle, reaching the culminating point at an attack angle of 50°, before subsequent decline. We found that the drag generated by knot accounted for 15-25% of total drag, and the knotted netting with higher solidity ratio exhibited a greater CD0, but it was not the case for the knotless netting. Compared to knotless polyethylene (PE) netting, the drag coefficients of knotless PA netting were dominant at higher Reynolds number (Re>2200).}, }
@article {pmid29407276, year = {2018}, author = {Mojahed, A and Rajabi, M}, title = {Self-motile swimmers: Ultrasound driven spherical model.}, journal = {Ultrasonics}, volume = {86}, number = {}, pages = {1-5}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultras.2018.01.006}, pmid = {29407276}, issn = {1874-9968}, abstract = {The concept of ultrasound acoustic driven self-motile swimmers which is the source of autonomous propulsion is the acoustic field generated by the swimmer due to the partial oscillation of its surface is investigated. Limiting the subject to a body with simple spherical geometry, it is analytically shown that the generated acoustic radiation force due to induction by asymmetric acoustic field in host medium is non-zero, which propels the device. Assuming low Reynolds number condition, the frequency-dependent swimming velocity is calculated as a function of design parameters and optimum operating condition is obtained. The proposed methodology will open a new path towards the micro- or molecular-sized self propulsive machines or mechanism with great applications in engineering, medicine and biology.}, }
@article {pmid29404782, year = {2018}, author = {Huang, JJ and Wu, J and Huang, H}, title = {An alternative method to implement contact angle boundary condition and its application in hybrid lattice-Boltzmann finite-difference simulations of two-phase flows with immersed surfaces.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, pages = {17}, pmid = {29404782}, issn = {1292-895X}, abstract = {We propose an alternative method to implement the contact angle boundary condition on a solid wall and apply it in hybrid lattice-Boltzmann finite-difference simulations of two-phase flows with immersed surfaces in which the flow equations are solved by the lattice-Boltzmann method and the interface equations are solved by the finite-difference method. Using the hyperbolic tangent profile of the order parameter across an interface in phase-field theory, we were able to obtain its unknown value at a ghost point from the information at only one point in the fluid domain. This is in contrast with existing approaches relying on interpolations involving several points. The special feature allows it to be more easily implemented on immersed surfaces cutting through the grid lines. It was properly incorporated into the framework of the hybrid lattice-Boltzmann finite-difference simulation, and applied successfully for several problems with different levels of complexity. First, the equilibrium shapes of a droplet on a sphere with different contact angles and radii were studied under cylindrical geometry and a good agreement with theoretical predictions was found. Preliminary studies on a three-dimensional droplet spreading on a sphere were also performed and the results agreed well with the corresponding axisymmetric results. Second, the spreading of a two-dimensional drop on an embedded inclined wall with a given contact angle was investigated and the results matched those on a flat wall at the domain boundary under the same condition. Third, capillary filling in a cylindrical tube was studied and the speed of the interface in the tube was found to follow Washburn's law. Fourth, a droplet impacting on a sphere was investigated and several different outcomes were captured depending on the Reynolds number, the viscosity ratio, and the wettability and radius of the sphere. Finally, the proposed method was shown to be capable of studying even more complicated problems involving the interaction between a droplet and multiple objects of different sizes and contact angles.}, }
@article {pmid29395261, year = {2018}, author = {Mehrabian, S and Letendre, F and Cameron, CB}, title = {The mechanisms of filter feeding on oil droplets: Theoretical considerations.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {135}, number = {}, pages = {29-42}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.01.006}, pmid = {29395261}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Feeding Behavior ; Filtration ; Hydrocarbons ; Models, Theoretical ; Water ; }, abstract = {Filter feeding animals capture food particles and oil droplets from the fluid environment using cilia or appendages composed of arrays of fibers. Here we review the theoretical models that have provided a foundation for observations on the efficiency of particle capture. We then provide the mathematical theoretical framework to characterize the efficient filtration of oil droplets. In the aquatic and marine environments oil droplets are released from the decay of organisms or as hydrocarbons. Droplet size and flow velocity, oil-to-water viscosity ratio, oil-water interfacial tension, oil and water density difference, and the surface wettability, or surface texture, of the filter fiber are the key parameters for oil droplet capture. Following capture, capillary force maintains the droplet at its location due to the oil-water interfacial tension. If the oil-coated fiber is subject to any external force such as viscous or gravitational forces, it may deform and separate from the fiber and re-enter the fluid stream. We show oil droplet capture in Daphnia and the barnacle Balanus glandula, and outline some of the ecological unknowns regarding oil capture in the oceans. Awareness of these mechanisms and their interrelationships will provide a foundation for investigations into the efficiency of various modes of filter feeding on oil droplets.}, }
@article {pmid29390777, year = {2018}, author = {Karthik, K and Vengadesan, S and Bhattacharyya, SK}, title = {Prediction of flow induced sound generated by cross flow past finite length circular cylinders.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {143}, number = {1}, pages = {260}, doi = {10.1121/1.5021243}, pmid = {29390777}, issn = {1520-8524}, abstract = {The paper presents aeroacoustic results for the flow around finite-length circular cylinders at Reynolds number 84 770 for various length-to-diameter (L/D) ratios (= 3, 9, 20, 25, 30, and 35). The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved using the large eddy simulation model of turbulence followed by acoustic predictions in the far field using Ffwocs Williams and Hawkings method. The comparisons of numerical and anechoic wind tunnel measurements show good agreement in terms of the aerodynamic forces and acoustic parameters such as tonal frequency, tonal sound pressure level, and overall sound pressure level. The cylinder L/D ratio was observed to be a significant parameter that controls vortex shedding and consequently the flow induced sound generation.}, }
@article {pmid29390714, year = {2018}, author = {Mastracci, B and Guo, W}, title = {An apparatus for generation and quantitative measurement of homogeneous isotropic turbulence in He ii.}, journal = {The Review of scientific instruments}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, pages = {015107}, doi = {10.1063/1.4997735}, pmid = {29390714}, issn = {1089-7623}, abstract = {The superfluid phase of helium-4, known as He ii, exhibits extremely small kinematic viscosity and may be a useful tool for economically producing and studying high Reynolds number turbulent flow. Such applications are not currently possible because a comprehensive understanding of the complex two-fluid behavior of He ii is lacking. This situation could be remedied by a systematic investigation of simple, well controlled turbulence that can be directly compared with theoretical models. To this end, we have developed a new apparatus that combines flow visualization with second sound attenuation to study turbulence in the wake of a mesh grid towed through a He ii filled channel. One of three mesh grids (mesh number M = 3, 3.75, or 5 mm) can be pulled at speeds between 0.1 and 60 cm/s through a cast acrylic flow channel which has a 16 mm × 16 mm cross section and measures 330 mm long. The motion of solidified deuterium tracer particles, with diameter of the order 1 μm, in the resulting flow is captured by a high speed camera, and a particle tracking velocimetry algorithm resolves the Lagrangian particle trajectories through the turbulent flow field. A pair of oscillating superleak second sound transducers installed in the channel allows complementary measurement of vortex line density in the superfluid throughout the turbulent decay process. Success in early experiments demonstrates the effectiveness of both probes, and preliminary analysis of the data shows that both measurements strongly correlate with each other. Further investigations will provide comprehensive information that can be used to address open questions about turbulence in He ii and move toward the application of this fluid to high Reynolds number fluid research.}, }
@article {pmid29390681, year = {2018}, author = {Sajjadi, S and Buelna, X and Eloranta, J}, title = {Application of time-resolved shadowgraph imaging and computer analysis to study micrometer-scale response of superfluid helium.}, journal = {The Review of scientific instruments}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, pages = {013102}, doi = {10.1063/1.5002564}, pmid = {29390681}, issn = {1089-7623}, abstract = {Application of inexpensive light emitting diodes as backlight sources for time-resolved shadowgraph imaging is demonstrated. The two light sources tested are able to produce light pulse sequences in the nanosecond and microsecond time regimes. After determining their time response characteristics, the diodes were applied to study the gas bubble formation around laser-heated copper nanoparticles in superfluid helium at 1.7 K and to determine the local cavitation bubble dynamics around fast moving metal micro-particles in the liquid. A convolutional neural network algorithm for analyzing the shadowgraph images by a computer is presented and the method is validated against the results from manual image analysis. The second application employed the red-green-blue light emitting diode source that produces light pulse sequences of the individual colors such that three separate shadowgraph frames can be recorded onto the color pixels of a charge-coupled device camera. Such an image sequence can be used to determine the moving object geometry, local velocity, and acceleration/deceleration. These data can be used to calculate, for example, the instantaneous Reynolds number for the liquid flow around the particle. Although specifically demonstrated for superfluid helium, the technique can be used to study the dynamic response of any medium that exhibits spatial variations in the index of refraction.}, }
@article {pmid29388556, year = {2018}, author = {Lynch, M and Mandadzhiev, B and Wissa, A}, title = {Bioinspired wingtip devices: a pathway to improve aerodynamic performance during low Reynolds number flight.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {036003}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/aaac53}, pmid = {29388556}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Biomimetic Materials ; *Biomimetics ; Computer Simulation ; Feathers/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Hawks/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Models, Anatomic ; *Models, Biological ; Wings, Animal/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Birds are highly capable and maneuverable fliers, traits not currently shared with current small unmanned aerial vehicles. They are able to achieve these flight capabilities by adapting the shape of their wings during flight in a variety of complex manners. One feature of bird wings, the primary feathers, separate to form wingtip gaps at the distal end of the wing. This paper presents bio-inspired wingtip devices with varying wingtip gap sizes, defined as the chordwise distance between wingtip devices, for operation in low Reynolds number conditions of Re = 100 000, where many bird species operate. Lift and drag data was measured for planar and nonplanar wingtip devices with the total wingtip gap size ranging from 0% to 40% of the wing's mean chord. For a planar wing with a gap size of 20%, the mean coefficient of lift in the pre-stall region is increased by 7.25%, and the maximum coefficient of lift is increased by 5.6% compared to a configuration with no gaps. The nonplanar wingtip device was shown to reduce the induced drag. The effect of wingtip gap sizes is shown to be independent of the planarity/nonplanarity of the wingtip device, thereby allowing designers to decouple the wingtip parameters to tune the desired lift and drag produced.}, }
@article {pmid29377529, year = {2018}, author = {Lee, J and Burns, MA}, title = {One-Way Particle Transport Using Oscillatory Flow in Asymmetric Traps.}, journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/smll.201702724}, pmid = {29377529}, issn = {1613-6829}, support = {R01 HG004653/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; R21 HG005077/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques/*methods ; Particle Size ; }, abstract = {One challenge of integrating of passive, microparticles manipulation techniques into multifunctional microfluidic devices is coupling the continuous-flow format of most systems with the often batch-type operation of particle separation systems. Here, a passive fluidic technique-one-way particle transport-that can conduct microparticle operations in a closed fluidic circuit is presented. Exploiting pass/capture interactions between microparticles and asymmetric traps, this technique accomplishes a net displacement of particles in an oscillatory flow field. One-way particle transport is achieved through four kinds of trap-particle interactions: mechanical capture of the particle, asymmetric interactions between the trap and the particle, physical collision of the particle with an obstacle, and lateral shift of the particle into a particle-trapping stream. The critical dimensions for those four conditions are found by numerically solving analytical mass balance equations formulated using the characteristics of the flow field in periodic obstacle arrays. Visual observation of experimental trap-particle dynamics in low Reynolds number flow (<0.01) confirms the validity of the theoretical predictions. This technique can transport hundreds of microparticles across trap rows in only a few fluid oscillations (<500 ms per oscillation) and separate particles by their size differences.}, }
@article {pmid29376688, year = {2018}, author = {Berera, A and Ho, RDJG}, title = {Chaotic Properties of a Turbulent Isotropic Fluid.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {120}, number = {2}, pages = {024101}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.024101}, pmid = {29376688}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {By tracking the divergence of two initially close trajectories in phase space in an Eulerian approach to forced turbulence, the relation between the maximal Lyapunov exponent λ and the Reynolds number Re is measured using direct numerical simulations, performed on up to 2048^{3} collocation points. The Lyapunov exponent is found to solely depend on the Reynolds number with λ∝Re^{0.53} and that after a transient period the divergence of trajectories grows at the same rate at all scales. Finally a linear divergence is seen that is dependent on the energy forcing rate. Links are made with other chaotic systems.}, }
@article {pmid29376342, year = {2018}, author = {Lee, D and Nam, SM and Kim, JA and Di Carlo, D and Lee, W}, title = {Active Control of Inertial Focusing Positions and Particle Separations Enabled by Velocity Profile Tuning with Coflow Systems.}, journal = {Analytical chemistry}, volume = {90}, number = {4}, pages = {2902-2911}, doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05143}, pmid = {29376342}, issn = {1520-6882}, abstract = {Inertial microfluidics has drawn much attention not only for its diverse applications but also for counterintuitive new fluid dynamic behaviors. Inertial focusing positions are determined by two lift forces, that is, shear gradient and wall-induced lift forces, that are generally known to be opposite in direction in the flow through a channel. However, the direction of shear gradient lift force can be reversed if velocity profiles are shaped properly. We used coflows of two liquids with different viscosities to produce complex velocity profiles that lead to inflection point focusing and alteration of inertial focusing positions; the number and the locations of focusing positions could be actively controlled by tuning flow rates and viscosities of the liquids. Interestingly, 3-inlet coflow systems showed focusing mode switching between inflection point focusing and channel face focusing depending on Reynolds number and particle size. The focusing mode switching occurred at a specific size threshold, which was easily adjustable with the viscosity ratio of the coflows. This property led to different-sized particles focusing at completely different focusing positions and resulted in highly efficient particle separation of which the separation threshold was tunable. Passive separation techniques, including inertial microfluidics, generally have a limitation in the control of separation parameters. Coflow systems can provide a simple and versatile platform for active tuning of velocity profiles and subsequent inertial focusing characteristics, which was demonstrated by active control of the focusing mode using viscosity ratio tuning and temperature changes of the coflows.}, }
@article {pmid29372888, year = {2018}, author = {Fu, J and Liu, X and Shyy, W and Qiu, H}, title = {Effects of flexibility and aspect ratio on the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {036001}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/aaaac1}, pmid = {29372888}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Mimicry ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Compliance/physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Insecta/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Wings, Animal/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In the current study, we experimentally investigated the flexibility effects on the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings and the correlation with aspect ratio at angle of attack α = 45°. The Reynolds number based on the chord length and the wing tip velocity is maintained at Re = 5.3 × 103. Our result for compliant wings with an aspect ratio of 4 shows that wing flexibility can offer improved aerodynamic performance compared to that of a rigid wing. Flexible wings are found to offer higher lift-to-drag ratios; in particular, there is significant reduction in drag with little compromise in lift. The mechanism of the flexibility effects on the aerodynamic performance is addressed by quantifying the aerodynamic lift and drag forces, the transverse displacement on the wings and the flow field around the wings. The regime of the effective stiffness that offers improved aerodynamic performance is quantified in a range of about 0.5-10 and it matches the stiffness of insect wings with similar aspect ratios. Furthermore, we find that the aspect ratio of the wing is the predominant parameter determining the flexibility effects of compliant wings. Compliant wings with an aspect ratio of two do not demonstrate improved performance compared to their rigid counterparts throughout the entire stiffness regime investigated. The correlation between wing flexibility effects and the aspect ratio is supported by the stiffness of real insect wings.}, }
@article {pmid29367420, year = {2018}, author = {Bocanegra Evans, H and Hamed, AM and Gorumlu, S and Doosttalab, A and Aksak, B and Chamorro, LP and Castillo, L}, title = {Engineered bio-inspired coating for passive flow control.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {115}, number = {6}, pages = {1210-1214}, pmid = {29367420}, issn = {1091-6490}, abstract = {Flow separation and vortex shedding are some of the most common phenomena experienced by bluff bodies under relative motion with the surrounding medium. They often result in a recirculation bubble in regions with adverse pressure gradient, which typically reduces efficiency in vehicles and increases loading on structures. Here, the ability of an engineered coating to manipulate the large-scale recirculation region was tested in a separated flow at moderate momentum thickness Reynolds number, [Formula: see text] We show that the coating, composed of uniformly distributed cylindrical pillars with diverging tips, successfully reduces the size of, and shifts downstream, the separation bubble. Despite the so-called roughness parameter, [Formula: see text], falling within the hydrodynamic smooth regime, the coating is able to modulate the large-scale recirculating motion. Remarkably, this modulation does not induce noticeable changes in the near-wall turbulence levels. Supported with experimental data and theoretical arguments based on the averaged equations of motion, we suggest that the inherent mechanism responsible for the bubble modulation is essentially unsteady suction and blowing controlled by the increasing cross-section of the tips. The coating can be easily fabricated and installed and works under dry and wet conditions, increasing its potential impact on a diverse range of applications.}, }
@article {pmid29347793, year = {2017}, author = {Zhao, Y and Tao, J and Xiong, X}, title = {Instabilities of an annulus flow between rotating cylinders in a helical magnetic field.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {96}, number = {5-1}, pages = {053101}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.96.053101}, pmid = {29347793}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The stabilities of an annulus flow between the rotating inner and outer cylinders with an external helical magnetic field are studied by using the quasistatic approximation. It is shown numerically that for the spiral base flow with a zero axial pressure gradient, the helical magnetic field yields a helical traveling wave at a critical Reynolds number. This wave mode is revealed to be the most unstable mode by linear stability analysis. At higher Reynolds numbers, the first wave mode is superposed by a second antisymmetric helical wave mode, which travels with a higher phase velocity than the first mode. When the Reynolds number is increased further, the flow becomes turbulent, but the key features of the flow structure are still dominated by the first and the second wave modes. Furthermore, when a finite axial pressure gradient is applied to guarantee a zero axial flow rate, the annulus flow is found to be more unstable than the case with zero axial pressure gradient.}, }
@article {pmid29347758, year = {2017}, author = {Elperin, T and Kleeorin, N and Liberman, M and Lipatnikov, AN and Rogachevskii, I and Yu, R}, title = {Turbulent diffusion of chemically reacting flows: Theory and numerical simulations.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {96}, number = {5-1}, pages = {053111}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.96.053111}, pmid = {29347758}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The theory of turbulent diffusion of chemically reacting gaseous admixtures developed previously [T. Elperin et al., Phys. Rev. E 90, 053001 (2014)PLEEE81539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.90.053001] is generalized for large yet finite Reynolds numbers and the dependence of turbulent diffusion coefficient on two parameters, the Reynolds number and Damköhler number (which characterizes a ratio of turbulent and reaction time scales), is obtained. Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNSs) of a finite-thickness reaction wave for the first-order chemical reactions propagating in forced, homogeneous, isotropic, and incompressible turbulence are performed to validate the theoretically predicted effect of chemical reactions on turbulent diffusion. It is shown that the obtained DNS results are in good agreement with the developed theory.}, }
@article {pmid29347655, year = {2017}, author = {Plan, ELCVM and Musacchio, S and Vincenzi, D}, title = {Emergence of chaos in a viscous solution of rods.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {96}, number = {5-1}, pages = {053108}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.96.053108}, pmid = {29347655}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {It is shown that the addition of small amounts of microscopic rods in a viscous fluid at low Reynolds number causes a significant increase of the flow resistance. Numerical simulations of the dynamics of the solution reveal that this phenomenon is associated to a transition from laminar to chaotic flow. Polymer stresses give rise to flow instabilities which, in turn, perturb the alignment of the rods. This coupled dynamics results in the activation of a wide range of scales, which enhances the mixing efficiency of viscous flows.}, }
@article {pmid29347433, year = {2017}, author = {Fouxon, I and Ge, Z and Brandt, L and Leshansky, A}, title = {Integral representation of channel flow with interacting particles.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {96}, number = {6-1}, pages = {063110}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.96.063110}, pmid = {29347433}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We construct a boundary integral representation for the low-Reynolds-number flow in a channel in the presence of freely suspended particles (or droplets) of arbitrary size and shape. We demonstrate that lubrication theory holds away from the particles at horizontal distances exceeding the channel height and derive a multipole expansion of the flow which is dipolar to the leading approximation. We show that the dipole moment of an arbitrary particle is a weighted integral of the stress and the flow at the particle surface, which can be determined numerically. We introduce the equation of motion that describes hydrodynamic interactions between arbitrary, possibly different, distant particles, with interactions determined by the product of the mobility matrix and the dipole moment. Further, the problem of three identical interacting spheres initially aligned in the streamwise direction is considered and the experimentally observed &quot;pair exchange&quot; phenomenon is derived analytically and confirmed numerically. For nonaligned particles, we demonstrate the formation of a configuration with one particle separating from a stable pair. Our results suggest that in a dilute initially homogenous particulate suspension flowing in a channel the particles will eventually separate into singlets and pairs.}, }
@article {pmid29347297, year = {2017}, author = {Hiruta, Y and Toh, S}, title = {Intermittent direction reversals of moving spatially localized turbulence observed in two-dimensional Kolmogorov flow.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {96}, number = {6-1}, pages = {063112}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.96.063112}, pmid = {29347297}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We have found that in two-dimensional Kolmogorov flow a spatially localized turbulent state (SLT) exists stably and travels with a constant speed on average switching the moving direction randomly and intermittently for moderate values of the control parameters: Reynolds number and the flow rate. We define the coarse-grained position and velocity of an SLT and separate the motion of the SLT from its internal turbulent dynamics by introducing a co-moving frame. The switching process of an SLT represented by the coarse-grained velocity seems to be a random telegraph signal. Focusing on the asymmetry of the internal turbulence we introduce two coarse-grained variables characterizing the internal dynamics. These quantities follow the switching process reasonably. This suggests that the twin attracting invariant sets each of which corresponds to a one-way traveling SLT are embedded in the attractor of the moving SLT and the connection of the two sets is too complicated to be represented by a few degrees of freedom but the motion of an SLT is correlated with the internal turbulent dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid29347290, year = {2017}, author = {Schilling, O and Mueschke, NJ}, title = {Turbulent transport and mixing in transitional Rayleigh-Taylor unstable flow: A priori assessment of gradient-diffusion and similarity modeling.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {96}, number = {6-1}, pages = {063111}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.96.063111}, pmid = {29347290}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Data from a 1152×760×1280 direct numerical simulation [N. J. Mueschke and O. Schilling, Phys. Fluids 21, 014106 (2009)PHFLE61070-663110.1063/1.3064120] of a Rayleigh-Taylor mixing layer modeled after a small-Atwood-number water-channel experiment is used to investigate the validity of gradient diffusion and similarity closures a priori. The budgets of the mean flow, turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, heavy-fluid mass fraction variance, and heavy-fluid mass fraction variance dissipation rate transport equations across the mixing layer were previously analyzed [O. Schilling and N. J. Mueschke, Phys. Fluids 22, 105102 (2010)PHFLE61070-663110.1063/1.3484247] at different evolution times to identify the most important transport and mixing mechanisms. Here a methodology is introduced to systematically estimate model coefficients as a function of time in the closures of the dynamically significant terms in the transport equations by minimizing the L_{2} norm of the difference between the model and correlations constructed using the simulation data. It is shown that gradient-diffusion and similarity closures used for the turbulent kinetic energy K, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate ε, heavy-fluid mass fraction variance S, and heavy-fluid mass fraction variance dissipation rate χ equations capture the shape of the exact, unclosed profiles well over the nonlinear and turbulent evolution regimes. Using order-of-magnitude estimates [O. Schilling and N. J. Mueschke, Phys. Fluids 22, 105102 (2010)PHFLE61070-663110.1063/1.3484247] for the terms in the exact transport equations and their closure models, it is shown that several of the standard closures for the turbulent production and dissipation (destruction) must be modified to include Reynolds-number scalings appropriate for Rayleigh-Taylor flow at small to intermediate Reynolds numbers. The late-time, large Reynolds number coefficients are determined to be different from those used in shear flow applications and largely adopted in two-equation Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models of Rayleigh-Taylor turbulent mixing. In addition, it is shown that the predictions of the Boussinesq model for the Reynolds stress agree better with the data when additional buoyancy-related terms are included. It is shown that an unsteady RANS paradigm is needed to predict the transitional flow dynamics from early evolution times, analogous to the small Reynolds number modifications in RANS models of wall-bounded flows in which the production-to-dissipation ratio is far from equilibrium. Although the present study is specific to one particular flow and one set of initial conditions, the methodology could be applied to calibrations of other Rayleigh-Taylor flows with different initial conditions (which may give different results during the early-time, transitional flow stages, and perhaps asymptotic stage). The implications of these findings for developing high-fidelity eddy viscosity-based turbulent transport and mixing models of Rayleigh-Taylor turbulence are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29347258, year = {2017}, author = {Adebayo, I and Xie, Z and Che, Z and Matar, OK}, title = {Doubly excited pulse waves on thin liquid films flowing down an inclined plane: An experimental and numerical study.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {96}, number = {1-1}, pages = {013118}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.96.013118}, pmid = {29347258}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The interaction patterns between doubly excited pulse waves on thin liquid films flowing down an inclined plane are studied both experimentally and numerically. The effect of varying the film flow rate, interpulse interval, and substrate inclination angle on the pulse interaction patterns is examined. Our results show that different interaction patterns exist for these binary pulses, which include solitary wave behavior, partial or complete pulse coalescence, and pulse noncoalescence. A regime map of these patterns is plotted for each inclination angle examined, parametrized by the film Reynolds number and interpulse interval. Finally, the individual effect of the system parameters mentioned above on the coalescence distance of binary pulses in the &quot;complete pulse coalescence&quot; mode is studied; the results are compared to numerical simulations of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations yielding good agreement.}, }
@article {pmid29347222, year = {2017}, author = {Huang, Y and Wang, L and Schmitt, FG and Zheng, X and Jiang, N and Liu, Y}, title = {Extremal-point density of scaling processes: From fractional Brownian motion to turbulence in one dimension.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {96}, number = {1-1}, pages = {012215}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.96.012215}, pmid = {29347222}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {In recent years several local extrema-based methodologies have been proposed to investigate either the nonlinear or the nonstationary time series for scaling analysis. In the present work, we study systematically the distribution of the local extrema for both synthesized scaling processes and turbulent velocity data from experiments. The results show that for the fractional Brownian motion (fBm) without intermittency correction the measured extremal-point-density (EPD) agrees well with a theoretical prediction. For a multifractal random walk (MRW) with the lognormal statistics, the measured EPD is independent of the intermittency parameter μ, suggesting that the intermittency correction does not change the distribution of extremal points but changes the amplitude. By introducing a coarse-grained operator, the power-law behavior of these scaling processes is then revealed via the measured EPD for different scales. For fBm the scaling exponent ξ(H) is found to be ξ(H)=H, where H is Hurst number, while for MRW ξ(μ) shows a linear relation with the intermittency parameter μ. Such EPD approach is further applied to the turbulent velocity data obtained from a wind tunnel flow experiment with the Taylor scale λ-based Reynolds number Re_{λ}=720, and a turbulent boundary layer with the momentum thickness θ based Reynolds number Re_{θ}=810. A scaling exponent ξ≃0.37 is retrieved for the former case. For the latter one, the measured EPD shows clearly four regimes, which agrees well with the corresponding sublayer structures inside the turbulent boundary layer.}, }
@article {pmid29347180, year = {2017}, author = {Saito, S and Abe, Y and Koyama, K}, title = {Lattice Boltzmann modeling and simulation of liquid jet breakup.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {96}, number = {1-1}, pages = {013317}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.96.013317}, pmid = {29347180}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {A three-dimensional color-fluid lattice Boltzmann model for immiscible two-phase flows is developed in the framework of a three-dimensional 27-velocity (D3Q27) lattice. The collision operator comprises the D3Q27 versions of three suboperators: a multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) collision operator, a generalized Liu-Valocchi-Kang perturbation operator, and a Latva-Kokko-Rothman recoloring operator. A D3Q27 version of an enhanced equilibrium distribution function is also incorporated into this model to improve the Galilean invariance. Three types of numerical tests, namely, a static droplet, an oscillating droplet, and the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, show a good agreement with analytical solutions and numerical simulations. Following these numerical tests, this model is applied to liquid-jet-breakup simulations. The simulation conditions are matched to the conditions of the previous experiments. In this case, numerical stability is maintained throughout the simulation, although the kinematic viscosity for the continuous phase is set as low as 1.8×10^{-4}, in which case the corresponding Reynolds number is 3.4×10^{3}; the developed lattice Boltzmann model based on the D3Q27 lattice enables us to perform the simulation with parameters directly matched to the experiments. The jet's liquid column transitions from an asymmetrical to an axisymmetrical shape, and entrainment occurs from the side of the jet. The measured time history of the jet's leading-edge position shows a good agreement with the experiments. Finally, the reproducibility of the regime map for liquid-liquid systems is assessed. The present lattice Boltzmann simulations well reproduce the characteristics of predicted regimes, including varicose breakup, sinuous breakup, and atomization.}, }
@article {pmid29346972, year = {2017}, author = {Coreixas, C and Wissocq, G and Puigt, G and Boussuge, JF and Sagaut, P}, title = {Recursive regularization step for high-order lattice Boltzmann methods.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {96}, number = {3-1}, pages = {033306}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.96.033306}, pmid = {29346972}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {A lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with enhanced stability and accuracy is presented for various Hermite tensor-based lattice structures. The collision operator relies on a regularization step, which is here improved through a recursive computation of nonequilibrium Hermite polynomial coefficients. In addition to the reduced computational cost of this procedure with respect to the standard one, the recursive step allows to considerably enhance the stability and accuracy of the numerical scheme by properly filtering out second- (and higher-) order nonhydrodynamic contributions in under-resolved conditions. This is first shown in the isothermal case where the simulation of the doubly periodic shear layer is performed with a Reynolds number ranging from 10^{4} to 10^{6}, and where a thorough analysis of the case at Re=3×10^{4} is conducted. In the latter, results obtained using both regularization steps are compared against the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook LBM for standard (D2Q9) and high-order (D2V17 and D2V37) lattice structures, confirming the tremendous increase of stability range of the proposed approach. Further comparisons on thermal and fully compressible flows, using the general extension of this procedure, are then conducted through the numerical simulation of Sod shock tubes with the D2V37 lattice. They confirm the stability increase induced by the recursive approach as compared with the standard one.}, }
@article {pmid29346921, year = {2017}, author = {Maleki, M and Martinuzzi, RJ and Herzog, W and Federico, S}, title = {Orthotropic hydraulic permeability of arrays of parallel cylinders.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {96}, number = {3-1}, pages = {033112}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.96.033112}, pmid = {29346921}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Approximate analytical methods are presented to calculate the overall orthotropic hydraulic permeability of a flow with low Reynolds number, passing through a bundle of parallel circular cylinders. Two particular distributions are considered: (i) arrays with ordered rectangular lattices and (ii) irregular nonrandom distributions for which the unit cell cross sections are elliptical. The standard unit cell models, originally developed by Happel and Kuwabara for a random distribution of cylinders, are adapted to the case of nonrandom distributions. The drag force on a representative cylinder in a direction perpendicular to its axis is obtained based on the standard unit cell model: the actual unit cell of rectangular or elliptical cross section is replaced with an &quot;equivalent&quot; cylindrical unit cell of diameter equal to the maximum width of the actual unit cell. Using the obtained drag forces and referring back to the original geometry of the unit cell, closed-form approximate expressions for the overall permeabilities in the perpendicular directions are obtained. Numerical comparisons with more sophisticated approaches confirm the good efficiency of the presented approach, especially in the range of low solid volume fraction, i.e., of high porosity. Previous studies have revealed that, for the parallel fluid flow, the variation of permeability with aspect ratio (or in general the lateral arrangement) of parallel cylinders is generally weak. These observations suggest that Happel's model for parallel permeability in a random distribution of cylinders could be a good approximation for parallel permeabilities in nonrandom distributions with the same volume fraction.}, }
@article {pmid29346864, year = {2017}, author = {Yu, Z and Lin, Z and Shao, X and Wang, LP}, title = {Effects of particle-fluid density ratio on the interactions between the turbulent channel flow and finite-size particles.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {96}, number = {3-1}, pages = {033102}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.96.033102}, pmid = {29346864}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {A parallel direct-forcing fictitious domain method is employed to perform fully resolved numerical simulations of turbulent channel flow laden with finite-size particles. The effects of the particle-fluid density ratio on the turbulence modulation in the channel flow are investigated at the friction Reynolds number of 180, the particle volume fraction of 0.84%, and the particle-fluid density ratio ranging from 1 to 104.2. The results show that the variation of the flow drag with the particle-fluid density ratio is not monotonic, with a larger flow drag for the density ratio of 10.42, compared to those of unity and 104.2. A significant drag reduction by the particles is observed for large particle-fluid density ratios during the transient stage, but not at the statistically stationary stage. The intensity of particle velocity fluctuations generally decreases with increasing particle inertia, except that the particle streamwise root-mean-square velocity and streamwise-transverse velocity correlation in the near-wall region are largest at the density ratio of the order of 10. The averaged momentum equations are derived with the spatial averaging theorem and are used to analyze the mechanisms for the effects of the particles on the flow drag. The results indicate that the drag-reduction effect due to the decrease in the fluid Reynolds shear stress is counteracted by the drag-enhancement effect due to the increase in the total particle stress or the interphase drag force for the large particle-inertia case. The sum of the total Reynolds stress and particle inner stress contributions to the flow drag is largest at the density ratio of the order of 10, which is the reason for the largest flow drag at this density ratio. The interphase drag force obtained from the averaged momentum equation (the balance theory) is significantly smaller than (but agrees qualitatively with) that from the empirical drag formula based on the phase-averaged slip velocity for large density ratios. For the neutrally buoyant case, the balance theory predicts a positive interphase force on the particles arising from the negative gradient of the particle inner stress, which cannot be predicted by the drag formula based on the phase-averaged slip velocity. In addition, our results show that both particle collision and particle-turbulence interaction play roles in the formation of the inhomogeneous distribution of the particles at the density ratio of the order of 10.}, }
@article {pmid29343852, year = {2018}, author = {Hamilton, JK and Bryan, MT and Gilbert, AD and Ogrin, FY and Myers, TO}, title = {A new class of magnetically actuated pumps and valves for microfluidic applications.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {933}, pmid = {29343852}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {We propose a new class of magnetically actuated pumps and valves that could be incorporated into microfluidic chips with no further external connections. The idea is to repurpose ferromagnetic low Reynolds number swimmers as devices capable of generating fluid flow, by restricting the swimmers' translational degrees of freedom. We experimentally investigate the flow structure generated by a pinned swimmer in different scenarios, such as unrestricted flow around it as well as flow generated in straight, cross-shaped, Y-shaped and circular channels. This demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating the device into a channel and its capability of acting as a pump, valve and flow splitter. Different regimes could be selected by tuning the frequency and amplitude of the external magnetic field driving the swimmer, or by changing the channel orientation with respect to the field. This versatility endows the device with varied functionality which, together with the robust remote control and reproducibility, makes it a promising candidate for several applications.}, }
@article {pmid29341736, year = {2017}, author = {Yakhot, V and Donzis, D}, title = {Emergence of Multiscaling in a Random-Force Stirred Fluid.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {119}, number = {4}, pages = {044501}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.044501}, pmid = {29341736}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {We consider the transition to strong turbulence in an infinite fluid stirred by a Gaussian random force. The transition is defined as a first appearance of anomalous scaling of normalized moments of velocity derivatives (dissipation rates) emerging from the low-Reynolds-number Gaussian background. It is shown that, due to multiscaling, strongly intermittent rare events can be quantitatively described in terms of an infinite number of different &quot;Reynolds numbers&quot; reflecting a multitude of anomalous scaling exponents. The theoretically predicted transition disappears at R_{λ}≤3. The developed theory is in quantitative agreement with the outcome of large-scale numerical simulations.}, }
@article {pmid29333202, year = {2017}, author = {Raffiee, AH and Dabiri, S and Ardekani, AM}, title = {Elasto-inertial migration of deformable capsules in a microchannel.}, journal = {Biomicrofluidics}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {064113}, pmid = {29333202}, issn = {1932-1058}, abstract = {In this paper, we study the dynamics of deformable cells in a channel flow of Newtonian and polymeric fluids and unravel the effects of deformability, elasticity, inertia, and size on the cell motion. We investigate the role of polymeric fluids on the cell migration behavior and the performance of inertial microfluidic devices. Our results show that the equilibrium position of the cell is on the channel diagonal, in contrast to that of rigid particles, which is on the center of the channel faces for the same range of Reynolds number. A constant-viscosity polymeric fluid, modeled using an Oldroyd-B constitutive equation, drives the cells toward the channel centerline, while a shear-thinning polymeric fluid, modeled using a Giesekus constitutive equation, pushes the cells toward the channel wall. The findings of this paper suggest that the addition of polymers in microfluidic devices can be used to enhance the throughput of cell focusing and separation devices at a low cost. This study provides an insight on the role of rheological properties of the fluid and the ways that they can be tuned to control the focal position of the cells.}, }
@article {pmid29323150, year = {2018}, author = {Mrokowska, MM}, title = {Stratification-induced reorientation of disk settling through ambient density transition.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {412}, pmid = {29323150}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Settling due to gravity force is a basic transport mechanism of solid particles in fluids in the Earth. A large portion of particles occurring in nature and used in technical applications are non-spherical. Settling of particles is usually studied in homogeneous ambient conditions, however, stratification is inherent of natural fluids. It has been acknowledged that stratification modifies the velocity of settling spheres and amorphous aggregates. However, the effect of particle shape on the dynamics of settling through density-stratified ambient fluid has not been recognized well enough. Here I show experimental evidence that continuous density transition markedly modifies the settling dynamics of a disk in terms of settling velocity and orientation of a particle. Settling dynamics of a disk are more complex than dynamics of spheres and aggregates studied previously. I found that in a two-layer ambient with density transition, a disk settling in a low Reynolds number regime undergoes five phases of settling with the orientation varying from horizontal to vertical, and it may achieve two local minimum settling velocities in the density transition layer. Moreover, I found that the settling dynamics depends on a density difference between upper and lower homogeneous layers, stratification strength and thickness of density transition.}, }
@article {pmid29291432, year = {2018}, author = {Ranjit, NK and Shit, GC and Tripathi, D}, title = {Joule heating and zeta potential effects on peristaltic blood flow through porous micro vessels altered by electrohydrodynamic.}, journal = {Microvascular research}, volume = {117}, number = {}, pages = {74-89}, doi = {10.1016/j.mvr.2017.12.004}, pmid = {29291432}, issn = {1095-9319}, mesh = {Blood Flow Velocity ; *Computer Simulation ; *Electromagnetic Fields ; Electroosmosis ; Energy Transfer ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Hydrodynamics ; *Microcirculation ; Microvessels/*physiology ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; Porosity ; *Pulsatile Flow ; Regional Blood Flow ; }, abstract = {In most of the medical therapies, electromagnetic field plays important role to modulate the blood flow and to reduce the pain of human body. With this fact, this paper presents a mathematical model to study the peristaltic blood flow through porous microvessels in the presence of electrohydrodynamics. The effects of Joule heating and different zeta potential are also considered. Darcy law is employed for porous medium. The mathematical analysis is carried out in the form of electroosmosis, flow analysis and heat transfer analysis. Velocity slip conditions are imposed to solve momentum equation and thermal energy equation. Time dependent volumetric flow rate is considered which varies exponentially. Closed form solutions for potential function is obtained under Debye-Hückel approximation and velocity and temperature fields are obtained under low Reynolds number and large wavelength approximations. The influence of Hartmann number, electroosmotic parameter, slip parameters, Zeta potential, and couple stress parameter on flow characteristics, pumping characteristics and trapping phenomenon is computed. The effects of thermal slip parameters, Joule heating parameter, and Brinkman number on heat transfer characteristics are also presented graphically. Finally, the effect of Brinkman number on a graph between Nusselt number and Joule heating parameter is examined.}, }
@article {pmid29289052, year = {2017}, author = {Hamilton, E and Bruot, N and Cicuta, P}, title = {The chimera state in colloidal phase oscillators with hydrodynamic interaction.}, journal = {Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)}, volume = {27}, number = {12}, pages = {123108}, doi = {10.1063/1.4989466}, pmid = {29289052}, issn = {1089-7682}, abstract = {The chimera state is the incongruous situation where coherent and incoherent populations coexist in sets of identical oscillators. Using driven non-linear oscillators interacting purely through hydrodynamic forces at low Reynolds number, previously studied as a simple model of motile cilia supporting waves, we find concurrent incoherent and synchronised subsets in small arrays. The chimeras seen in simulation display a &quot;breathing&quot; aspect, reminiscent of uniformly interacting phase oscillators. In contrast to other systems where chimera has been observed, this system has a well-defined interaction metric, and we know that the emergent dynamics inherit the symmetry of the underlying Oseen tensor eigenmodes. The chimera state can thus be connected to a superposition of eigenstates, whilst considering the mean interaction strength within and across subsystems allows us to make a connection to more generic (and abstract) chimeras in populations of Kuramoto phase oscillators. From this work, we expect the chimera state to emerge in experimental observations of oscillators coupled through hydrodynamic forces.}, }
@article {pmid31631915, year = {2018}, author = {Bose, ST and Park, GI}, title = {Wall-Modeled Large-Eddy Simulation for Complex Turbulent Flows.}, journal = {Annual review of fluid mechanics}, volume = {50}, number = {}, pages = {535-561}, pmid = {31631915}, issn = {0066-4189}, support = {NNX15AU93A//NASA/United States ; }, abstract = {Large-eddy simulation (LES) has proven to be a computationally tractable approach to simulate unsteady turbulent flows. However, prohibitive resolution requirements induced by near-wall eddies in high-Reynolds number boundary layers necessitate the use of wall models or approximate wall boundary conditions. We review recent investigations in wall-modeled LES, including the development of novel approximate boundary conditions and the application of wall models to complex flows (e.g., boundary-layer separation, shock/boundary-layer interactions, transition). We also assess the validity of underlying assumptions in wall-model derivations to elucidate the accuracy of these investigations, and offer suggestions for future studies.}, }
@article {pmid30996402, year = {2018}, author = {Ricco, P and Hicks, PD}, title = {Streamwise-travelling viscous waves in channel flows.}, journal = {Journal of engineering mathematics}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, pages = {23-49}, doi = {10.1007/s10665-018-9953-y}, pmid = {30996402}, issn = {0022-0833}, abstract = {The unsteady viscous flow induced by streamwise-travelling waves of spanwise wall velocity in an incompressible laminar channel flow is investigated. Wall waves belonging to this category have found important practical applications, such as microfluidic flow manipulation via electro-osmosis and surface acoustic forcing and reduction of wall friction in turbulent wall-bounded flows. An analytical solution composed of the classical streamwise Poiseuille flow and a spanwise velocity profile described by the parabolic cylinder function is found. The solution depends on the bulk Reynolds number R, the scaled streamwise wavelength λ , and the scaled wave phase speed U. Numerical solutions are discussed for various combinations of these parameters. The flow is studied by the boundary-layer theory, thereby revealing the dominant physical balances and quantifying the thickness of the near-wall spanwise flow. The Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin-Jeffreys (WKBJ) theory is also employed to obtain an analytical solution, which is valid across the whole channel. For positive wave speeds which are smaller than or equal to the maximum streamwise velocity, a turning-point behaviour emerges through the WKBJ analysis. Between the wall and the turning point, the wall-normal viscous effects are balanced solely by the convection driven by the wall forcing, while between the turning point and the centreline, the Poiseuille convection balances the wall-normal diffusion. At the turning point, the Poiseuille convection and the convection from the wall forcing cancel each other out, which leads to a constant viscous stress and to the break down of the WKBJ solution. This flow regime is analysed through a WKBJ composite expansion and the Langer method. The Langer solution is simpler and more accurate than the WKBJ composite solution, while the latter quantifies the thickness of the turning-point region. We also discuss how these waves can be generated via surface acoustic forcing and electro-osmosis and propose their use as microfluidic flow mixing devices. For the electro-osmosis case, the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski velocity at the edge of the Debye-Hückel layer, which drives the bulk electrically neutral flow, is obtained by matched asymptotic expansion.}, }
@article {pmid29286796, year = {2017}, author = {Djellouli, A and Marmottant, P and Djeridi, H and Quilliet, C and Coupier, G}, title = {Buckling Instability Causes Inertial Thrust for Spherical Swimmers at All Scales.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {119}, number = {22}, pages = {224501}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.224501}, pmid = {29286796}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {Microswimmers, and among them aspirant microrobots, generally have to cope with flows where viscous forces are dominant, characterized by a low Reynolds number (Re). This implies constraints on the possible sequences of body motion, which have to be nonreciprocal. Furthermore, the presence of a strong drag limits the range of resulting velocities. Here, we propose a swimming mechanism which uses the buckling instability triggered by pressure waves to propel a spherical, hollow shell. With a macroscopic experimental model, we show that a net displacement is produced at all Re regimes. An optimal displacement caused by nontrivial history effects is reached at intermediate Re. We show that, due to the fast activation induced by the instability, this regime is reachable by microscopic shells. The rapid dynamics would also allow high-frequency excitation with standard traveling ultrasonic waves. Scale considerations predict a swimming velocity of order 1 cm/s for a remote-controlled microrobot, a suitable value for biological applications such as drug delivery.}, }
@article {pmid29286719, year = {2017}, author = {Atif, M and Kolluru, PK and Thantanapally, C and Ansumali, S}, title = {Essentially Entropic Lattice Boltzmann Model.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {119}, number = {24}, pages = {240602}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.240602}, pmid = {29286719}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {The entropic lattice Boltzmann model (ELBM), a discrete space-time kinetic theory for hydrodynamics, ensures nonlinear stability via the discrete time version of the second law of thermodynamics (the H theorem). Compliance with the H theorem is numerically enforced in this methodology and involves a search for the maximal discrete path length corresponding to the zero dissipation state by iteratively solving a nonlinear equation. We demonstrate that an exact solution for the path length can be obtained by assuming a natural criterion of negative entropy change, thereby reducing the problem to solving an inequality. This inequality is solved by creating a new framework for construction of Padé approximants via quadrature on appropriate convex function. This exact solution also resolves the issue of indeterminacy in case of nonexistence of the entropic involution step. Since our formulation is devoid of complex mathematical library functions, the computational cost is drastically reduced. To illustrate this, we have simulated a model setup of flow over the NACA-0012 airfoil at a Reynolds number of 2.88×10^{6}.}, }
@article {pmid29271639, year = {2018}, author = {Kim, JA and Lee, JR and Je, TJ and Jeon, EC and Lee, W}, title = {Size-Dependent Inertial Focusing Position Shift and Particle Separations in Triangular Microchannels.}, journal = {Analytical chemistry}, volume = {90}, number = {3}, pages = {1827-1835}, doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03851}, pmid = {29271639}, issn = {1520-6882}, abstract = {A recent study of inertial microfluidics within nonrectangular cross-section channels showed that the inertial focusing positions changes with cross-sectional shapes; therefore, the cross-sectional shape can be a useful control parameter for microfluidic particle manipulations. Here, we conducted detail investigation on unique focusing position shift phenomena, which occurs strongly in channels with the cross-sectional shape of the isosceles right triangle. The top focusing positions shift along the channel walls to the direction away from the apex with increasing Reynolds number and decreasing particle size. A larger particle with its center further away from the side walls experiences shear gradient lift toward the apex, which leads to an opposite result with changes of Reynolds and particle size. The focusing position shift and the subsequent stabilization of corner focusing lead to changes in the number of focusing positions, which enables a novel method for microparticle separations with high efficiency (>95%) and resolution (<2 μm). The separation method based on equilibrium focusing; therefore, the operation is simple and no complex separation optimization is needed. Moreover, the separation threshold can be easily modulated with flow rate adjustment. Rare cell separation from blood cell was successfully demonstrated with spiked MCF-7 cells in blood by achieving the yield of ∼95% and the throughput of ∼106 cells/min.}, }
@article {pmid29264667, year = {2018}, author = {Oakes, JM and Roth, SC and Shadden, SC}, title = {Airflow Simulations in Infant, Child, and Adult Pulmonary Conducting Airways.}, journal = {Annals of biomedical engineering}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {498-512}, doi = {10.1007/s10439-017-1971-9}, pmid = {29264667}, issn = {1573-9686}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aging/*physiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Lung/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; Pulmonary Ventilation/*physiology ; Respiratory Mechanics/*physiology ; Trachea/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The airway structure continuously evolves from birth to adulthood, influencing airflow dynamics and respiratory mechanics. We currently know very little about how airflow patterns change throughout early life and its impact on airway resistance, namely because of experimental limitations. To uncover differences in respiratory dynamics between age groups, we performed subject-specific airflow simulations in an infant, child, and adult conducting airways. Airflow throughout the respiration cycle was calculated by coupling image-based models of the conducting airways to the global respiratory mechanics, where flow was driven by a pressure differential. Trachea diameter was 19, 9, and 4.5 mm for the adult (36 years, female), child (6 years, male), and infant (0.25 years, female), respectively. Mean Reynolds number within the trachea was nearly the same for each subject (1100) and Womersley number was above unity for all three subjects and largest for the adult, highlighting the significance of transient effects. In general, air speeds and airway resistances within the conducting airways were inversely correlated with age; the 3D pressure drop was highest in the infant model. These simulations provide new insight into age-dependent flow dynamics throughout the respiration cycle within subject-specific airways.}, }
@article {pmid29258534, year = {2017}, author = {Sass, LR and Khani, M and Natividad, GC and Tubbs, RS and Baledent, O and Martin, BA}, title = {A 3D subject-specific model of the spinal subarachnoid space with anatomically realistic ventral and dorsal spinal cord nerve rootlets.}, journal = {Fluids and barriers of the CNS}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {36}, pmid = {29258534}, issn = {2045-8118}, support = {Vandal Ideas Project//University of Idaho/ ; 1R44MH112210-01A1//National Institute of Mental Health/ ; 4U54GM104944-04TBD//National Institute of General Medical Sciences/ ; P20 GM103408/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; P20GM1033408//National Institute of General Medical Sciences/ ; R44 MH112210/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; U54 GM104944/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; *Models, Anatomic ; *Models, Neurological ; Spinal Cord/*anatomy &amp; histology/diagnostic imaging ; Spinal Nerve Roots/*anatomy &amp; histology/diagnostic imaging ; Subarachnoid Space/*anatomy &amp; histology/diagnostic imaging ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The spinal subarachnoid space (SSS) has a complex 3D fluid-filled geometry with multiple levels of anatomic complexity, the most salient features being the spinal cord and dorsal and ventral nerve rootlets. An accurate anthropomorphic representation of these features is needed for development of in vitro and numerical models of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics that can be used to inform and optimize CSF-based therapeutics.<br><br>METHODS: A subject-specific 3D model of the SSS was constructed based on high-resolution anatomic MRI. An expert operator completed manual segmentation of the CSF space with detailed consideration of the anatomy. 31 pairs of semi-idealized dorsal and ventral nerve rootlets (NR) were added to the model based on anatomic reference to the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and cadaveric measurements in the literature. Key design criteria for each NR pair included the radicular line, descending angle, number of NR, attachment location along the spinal cord and exit through the dura mater. Model simplification and smoothing was performed to produce a final model with minimum vertices while maintaining minimum error between the original segmentation and final design. Final model geometry and hydrodynamics were characterized in terms of axial distribution of Reynolds number, Womersley number, hydraulic diameter, cross-sectional area and perimeter.<br><br>RESULTS: The final model had a total of 139,901 vertices with a total CSF volume within the SSS of 97.3 cm3. Volume of the dura mater, spinal cord and NR was 123.1, 19.9 and 5.8 cm3. Surface area of these features was 318.52, 112.2 and 232.1 cm2 respectively. Maximum Reynolds number was 174.9 and average Womersley number was 9.6, likely indicating presence of a laminar inertia-dominated oscillatory CSF flow field.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study details an anatomically realistic anthropomorphic 3D model of the SSS based on high-resolution MR imaging of a healthy human adult female. The model is provided for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC BY-SA 4.0) and can be used as a tool for development of in vitro and numerical models of CSF dynamics for design and optimization of intrathecal therapeutics.}, }
@article {pmid29244030, year = {2018}, author = {Shidhore, TC and Christov, IC}, title = {Static response of deformable microchannels: a comparative modelling study.}, journal = {Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, pages = {054002}, doi = {10.1088/1361-648X/aaa226}, pmid = {29244030}, issn = {1361-648X}, abstract = {We present a comparative modelling study of fluid-structure interactions in microchannels. Through a mathematical analysis based on plate theory and the lubrication approximation for low-Reynolds-number flow, we derive models for the flow rate-pressure drop relation for long shallow microchannels with both thin and thick deformable top walls. These relations are tested against full three-dimensional two-way-coupled fluid-structure interaction simulations. Three types of microchannels, representing different elasticity regimes and having been experimentally characterized previously, are chosen as benchmarks for our theory and simulations. Good agreement is found in most cases for the predicted, simulated and measured flow rate-pressure drop relationships. The numerical simulations performed allow us to also carefully examine the deformation profile of the top wall of the microchannel in any cross section, showing good agreement with the theory. Specifically, the prediction that span-wise displacement in a long shallow microchannel decouples from the flow-wise deformation is confirmed, and the predicted scaling of the maximum displacement with the hydrodynamic pressure and the various material and geometric parameters is validated.}, }
@article {pmid29239446, year = {2018}, author = {Denn, MM and Morris, JF and Bonn, D}, title = {Shear thickening in concentrated suspensions of smooth spheres in Newtonian suspending fluids.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {170-184}, doi = {10.1039/c7sm00761b}, pmid = {29239446}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {Shear thickening is a phenomenon in which the viscosity of a suspension increases with increasing stress or shear rate, sometimes in a discontinuous fashion. While the phenomenon, when observed in suspensions of corn starch in water, or Oobleck, is popular as a science experiment for children, shear thickening is actually of considerable importance for technological applications and exhibited by far simpler systems. Concentrated suspensions of smooth hard spheres will exhibit shear thickening, and understanding this behavior has required a fundamental change in the paradigm of describing low-Reynolds-number solid-fluid flows, in which contact forces have traditionally been absent. Here, we provide an overview of our understanding of shear thickening and the methods that have been developed to describe it, as well as outstanding questions.}, }
@article {pmid29219534, year = {2017}, author = {Reeves, MT and Billam, TP and Yu, X and Bradley, AS}, title = {Enstrophy Cascade in Decaying Two-Dimensional Quantum Turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {119}, number = {18}, pages = {184502}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.184502}, pmid = {29219534}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {We report evidence for an enstrophy cascade in large-scale point-vortex simulations of decaying two-dimensional quantum turbulence. Devising a method to generate quantum vortex configurations with kinetic energy narrowly localized near a single length scale, the dynamics are found to be well characterized by a superfluid Reynolds number Re_{s} that depends only on the number of vortices and the initial kinetic energy scale. Under free evolution the vortices exhibit features of a classical enstrophy cascade, including a k^{-3} power-law kinetic energy spectrum, and constant enstrophy flux associated with inertial transport to small scales. Clear signatures of the cascade emerge for N≳500 vortices. Simulating up to very large Reynolds numbers (N=32 768 vortices), additional features of the classical theory are observed: the Kraichnan-Batchelor constant is found to converge to C^{'}≈1.6, and the width of the k^{-3} range scales as Re_{s}^{1/2}.}, }
@article {pmid29219520, year = {2017}, author = {Matsunaga, D and Meng, F and Zöttl, A and Golestanian, R and Yeomans, JM}, title = {Focusing and Sorting of Ellipsoidal Magnetic Particles in Microchannels.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {119}, number = {19}, pages = {198002}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.198002}, pmid = {29219520}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {We present a simple method to control the position of ellipsoidal magnetic particles in microchannel Poiseuille flow at low Reynolds number using a static uniform magnetic field. The magnetic field is utilized to pin the particle orientation, and the hydrodynamic interactions between ellipsoids and channel walls allow control of the transverse position of the particles. We employ a far-field hydrodynamic theory and simulations using the boundary element method and Brownian dynamics to show how magnetic particles can be focused and segregated by size and shape. This is of importance for particle manipulation in lab-on-a-chip devices.}, }
@article {pmid30965982, year = {2017}, author = {Bhambri, P and Narain, R and Fleck, B}, title = {Drag Reduction Using Polysaccharides in a Taylor⁻Couette Flow.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/polym9120683}, pmid = {30965982}, issn = {2073-4360}, abstract = {Three different polysaccharides, aloe vera, Tamarind powder and pineapple fibers, are utilized as drag reducing agents in a turbulent flow. Using a Taylor⁻Couette setup, consisting of a rotating inner cylinder, for measuring the drag reduction, a range of Reynolds numbers from 4 × 10⁴ to 3 × 10⁵ has been explored in this study. The results are in good agreement with previous studies on polysaccharides conducted in a pipe/channel flow and a maximum drag reduction of 35% has been observed. Further, novel additives such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), surfactants and CNC grafted with surfactants are also examined in this study for drag reduction. CNC due to its rigid rod structure reduced the drag by 30%. Surfactant, due to its unique micelle formation showed maximum drag reduction of 80% at low Re. Further, surfactant was grafted on CNC and was examined for drag reduction. However, drag reduction property of surfactant was observed to be significantly reduced after grafting on CNC. The effect of Reynolds number on drag reduction is studied for all the additives investigated in this study.}, }
@article {pmid29201603, year = {2017}, author = {Wang, Q and Yang, L and Yu, J and Zhang, L}, title = {Characterizing dynamic behaviors of three-particle paramagnetic microswimmer near a solid surface.}, journal = {Robotics and biomimetics}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {20}, pmid = {29201603}, issn = {2197-3768}, abstract = {Particle-based magnetically actuated microswimmers have the potential to act as microrobotic tools for biomedical applications. In this paper, we report the dynamic behaviors of a three-particle paramagnetic microswimmer. Actuated by a rotating magnetic field with different frequencies, the microswimmer exhibits simple rotation and propulsion. When the input frequency is below 8 Hz, it exhibits simple rotation on the substrate, whereas it shows propulsion with varied poses when subjected to a frequency between 8 and 15 Hz. Furthermore, a solid surface that enhances swimming velocity was observed as the microswimmer is actuated near a solid surface. Our simulation results testify that the surface-enhanced swimming near a solid surface is because of the induced pressure difference in the surrounding fluid of the microagent.}, }
@article {pmid29195661, year = {2018}, author = {Tarafder, A}, title = {A study on the onset of turbulent conditions with supercritical fluid chromatography mobile-phases.}, journal = {Journal of chromatography. A}, volume = {1532}, number = {}, pages = {182-190}, doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.056}, pmid = {29195661}, issn = {1873-3778}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide/chemistry ; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid/*methods ; Pressure ; *Rheology ; Solvents/*chemistry ; Temperature ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {Following a recent publication [1], the topic of turbulent flow in SFC has generated both interest and questions. Liquid-like density, coupled with significantly low viscosity of CO2-based mobile-phases may result in high Reynolds number (Re) - higher than what represents laminar flow conditions, reaching the so-called turbulent regions. Although such turbulent flows can form only in the connecting tubings, thus not directly affecting the chromatographic process, it is important to know under many situations, whether the flow inside the tubing is laminar or turbulent. In this report a comprehensive guideline to identify the possibilities of turbulent flow conditions is provided through a series of charts. Flow properties depend on state conditions (composition, pressure and temperature) and also on the tubing material and geometry. Here guidelines to detect the onset of turbulent conditions is provided for cylindrical stainless-steel tubings of different internal diameters (i.d.) under a wide range of SFC mobile-phase conditions.}, }
@article {pmid29195464, year = {2017}, author = {Zhao, S and Cheng, E and Qiu, X and Burnett, I and Liu, JC}, title = {Wind noise spectra in small Reynolds number turbulent flows.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {142}, number = {5}, pages = {3227}, doi = {10.1121/1.5012740}, pmid = {29195464}, issn = {1520-8524}, abstract = {Wind noise spectra caused by wind from fans in indoor environments have been found to be different from those measured in outdoor atmospheric conditions. Although many models have been developed to predict outdoor wind noise spectra under the assumption of large Reynolds number [Zhao, Cheng, Qiu, Burnett, and Liu (2016). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 140, 4178-4182, and the references therein], they cannot be applied directly to the indoor situations because the Reynolds number of wind from fans in indoor environments is usually much smaller than that experienced in atmospheric turbulence. This paper proposes a pressure structure function model that combines the energy-containing and dissipation ranges so that the pressure spectrum for small Reynolds number turbulent flows can be calculated. The proposed pressure structure function model is validated with the experimental results in the literature, and then the obtained pressure spectrum is verified with the numerical simulation and experiment results. It is demonstrated that the pressure spectrum obtained from the proposed pressure structure function model can be utilized to estimate wind noise spectra caused by turbulent flows with small Reynolds numbers.}, }
@article {pmid29183943, year = {2017}, author = {Boselli, F and Steed, E and Freund, JB and Vermot, J}, title = {Anisotropic shear stress patterns predict the orientation of convergent tissue movements in the embryonic heart.}, journal = {Development (Cambridge, England)}, volume = {144}, number = {23}, pages = {4322-4327}, pmid = {29183943}, issn = {1477-9129}, mesh = {Animals ; Anisotropy ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Endocardial Cushions/cytology/embryology ; Endothelial Cells/cytology/physiology ; Erythrocytes/physiology ; Heart/*embryology ; Hemodynamics ; Hydrodynamics ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; Organogenesis/physiology ; Shear Strength ; Stress, Mechanical ; Zebrafish/*embryology ; }, abstract = {Myocardial contractility and blood flow provide essential mechanical cues for the morphogenesis of the heart. In general, endothelial cells change their migratory behavior in response to shear stress patterns, according to flow directionality. Here, we assessed the impact of shear stress patterns and flow directionality on the behavior of endocardial cells, the specialized endothelial cells of the heart. At the early stages of zebrafish heart valve formation, we show that endocardial cells are converging to the valve-forming area and that this behavior depends upon mechanical forces. Quantitative live imaging and mathematical modeling allow us to correlate this tissue convergence with the underlying flow forces. We predict that tissue convergence is associated with the direction of the mean wall shear stress and of the gradient of harmonic phase-averaged shear stresses, which surprisingly do not match the overall direction of the flow. This contrasts with the usual role of flow directionality in vascular development and suggests that the full spatial and temporal complexity of the wall shear stress should be taken into account when studying endothelial cell responses to flow in vivo.}, }
@article {pmid29181289, year = {2017}, author = {Li, K and Jing, D and Hu, J and Ding, X and Yao, Z}, title = {Numerical investigation of the tribological performance of micro-dimple textured surfaces under hydrodynamic lubrication.}, journal = {Beilstein journal of nanotechnology}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {2324-2338}, pmid = {29181289}, issn = {2190-4286}, abstract = {Surface texturing is an important approach for controlling the tribological behavior of friction pairs used in mechanical and biological engineering. In this study, by utilizing the method of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, the lubrication model of a friction pair with micro-dimple array was established based on the Navier-Stokes equations. The typical pressure distribution of the lubricant film was analyzed. It was found that a positive hydrodynamic pressure is generated in the convergent part of the micro-dimple, while a negative hydrodynamic pressure is generated in the divergent part. With suitable parameters, the total integration of the pressure is positive, which can increase the load-carrying capacity of a friction pair. The effects of the micro-dimple parameters as well as fluid properties on tribological performance were investigated. It was concluded that under the condition of hydrodynamic lubrication, the main mechanism for the improvement in the tribological performance is the combined effects of wedging and recirculation. Within the range of parameters investigated in this study, the optimum texture density is 13%, while the optimum aspect ratio varies with the Reynolds number. For a given Reynolds number, there exists a combination of texture density and aspect ratio at which the optimum tribological performance could be obtained. Conclusions from this study could be helpful for the design of texture parameters in mechanical friction components and even in artificial joints.}, }
@article {pmid29178057, year = {2017}, author = {Goldobin, DS}, title = {Existence of the passage to the limit of an inviscid fluid.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {40}, number = {11}, pages = {103}, doi = {10.1140/epje/i2017-11594-4}, pmid = {29178057}, issn = {1292-895X}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; *Hydrodynamics ; *Viscosity ; }, abstract = {In the dynamics of a viscous fluid, the case of vanishing kinematic viscosity is actually equivalent to the Reynolds number tending to infinity. Hence, in the limit of vanishing viscosity the fluid flow is essentially turbulent. On the other hand, the Euler equation, which is conventionally adopted for the description of the flow of an inviscid fluid, does not possess proper turbulent behaviour. This raises the question of the existence of the passage to the limit of an inviscid fluid for real low-viscosity fluids. To address this question, one should employ the theory of turbulent boundary layer near an inflexible boundary (e.g., rigid wall). On the basis of this theory, one can see how the solutions to the Euler equation become relevant for the description of the flow of low-viscosity fluids, and obtain the small parameter quantifying accuracy of this description for real fluids.}, }
@article {pmid29167371, year = {2017}, author = {De Canio, G and Lauga, E and Goldstein, RE}, title = {Spontaneous oscillations of elastic filaments induced by molecular motors.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {14}, number = {136}, pages = {}, pmid = {29167371}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {Actin Cytoskeleton/*chemistry/physiology ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Models, Biological ; Molecular Motor Proteins/*physiology ; }, abstract = {It is known from the wave-like motion of microtubules in motility assays that the piconewton forces that motors produce can be sufficient to bend the filaments. In cellular phenomena such as cytosplasmic streaming, molecular motors translocate along cytoskeletal filaments, carrying cargo which entrains fluid. When large numbers of such forced filaments interact through the surrounding fluid, as in particular stages of oocyte development in Drosophila melanogaster, complex dynamics are observed, but the detailed mechanics underlying them has remained unclear. Motivated by these observations, we study here perhaps the simplest model for these phenomena: an elastic filament, pinned at one end, acted on by a molecular motor treated as a point force. Because the force acts tangential to the filament, no matter what its shape, this 'follower-force' problem is intrinsically non-variational, and thereby differs fundamentally from Euler buckling, where the force has a fixed direction, and which, in the low-Reynolds-number regime, ultimately leads to a stationary, energy-minimizing shape. Through a combination of linear stability theory, analytical study of a solvable simplified 'two-link' model and numerical studies of the full elastohydrodynamic equations of motion, we elucidate the Hopf bifurcation that occurs with increasing forcing of a filament, leading to flapping motion analogous to the high-Reynolds-number oscillations of a garden hose with a free end.}, }
@article {pmid29144304, year = {2017}, author = {Wang, Z and Dong, W and Hu, X and Sun, T and Wang, T and Sun, Y}, title = {Low energy consumption vortex wave flow membrane bioreactor.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {76}, number = {9-10}, pages = {2465-2472}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2017.400}, pmid = {29144304}, issn = {0273-1223}, mesh = {Bioreactors ; Membranes, Artificial ; Waste Water/*chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry ; Water Purification/instrumentation/*methods ; }, abstract = {In order to reduce the energy consumption and membrane fouling of the conventional membrane bioreactor (MBR), a kind of low energy consumption vortex wave flow MBR was exploited based on the combination of biofilm process and membrane filtration process, as well as the vortex wave flow technique. The experimental results showed that the vortex wave flow state in the membrane module could be formed when the Reynolds number (Re) of liquid was adjusted between 450 and 1,050, and the membrane flux declined more slowly in the vortex wave flow state than those in the laminar flow state and turbulent flow state. The MBR system was used to treat domestic wastewater under the condition of vortex wave flow state for 30 days. The results showed that the removal efficiency for CODcr and NH3-N was 82% and 98% respectively, and the permeate quality met the requirement of 'Water quality standard for urban miscellaneous water consumption (GB/T 18920-2002)'. Analysis of the energy consumption of the MBR showed that the average energy consumption was 1.90 ± 0.55 kWh/m3 (permeate), which was only two thirds of conventional MBR energy consumption.}, }
@article {pmid29131890, year = {2018}, author = {Gamage, PPT and Khalili, F and Khurshidul Azad, MD and Mansy, HA}, title = {Modeling Inspiratory Flow in a Porcine Lung Airway.}, journal = {Journal of biomechanical engineering}, volume = {140}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1115/1.4038431}, pmid = {29131890}, issn = {1528-8951}, support = {R43 HL099053/NHLBI NIH HHS/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Bronchi/physiology ; Humans ; *Inhalation ; Lung/*physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Pressure ; Swine ; Trachea/physiology ; }, abstract = {Inspiratory flow in a multigeneration pig lung airways was numerically studied at a steady inlet flow rate of 3.2 × 10-4 m3/s corresponding to a Reynolds number of 1150 in the trachea. The model was validated by comparing velocity distributions with previous measurements and simulations in simplified airway geometries. Simulation results provided detailed maps of the axial and secondary flow patterns at different cross sections of the airway tree. The vortex core regions in the airways were visualized using absolute helicity values and suggested the presence of secondary flow vortices where two counter-rotating vortices were observed at the main bifurcation and in many other bifurcations. Both laminar and turbulent flows were considered. Results showed that axial and secondary flows were comparable in the laminar and turbulent cases. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) vanished in the more distal airways, which indicates that the flow in these airways approaches laminar flow conditions. The simulation results suggested viscous pressure drop values comparable to earlier studies. The monopodial asymmetric nature of airway branching in pigs resulted in airflow patterns that are different from the less asymmetric human airways. The major daughters of the pig airways tended to have high airflow ratios, which may lead to different particle distribution and sound generation patterns. These differences need to be taken into consideration when interpreting the results of animal studies involving pigs before generalizing these results to humans.}, }
@article {pmid29128680, year = {2018}, author = {Han, X and Fang, H and He, G and Reible, D}, title = {Effects of roughness and permeability on solute transfer at the sediment water interface.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {129}, number = {}, pages = {39-50}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.049}, pmid = {29128680}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Friction ; *Geologic Sediments ; Models, Theoretical ; Permeability ; Solutions ; Water ; *Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms of solute transfer across the sediment-water interface plays a crucial role in water quality prediction and management. In this study, different arranged particles are used to form typical rough and permeable beds. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is used to model the solute transfer from the overlying water to sediment beds. Three rough wall turbulence regimes, i.e., smooth, transitional and rough regime, are separately considered and the effects of bed roughness on solute transfer are quantitatively analyzed. Results show that the classic laws related to Schmidt numbers can well reflect the solute transfer under the smooth regime with small roughness Reynolds numbers. Under the transitional regime, the solute transfer coefficient (KL+) is enhanced and the effect of Schmidt number is weakened by increasing roughness Reynolds number. Under the rough regime, the solute transfer is suppressed by the transition layer (Brinkman layer) and controlled by the bed permeability. Moreover, it is found that water depth, friction velocity and bed permeability can be used to estimate the solute transfer velocity (KL) under the completely rough regime.}, }
@article {pmid29117039, year = {2018}, author = {Korakianitis, T and Rezaienia, MA and Paul, G and Avital, E and Rothman, M and Mozafari, S}, title = {Optimization of Axial Pump Characteristic Dimensions and Induced Hemolysis for Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices.}, journal = {ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992)}, volume = {64}, number = {6}, pages = {727-734}, pmid = {29117039}, issn = {1538-943X}, support = {II-LB-1111-20007//Department of Health/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {*Computer Simulation ; *Equipment Design ; *Heart-Assist Devices ; Hemolysis ; Humans ; Stress, Mechanical ; }, abstract = {The application of axial pumps as ventricular assist devices (VADs) requires significant modifications to the size and characteristics of industrial pumps due to the difference in flow fields of industrial and medical pumps. Industrial pumps operate in the region of Reynolds number Re = 10, whereas axial blood pumps operate in Re < 10. The common pump design technique is to rely on the performance of previously designed pumps using the concept of fluid dynamic similarity. Such data are available for industrial pumps as specific speed-specific diameter (ns-ds) graphs. The difference between the flow fields of industrial and medical pumps makes the industrial ns-ds graphs unsuitable for medical pumps and consequently several clinically available axial blood pumps operate with low efficiencies. In this article, numerical and experimental techniques were used to design 62 axial pump impellers with different design characteristics suitable for VADs and mechanical circulatory support devices (MCSDs). The impellers were manufactured and experimentally tested in various operating conditions of flow, pressure, and rotational speed. The hemocompatibility of the impellers was numerically investigated by modeling shear stress and hemolysis. The highest efficiency of each pump impeller was plotted on an ns-ds diagram. The nondimensional results presented in this article enable preliminary design of efficient and hemocompatible axial flow pumps for VADs and MCSDs.}, }
@article {pmid29104418, year = {2017}, author = {Luo, K and Hu, C and Wu, F and Fan, J}, title = {Direct numerical simulation of turbulent boundary layer with fully resolved particles at low volume fraction.}, journal = {Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994)}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, pages = {053301}, pmid = {29104418}, issn = {1070-6631}, abstract = {In the present work, a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of dilute particulate flow in a turbulent boundary layer has been conducted, containing thousands of finite-sized solid rigid particles. The particle surfaces are resolved with the multi-direct forcing immersed-boundary method. This is, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the first DNS study of a turbulent boundary layer laden with finite-sized particles. The particles have a diameter of approximately 11.3 wall units, a density of 3.3 times that of the fluid, and a solid volume fraction of 1/1000. The simulation shows that the onset and the completion of the transition processes are shifted earlier with the inclusion of the solid phase and that the resulting streamwise mean velocity of the boundary layer in the particle-laden case is almost consistent with the results of the single-phase case. At the same time, relatively stronger particle movements are observed in the near-wall regions, due to the driving of the counterrotating streamwise vortexes. As a result, increased levels of dissipation occur on the particle surfaces, and the root mean square of the fluctuating velocities of the fluid in the near-wall regions is decreased. Under the present parameters, including the particle Stokes number St+ = 24 and the particle Reynolds number Rep = 33 based on the maximum instantaneous fluid-solid velocity lag, no vortex shedding behind the particle is observed. Lastly, a trajectory analysis of the particles shows the influence of turbophoresis on particle wall-normal concentration, and the particles that originated between y+ = 60 and 2/3 of the boundary-layer thickness are the most influenced.}, }
@article {pmid31631889, year = {2017}, author = {Park, GI}, title = {Wall-Modeled Large-Eddy Simulation of a High Reynolds Number Separating and Reattaching Flow.}, journal = {AIAA journal. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics}, volume = {55}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {31631889}, issn = {1533-385X}, support = {NNX15AU93A//NASA/United States ; }, abstract = {The performance of two wall models based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes is compared in large-eddy simulation of a high Reynolds number separating and reattaching flow over the NASA wall-mounted hump. Wall modeling significantly improves flow prediction on a coarse grid where the large-eddy simulation with the no-slip wall boundary condition fails. Low-order statistics from the wall-modeled large-eddy simulation are in good agreement with the experiment. Wall-pressure fluctuations from the resolved-scale solution are in good agreement with the experiment, whereas wall shear-stress fluctuations modeled entirely through the wall models appear to be significantly underpredicted. Although the two wall models produce comparable results in the upstream attached flow region, the nonequilibrium wall model outperforms the equilibrium wall model in the separation bubble and recovery region where the key assumptions in the equilibrium model are shown to be invalid.}, }
@article {pmid29061390, year = {2017}, author = {Watson, DJ and Sazonov, I and Zawieja, DC and Moore, JE and van Loon, R}, title = {Integrated geometric and mechanical analysis of an image-based lymphatic valve.}, journal = {Journal of biomechanics}, volume = {64}, number = {}, pages = {172-179}, pmid = {29061390}, issn = {1873-2380}, support = {U01 HL123420/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Algorithms ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Compliance ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Lymph/physiology ; Lymphatic Vessels/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Models, Biological ; Pressure ; }, abstract = {Lymphatic valves facilitate the lymphatic system's role in maintaining fluid homeostasis. Malformed valves are found in several forms of primary lymphœdema, resulting in incurable swelling of the tissues and immune dysfunction. Their experimental study is complicated by their small size and operation in low pressure and low Reynolds number environments. Mathematical models of these structures can give insight and complement experimentation. In this work, we present the first valve geometry reconstructed from confocal imagery and used in the construction of a subject-specific model in a closing mode. A framework is proposed whereby an image is converted into a valve model. An FEA study was performed to identify the significance of the shear modulus, the consequences of smoothing the leaflet surface and the effect of wall motion on valve behaviour. Smoothing is inherent to any analysis from imagery. The nature of the image, segmentation and meshing all cause attenuation of high-frequency features. Smoothing not only causes loss of surface area but also the loss of high-frequency geometric features which may reduce stiffness. This work aimed to consider these effects and inform studies by taking a manual reconstruction and through manifold harmonic analysis, attenuating higher frequency features to replicate lower resolution images or lower degree-of-freedom reconstructions. In conclusion, two metrics were considered: trans-valvular pressure required to close the valve, ΔPc, and the retrograde volume displacement after closure. The higher ΔPc, the greater the volume of lymph that will pass through the valve during closure. Retrograde volume displacement after closure gives a metric of compliance of the valve and for the quality of the valve seal. In the case of the image-specific reconstructed valve, removing features with a wavelength longer than four μm caused changes in ΔPc. Varying the shear modulus from 10 kPa to 60 kPa caused a 3.85-fold increase in the retrograde volume displaced. The inclusion of a non-rigid wall caused ΔPc to increase from 1.56 to 2.52 cmH2O.}, }
@article {pmid29054787, year = {2018}, author = {Chen, Y and Li, Y and Valocchi, AJ and Christensen, KT}, title = {Lattice Boltzmann simulations of liquid CO2 displacing water in a 2D heterogeneous micromodel at reservoir pressure conditions.}, journal = {Journal of contaminant hydrology}, volume = {212}, number = {}, pages = {14-27}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconhyd.2017.09.005}, pmid = {29054787}, issn = {1873-6009}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide/*chemistry ; *Computer Simulation ; *Microfluidics ; Porosity ; Pressure ; Viscosity ; Water/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {We employed the color-fluid lattice Boltzmann multiphase model to simulate liquid CO2 displacing water documented in experiments in a 2D heterogeneous micromodel at reservoir pressure conditions. The main purpose is to investigate whether lattice Boltzmann simulation can reproduce the CO2 invasion patterns observed in these experiments for a range of capillary numbers. Although the viscosity ratio used in the simulation matches the experimental conditions, the viscosity of the fluids in the simulation is higher than that of the actual fluids used in the experiments. Doing so is required to enhance numerical stability, and is a common strategy employed in the literature when using the lattice Boltzmann method to simulate CO2 displacing water. The simulations reproduce qualitatively similar trends of changes in invasion patterns as the capillary number is increased. However, the development of secondary CO2 pathways, a key feature of the invasion patterns in the simulations and experiments, is found to occur at a much higher capillary number in the simulations compared with the experiments. Additional numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the effect of the absolute value of viscosity on the invasion patterns while maintaining the viscosity ratio and capillary number fixed. These results indicate that the use of a high viscosity (which significantly reduces the inertial effect in the simulations) suppresses the development of secondary CO2 pathways, leading to a different fluid distribution compared with corresponding experiments at the same capillary number. Therefore, inertial effects are not negligible in drainage process with liquid CO2 and water despite the low Reynolds number based on the average velocity, as the local velocity can be much higher due to Haines jump events. These higher velocities, coupled with the low viscosity of CO2, further amplifies the inertial effect. Therefore, we conclude that caution should be taken when using proxy fluids that only rely on the capillary number and viscosity ratio in both experiment and simulation.}, }
@article {pmid29052556, year = {2017}, author = {Chen, D and Kolomenskiy, D and Nakata, T and Liu, H}, title = {Forewings match the formation of leading-edge vortices and dominate aerodynamic force production in revolving insect wings.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {016009}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/aa94d7}, pmid = {29052556}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Drosophila melanogaster/*physiology ; Manduca/*physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Wings, Animal/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In many flying insects, forewings and hindwings are coupled mechanically to achieve flapping flight synchronously while being driven by action of the forewings. How the forewings and hindwings as well as their morphologies contribute to aerodynamic force production and flight control remains unclear. Here we address the point that the forewings can produce most of the aerodynamic forces even with the hindwings removed through a computational fluid dynamic study of three revolving insect wing models, which are identical to the wing morphologies and Reynolds numbers of hawkmoth (Manduca sexta), bumblebee (Bombus ignitus) and fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster). We find that the forewing morphologies match the formation of leading-edge vortices (LEV) and are responsible for generating sufficient lift forces at the mean angles of attack and the Reynolds numbers where the three representative insects fly. The LEV formation and pressure loading keep almost unchanged with the hindwing removed, and even lead to some improvement in power factor and aerodynamic efficiency. Moreover, our results indicate that the size and strength of the LEVs can be well quantified with introduction of a conical LEV angle, which varies remarkably with angles of attack and Reynolds numbers but within the forewing region while showing less sensitivity to the wing morphologies. This implies that the forewing morphology very likely plays a dominant role in achieving low-Reynolds number aerodynamic performance in natural flyers as well as in revolving and/or flapping micro air vehicles.}, }
@article {pmid29036075, year = {2017}, author = {Prasad, S}, title = {Extended Taylor frozen-flow hypothesis and statistics of optical phase in aero-optics.}, journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, pages = {931-942}, doi = {10.1364/JOSAA.34.000931}, pmid = {29036075}, issn = {1520-8532}, abstract = {We present an extended Taylor frozen-flow model for the statistics of the spatiotemporal disturbances of the index of refraction of air and the phase of an optical beam propagated through the turbulent boundary and shear layers in a high-Reynolds-number flow. By incorporating rapid random fluctuations of the flow velocity about a mean convection velocity and an anisotropic spatial power spectrum for the index of refraction, we calculate both the short-delay temporal structure function and the power spectral density of these disturbances. We discuss the predicted scaling behaviors for these quantities in the context of existing experimental observations, showing specifically the agreement of these predictions with some optical phase data obtained by the Airborne Aero-Optical Laboratory.}, }
@article {pmid29027922, year = {2017}, author = {Song, Y and Zhao, K and Zuo, J and Wang, C and Li, Y and Miao, X and Zhao, X}, title = {The Detection of Water Flow in Rectangular Microchannels by Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {17}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {29027922}, issn = {1424-8220}, abstract = {Flow characteristics of water were tested in a rectangular microchannel for Reynolds number (Re) between 0 and 446 by terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Output THz peak trough intensities and the calculated absorbances of the flow were analyzed theoretically. The results show a rapid change for Re < 250 and a slow change as Re increases, which is caused by the early transition from laminar to transition flow beginning nearly at Re = 250. Then this finding is confirmed in the plot of the flow resistant. Our results demonstrate that the THz-TDS could be a valuable tool to monitor and character the flow performance in microscale structures.}, }
@article {pmid29027748, year = {2018}, author = {Middleton, K and Kondiboyina, A and Borrett, M and Cui, Y and Mei, X and You, L}, title = {Microfluidics approach to investigate the role of dynamic similitude in osteocyte mechanobiology.}, journal = {Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {663-671}, doi = {10.1002/jor.23773}, pmid = {29027748}, issn = {1554-527X}, support = {//CIHR/Canada ; }, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Female ; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ; Osteocytes/*physiology ; *Osteogenesis ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stress, Mechanical ; }, abstract = {Fluid flow is an important regulator of cell function and metabolism in many tissues. Fluid shear stresses have been used to level the mechanical stimuli applied in vitro with what occurs in vivo. However, these experiments often lack dynamic similarity, which is necessary to ensure the validity of the model. For interstitial fluid flow, the major requirement for dynamic similarity is the Reynolds number (Re), the ratio of inertial to viscous forces, is the same between the system and model. To study the necessity of dynamic similarity for cell mechanotransduction studies, we investigated the response of osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cells to different Re flows at the same level of fluid shear stress. Osteocytes were chosen for this study as flows applied in vitro and in vivo have Re that are orders of magnitude different. We hypothesize that osteocytes' response to fluid flow is Re dependent. We observed that cells exposed to lower and higher Re flows developed rounded and triangular morphologies, respectively. Lower Re flows also reduced apoptosis rates compared to higher Re flows. Furthermore, MLO-Y4 cells exposed to higher Re flows had stronger calcium responses compared to lower Re flows. However, by also controlling for flow rate, the lower Re flows induced a stronger calcium response; while degradation of components of the osteocyte glycocalyx reversed this effect. This work suggests that osteocytes are highly sensitive to differences in Re, independent of just shear stresses, supporting the need for improved in vitro flow platforms that better recapitulate the physiological environment. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:663-671, 2018.}, }
@article {pmid28989310, year = {2017}, author = {Manikantan, H and Squires, TM}, title = {Irreversible particle motion in surfactant-laden interfaces due to pressure-dependent surface viscosity.}, journal = {Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {473}, number = {2205}, pages = {20170346}, pmid = {28989310}, issn = {1364-5021}, abstract = {The surface shear viscosity of an insoluble surfactant monolayer often depends strongly on its surface pressure. Here, we show that a particle moving within a bounded monolayer breaks the kinematic reversibility of low-Reynolds-number flows. The Lorentz reciprocal theorem allows such irreversibilities to be computed without solving the full nonlinear equations, giving the leading-order contribution of surface pressure-dependent surface viscosity. In particular, we show that a disc translating or rotating near an interfacial boundary experiences a force in the direction perpendicular to that boundary. In unbounded monolayers, coupled modes of motion can also lead to non-intuitive trajectories, which we illustrate using an interfacial analogue of the Magnus effect. This perturbative approach can be extended to more complex geometries, and to two-dimensional suspensions more generally.}, }
@article {pmid28982172, year = {2017}, author = {Khan, NB and Ibrahim, Z and Nguyen, LTT and Javed, MF and Jameel, M}, title = {Numerical investigation of the vortex-induced vibration of an elastically mounted circular cylinder at high Reynolds number (Re = 104) and low mass ratio using the RANS code.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {e0185832}, pmid = {28982172}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Elasticity ; Models, Theoretical ; *Vibration ; }, abstract = {This study numerically investigates the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of an elastically mounted rigid cylinder by using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with computational fluid dynamic (CFD) tools. CFD analysis is performed for a fixed-cylinder case with Reynolds number (Re) = 104 and for a cylinder that is free to oscillate in the transverse direction and possesses a low mass-damping ratio and Re = 104. Previously, similar studies have been performed with 3-dimensional and comparatively expensive turbulent models. In the current study, the capability and accuracy of the RANS model are validated, and the results of this model are compared with those of detached eddy simulation, direct numerical simulation, and large eddy simulation models. All three response branches and the maximum amplitude are well captured. The 2-dimensional case with the RANS shear-stress transport k-w model, which involves minimal computational cost, is reliable and appropriate for analyzing the characteristics of VIV.}, }
@article {pmid28981539, year = {2017}, author = {Islam, S and Nazeer, G and Ying, ZC and Islam, Z and Manzoor, R}, title = {Transitions in the flow patterns and aerodynamic characteristics of the flow around staggered rows of cylinders.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {e0184169}, pmid = {28981539}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Physical Phenomena ; }, abstract = {A two-dimensional numerical study of flow across rows of identical square cylinders arranged in staggered fashion is carried out. This study will unreveal complex flow physics depending upon the Reynolds number (Re) and gap spacing (g) between the cylinders. The combined effect of Reynolds number and gap spacing on the flow physics around staggered rows of cylinders are numerically studied for 20 ≤ Re ≤ 140 and 1 ≤ g ≤ 6. We use the lattice Boltzmann method for numerical computations. It is found that with increase in gap spacing between the cylinders the critical Reynolds number for the onset of vortex shedding also increases. We observed a strong effect of Reynolds number at g = 2 and 4. Secondary cylinder interaction frequency disappears for large Reynolds number at g = 6 and 5 and the flow around cylinders are fully dominated by the primary vortex shedding frequency. This ensures that at large gap spacing with an increase in the Reynolds number the wakes interaction between and behind the cylinders is weaken. Furthermore, it also ensures that the wake interaction behind the cylinders is strongly influenced by the jets in the gap spacing between the cylinders. We also found that g = 2 is the critical gap spacing for flow across rows of staggered square cylinders for the considered range of Reynolds number. Depending on the Reynolds number we observed; synchronous, quasi-periodic-I, quasi-periodic-II, and chaotic flow patterns. In synchronous flow pattern, an in-phase and anti-phase characteristics of consecutive cylinders has been observed. The important physical parameters are also analyzed and discussed in detail.}, }
@article {pmid28949715, year = {2017}, author = {Boffetta, G and Musacchio, S}, title = {Chaos and Predictability of Homogeneous-Isotropic Turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {119}, number = {5}, pages = {054102}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.054102}, pmid = {28949715}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {We study the chaoticity and the predictability of a turbulent flow on the basis of high-resolution direct numerical simulations at different Reynolds numbers. We find that the Lyapunov exponent of turbulence, which measures the exponential separation of two initially close solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations, grows with the Reynolds number of the flow, with an anomalous scaling exponent, larger than the one obtained on dimensional grounds. For large perturbations, the error is transferred to larger, slower scales, where it grows algebraically generating an &quot;inverse cascade&quot; of perturbations in the inertial range. In this regime, our simulations confirm the classical predictions based on closure models of turbulence. We show how to link chaoticity and predictability of a turbulent flow in terms of a finite size extension of the Lyapunov exponent.}, }
@article {pmid28905060, year = {2017}, author = {Baber, R and Mazzei, L and Thanh, NTK and Gavriilidis, A}, title = {An engineering approach to synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles by controlling hydrodynamics and mixing based on a coaxial flow reactor.}, journal = {Nanoscale}, volume = {9}, number = {37}, pages = {14149-14161}, doi = {10.1039/c7nr04962e}, pmid = {28905060}, issn = {2040-3372}, abstract = {In this work we present a detailed study of flow technology approaches that could open up new possibilities for nanoparticle synthesis. The synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs) in a flow device based on a coaxial flow reactor (CFR) was investigated. The CFR comprised of an outer glass tube of 2 mm inner diameter (I.D.) and an inner glass tube whose I.D. varied between 0.142 and 0.798 mm. A split and recombine (SAR) mixer and coiled flow inverter (CFI) were further employed to alter the mixing conditions after the CFR. The 'Turkevich' method was used to synthesize gold NPs, with a CFR followed by a CFI. This assembly allows control over nucleation and growth through variation of residence time. Increasing the total flow rate from 0.25 ml min-1 to 3 ml min-1 resulted initially in a constant Au NP size, and beyond 1 ml min-1 to a size increase of Au NPs from 17.9 ± 2.1 nm to 23.9 ± 4.7 nm. The temperature was varied between 60-100 °C and a minimum Au NP size of 17.9 ± 2.1 nm was observed at 80 °C. Silver NPs were synthesized in a CFR followed by a SAR mixer, using sodium borohydride to reduce silver nitrate in the presence of trisodium citrate. The SAR mixer provided an enhancement of the well-controlled laminar mixing in the CFR. Increasing silver nitrate concentration resulted in a decrease in Ag NP size from 5.5 ± 2.4 nm to 3.4 ± 1.4 nm. Different hydrodynamic conditions were studied in the CFR operated in isolation for silver NP synthesis. Increasing the Reynolds number from 132 to 530 in the inner tube created a vortex flow resulting in Ag NPs in the size range between 5.9 ± 1.5 nm to 7.7 ± 3.4 nm. Decreasing the inner tube I.D. from 0.798 mm to 0.142 mm resulted in a decrease in Ag NP size from 10.5 ± 4.0 nm to 4.7 ± 1.4 nm. Thus, changing the thickness of the inner stream enabled control over size of the Ag NPs.}, }
@article {pmid30400469, year = {2017}, author = {Afzal, MJ and Tayyaba, S and Ashraf, MW and Hossain, MK and Uddin, MJ and Afzulpurkar, N}, title = {Simulation, Fabrication and Analysis of Silver Based Ascending Sinusoidal Microchannel (ASMC) for Implant of Varicose Veins.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {30400469}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Bioengineered veins can benefit humans needing bypass surgery, dialysis, and now, in the treatment of varicose veins. The implant of this vein in varicose veins has significant advantages over the conventional treatment methods. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), vein patch repair, pulmonary embolus, and tissue-damaging problems can be solved with this implant. Here, the authors have proposed biomedical microdevices as an alternative for varicose veins. MATLAB and ANSYS Fluent have been used for simulations of blood flow for bioengineered veins. The silver based microchannel has been fabricated by using a micromachining process. The dimensions of the silver substrates are 51 mm, 25 mm, and 1.1 mm, in length, width, and depth respectively. The dimensions of microchannels grooved in the substrates are 0.9 mm in width and depth. The boundary conditions for pressure and velocity were considered, from 1.0 kPa to 1.50 kPa, and 0.02 m/s to 0.07 m/s, respectively. These are the actual values of pressure and velocity in varicose veins. The flow rate of 5.843 (0.1 nL/s) and velocity of 5.843 cm/s were determined at Reynolds number 164.88 in experimental testing. The graphs and results from simulations and experiments are in close agreement. These microchannels can be inserted into varicose veins as a replacement to maintain the excellent blood flow in human legs.}, }
@article {pmid28878968, year = {2017}, author = {Muir, RE and Arredondo-Galeana, A and Viola, IM}, title = {The leading-edge vortex of swift wing-shaped delta wings.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {170077}, pmid = {28878968}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Recent investigations on the aerodynamics of natural fliers have illuminated the significance of the leading-edge vortex (LEV) for lift generation in a variety of flight conditions. A well-documented example of an LEV is that generated by aircraft with highly swept, delta-shaped wings. While the wing aerodynamics of a manoeuvring aircraft, a bird gliding and a bird in flapping flight vary significantly, it is believed that this existing knowledge can serve to add understanding to the complex aerodynamics of natural fliers. In this investigation, a model non-slender delta-shaped wing with a sharp leading edge is tested at low Reynolds number, along with a delta wing of the same design, but with a modified trailing edge inspired by the wing of a common swift Apus apus. The effect of the tapering swift wing on LEV development and stability is compared with the flow structure over the unmodified delta wing model through particle image velocimetry. For the first time, a leading-edge vortex system consisting of a dual or triple LEV is recorded on a swift wing-shaped delta wing, where such a system is found across all tested conditions. It is shown that the spanwise location of LEV breakdown is governed by the local chord rather than Reynolds number or angle of attack. These findings suggest that the trailing-edge geometry of the swift wing alone does not prevent the common swift from generating an LEV system comparable with that of a delta-shaped wing.}, }
@article {pmid28869874, year = {2017}, author = {Xiang, J and Liu, K and Li, D and Du, J}, title = {Effects of micro-structure on aerodynamics of Coccinella septempunctata elytra (ladybird) in forward flight as assessed via electron microscopy.}, journal = {Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)}, volume = {102}, number = {}, pages = {21-34}, doi = {10.1016/j.micron.2017.08.003}, pmid = {28869874}, issn = {1878-4291}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena/*physiology ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Hydrodynamics ; Microscopy, Electron ; Models, Biological ; Wings, Animal/*ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {The effects of micro-structure on aerodynamics of Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) elytra in forward flight were investigated. The micro-structure was examined by a scanning electron microscope and a digital microscope. Based on the experimental results, five elytron models were constructed to separately investigate the effects of the camber and the local corrugation in both leading edge and trailing edge on aerodynamics. Computational fluid dynamic simulations of five elytron models were conducted by solving the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the Reynolds number of 245. The results show that camber and the local corrugation in the leading edge play significant roles in improving the aerodynamic performance, while the local corrugation in the trailing edge has little effect on aerodynamics.}, }
@article {pmid28862154, year = {2017}, author = {Chung, EG and Ryu, S}, title = {Stalk-length-dependence of the contractility of Vorticella convallaria.}, journal = {Physical biology}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {066002}, doi = {10.1088/1478-3975/aa89b8}, pmid = {28862154}, issn = {1478-3975}, mesh = {Biomechanical Phenomena ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Energy Metabolism ; Oligohymenophorea/*physiology ; Stress, Mechanical ; }, abstract = {Vorticella convallaria is a sessile protozoan of which the spasmoneme contracts on a millisecond timescale. Because this contraction is induced and powered by the binding of calcium ions (Ca2+), the spasmoneme showcases Ca2+-powered cellular motility. Because the isometric tension of V. convallaria increases linearly with its stalk length, it is hypothesized that the contractility of V. convallaria during unhindered contraction depends on the stalk length. In this study, the contractile force and energetics of V. convallaria cells of different stalk lengths were evaluated using a fluid dynamic drag model which accounts for the unsteadiness and finite Reynolds number of the water flow caused by contracting V. convallaria and the wall effect of the no-slip substrate. It was found that the contraction displacement, peak contraction speed, peak contractile force, total mechanical work, and peak power depended on the stalk length. The observed stalk-length-dependencies were simulated using a damped spring model, and the model estimated that the average spring constant of the contracting stalk was 1.34 nN µm-1. These observed length-dependencies of Vorticella's key contractility parameters reflect the biophysical mechanism of the spasmonemal contraction, and thus they should be considered in developing a theoretical model of the Vorticella spasmoneme.}, }
@article {pmid28852432, year = {2017}, author = {Malvar, S and Gontijo, RG and Carmo, BS and Cunha, FR}, title = {On the kinematics-wave motion of living particles in suspension.}, journal = {Biomicrofluidics}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {044112}, pmid = {28852432}, issn = {1932-1058}, abstract = {This work presents theoretical and experimental analyses on the kinematics-wave motion of suspended active particles in a biological fluid. The fluid is an active suspension of nematodes immersed in a gel-like biological structure, moving at a low Reynolds number. The nematode chosen for the study is Caenorhabditis elegans. Its motion is subjected to the time reversibility of creeping flows. We investigate how this worm reacts to this reversibility condition in order to break the flow symmetry and move in the surrounding fluid. We show that the relationship between the length of an individual nematode and the wavelength of its motion is linear and can be fitted by a theoretical prediction proposed in this work. We provide a deep discussion regarding the propulsion mechanics based on a scaling analysis that identifies three major forces acting on an individual nematode. These forces are a viscous force, a yield stress force due to gelification of agar molecules in the gel-like medium, and a bending force associated with the muscular tension imposed by the nematodes in the medium. By the scalings, we identify the most relevant physical parameters of the nematode's motion. In order to examine and quantify the motion, dynamical system tools such as FFT are used in the present analysis. The motion characterization is performed by examining (or studying) two different populations: (i) in the absence of food with starving nematodes and (ii) with well-fed nematodes. In addition, several kinematic quantities of the head, center of mass, and tail for a sample of nematodes are also investigated: their slip velocities, wavelengths, trajectories, frequency spectra, and mean curvatures. The main findings of this work are the confirmation of a linear relationship between the nematode's physical length and its motion wavelength, the identification of secondary movements in high frequencies that helps breaking the time-reversibility in which the worms are bonded, and the observation and interpretation of a systematic difference between the individual motion of well-fed and starving nematodes.}, }
@article {pmid28850622, year = {2017}, author = {Aftab, SMA and Ahmad, KA}, title = {CFD study on NACA 4415 airfoil implementing spherical and sinusoidal Tubercle Leading Edge.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0183456}, pmid = {28850622}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Structures/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Animals ; *Computer Simulation ; *Humpback Whale ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {The Humpback whale tubercles have been studied for more than a decade. Tubercle Leading Edge (TLE) effectively reduces the separation bubble size and helps in delaying stall. They are very effective in case of low Reynolds number flows. The current Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study is on NACA 4415 airfoil, at a Reynolds number 120,000. Two TLE shapes are tested on NACA 4415 airfoil. The tubercle designs implemented on the airfoil are sinusoidal and spherical. A parametric study is also carried out considering three amplitudes (0.025c, 0.05c and 0.075c), the wavelength (0.25c) is fixed. Structured mesh is utilized to generate grid and Transition SST turbulence model is used to capture the flow physics. Results clearly show spherical tubercles outperform sinusoidal tubercles. Furthermore experimental study considering spherical TLE is carried out at Reynolds number 200,000. The experimental results show that spherical TLE improve performance compared to clean airfoil.}, }
@article {pmid28837786, year = {2017}, author = {Narla, VK and Prasad, KM and Ramana Murthy, JV}, title = {Time-dependent peristaltic analysis in a curved conduit: Application to chyme movement through intestine.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {293}, number = {}, pages = {21-28}, doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2017.08.005}, pmid = {28837786}, issn = {1879-3134}, mesh = {*Gastrointestinal Contents ; *Gastrointestinal Transit ; Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism ; Magnetic Fields ; *Models, Biological ; *Peristalsis ; Time Factors ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {A theoretical model of time-dependent peristaltic viscous fluid flow through a curved channel in the presence of an applied magnetic field is investigated. The results for stream function, pressure distribution and mechanical efficiency are obtained under the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximation. Pressure fluctuations due to an integral and a non-integral number of waves along the channel length are discussed under influence of channel curvature and magnetic parameter. Two inherent characteristics of peristaltic flow regimes (trapping and reflux) are discussed numerically. The mechanical efficiency of curved magnetohydrodynamic peristaltic pumping is also examined. The magnitude of pressure increases with an increasing channel curvature and magnetic parameter. Reflex phenomenon is analyzed in the Lagrangian frame of reference. It is observed that reflex in the curved channel is higher than in the straight channel. The trapped fluid in a curved channel is studied in the Eulerian frame of reference and it contains two asymmetric boluses. The size of the lower bolus grows and the upper bolus decreases with increasing effect of magnetic strength. Pumping efficiency of the peristaltic pump is low for curved channel flow than for straight channel flow. Also, the pumping efficiency is comparatively low at the high effect of the magnetic parameter.}, }
@article {pmid28836761, year = {2017}, author = {de Anda, J and Lee, EY and Lee, CK and Bennett, RR and Ji, X and Soltani, S and Harrison, MC and Baker, AE and Luo, Y and Chou, T and O'Toole, GA and Armani, AM and Golestanian, R and Wong, GCL}, title = {High-Speed &quot;4D&quot; Computational Microscopy of Bacterial Surface Motility.}, journal = {ACS nano}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {9340-9351}, pmid = {28836761}, issn = {1936-086X}, support = {R37 AI083256/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM008042/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; U54 CA193417/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI102584/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM008185/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Cell Tracking/methods ; Finite Element Analysis ; Flagella/metabolism ; Hydrodynamics ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/*methods ; Microscopy/methods ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*cytology/metabolism ; Single-Cell Analysis/methods ; }, abstract = {Bacteria exhibit surface motility modes that play pivotal roles in early-stage biofilm community development, such as type IV pili-driven &quot;twitching&quot; motility and flagellum-driven &quot;spinning&quot; and &quot;swarming&quot; motility. Appendage-driven motility is controlled by molecular motors, and analysis of surface motility behavior is complicated by its inherently 3D nature, the speed of which is too fast for confocal microscopy to capture. Here, we combine electromagnetic field computation and statistical image analysis to generate 3D movies close to a surface at 5 ms time resolution using conventional inverted microscopes. We treat each bacterial cell as a spherocylindrical lens and use finite element modeling to solve Maxwell's equations and compute the diffracted light intensities associated with different angular orientations of the bacterium relative to the surface. By performing cross-correlation calculations between measured 2D microscopy images and a library of computed light intensities, we demonstrate that near-surface 3D movies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa translational and rotational motion are possible at high temporal resolution. Comparison between computational reconstructions and detailed hydrodynamic calculations reveals that P. aeruginosa act like low Reynolds number spinning tops with unstable orbits, driven by a flagellum motor with a torque output of ∼2 pN μm. Interestingly, our analysis reveals that P. aeruginosa can undergo complex flagellum-driven dynamical behavior, including precession, nutation, and an unexpected taxonomy of surface motility mechanisms, including upright-spinning bacteria that diffuse laterally across the surface, and horizontal bacteria that follow helicoidal trajectories and exhibit superdiffusive movements parallel to the surface.}, }
@article {pmid28815228, year = {2017}, author = {Kim, J and Hong, SO and Shim, TS and Kim, JM}, title = {Inertio-elastic flow instabilities in a 90° bent microchannel.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {13}, number = {34}, pages = {5656-5664}, doi = {10.1039/c7sm01355h}, pmid = {28815228}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {Biological samples having viscoelastic properties are frequently tested using microfluidic devices. In addition, viscoelastic fluids such as polymer solutions have been used as a suspending medium to spatially focus particles in microchannels. The occurrence of flow instability even at low Reynolds number is a unique property of viscoelastic fluids. In this study, we report the instability in viscoelastic flow for a channel having a 90° bent geometry, which is a characteristic of many microfluidic devices. Interestingly, we observed that the flow instability in aqueous poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solution occurs when the concentration of PEO is as low as 50 ppm. We systematically investigated the effects of the polymer concentration, flow rate, and elasticity number on the flow instability. The results show that the flow is stabilized in shear-thinning fluids, whereas the flow instability is amplified when both elastic and inertial effects are pronounced. We believe that this study is useful to design microfluidic devices such as cell-deformability measurement devices based on viscoelastic particle focusing.}, }
@article {pmid28809710, year = {2017}, author = {Zhao, Q and Yan, S and Yuan, D and Zhang, J and Du, H and Alici, G and Li, W}, title = {Double-Mode Microparticle Manipulation by Tunable Secondary Flow in Microchannel With Arc-Shaped Groove Arrays.}, journal = {IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {1406-1412}, doi = {10.1109/TBCAS.2017.2722012}, pmid = {28809710}, issn = {1940-9990}, mesh = {Microfluidic Analytical Techniques/*methods ; Particle Size ; }, abstract = {In this paper, we proposed a microparticle manipulation approach, by which particles are able to be guided to different equilibrium positions through modulating the Reynolds number. In the microchannel with arc-shaped groove arrays, secondary flow vortex arisen due to the pressure gradient varies in the aspects of both magnitude and shape with the increase of Reynolds number. And the variation of secondary flow vortex brings about different focusing modes of microparticles in the microchannel. We investigated the focusing phenomenon experimentally and analyzed the mechanism through numerical simulations. At a high Reynolds number (Re = 127.27), the geometry-induced secondary flow rotates constantly along a direction, and most particles are guided to the equilibrium position near one side of the microchannel. However, at a low Reynolds number (Re = 2.39), the shapes of geometry-induced secondary flow vortices are obviously different, forming a variant Dean-like vortex that consists of two asymmetric counter-rotating streams in cross sections of the straight channel. Because of the periodical effects, suspended particles are concentrated at another equilibrium position on the opposite side of the microchannel. Meanwhile, the effects of particle size influence both the focusing position and quality in regimes.}, }
@article {pmid28805871, year = {2017}, author = {Hanasoge, S and Ballard, M and Hesketh, PJ and Alexeev, A}, title = {Asymmetric motion of magnetically actuated artificial cilia.}, journal = {Lab on a chip}, volume = {17}, number = {18}, pages = {3138-3145}, doi = {10.1039/c7lc00556c}, pmid = {28805871}, issn = {1473-0189}, mesh = {*Artificial Cells ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cilia/*physiology ; Equipment Design ; *Magnets ; *Microfluidics/instrumentation/methods ; *Models, Biological ; Motion ; Rotation ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {Most microorganisms use hair-like cilia with asymmetric beating to perform vital bio-physical processes. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel fabrication method for creating magnetic artificial cilia capable of such a biologically inspired asymmetric beating pattern essential for inducing microfluidic transport at low Reynolds number. The cilia are fabricated using a lithographic process in conjunction with deposition of magnetic nickel-iron permalloy to create flexible filaments that can be manipulated by varying an external magnetic field. A rotating permanent magnet is used to actuate the cilia. We examine the kinematics of a cilium and demonstrate that the cilium motion is defined by an interplay among elastic, magnetic, and viscous forces. Specifically, the forward stroke is induced by the rotation of the magnet which bends the cilium, whereas the recovery stroke is defined by the straightening of the deformed cilium, releasing accumulated elastic potential energy. This difference in dominating forces acting during the forward stroke and the recovery stroke leads to an asymmetric beating pattern of the cilium. Such magnetic cilia can find applications in microfluidic pumping, mixing, and other fluid handling processes.}, }
@article {pmid31631903, year = {2017}, author = {Yang, XIA and Lozano-Durán, A}, title = {A multifractal model for the momentum transfer process in wall-bounded flows.}, journal = {Journal of fluid mechanics}, volume = {824}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {31631903}, issn = {0022-1120}, support = {NNX15AU93A//NASA/United States ; }, abstract = {The cascading process of turbulent kinetic energy from large-scale fluid motions to small-scale and lesser-scale fluid motions in isotropic turbulence may be modelled as a hierarchical random multiplicative process according to the multifractal formalism. In this work, we show that the same formalism might also be used to model the cascading process of momentum in wall-bounded turbulent flows. However, instead of being a multiplicative process, the momentum cascade process is additive. The proposed multifractal model is used for describing the flow kinematics of the low-pass filtered streamwise wall-shear stress fluctuation τ l ' , where l is the filtering length scale. According to the multifractal formalism, 〈 τ ' 2 〉 ~ log (R e τ) and 〈 exp (p τ l ') 〉 ~ (L / l) ζ p in the log-region, where Reτ is the friction Reynolds number, p is a real number, L is an outer length scale and ζp is the anomalous exponent of the momentum cascade. These scalings are supported by the data from a direct numerical simulation of channel flow at Reτ = 4200.}, }
@article {pmid28772551, year = {2017}, author = {Ng, WL and Yeong, WY and Naing, MW}, title = {Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Based Bio-Ink Improves Cell Viability and Homogeneity during Drop-On-Demand Printing.}, journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {28772551}, issn = {1996-1944}, abstract = {Drop-on-demand (DOD) bioprinting has attracted huge attention for numerous biological applications due to its precise control over material volume and deposition pattern in a contactless printing approach. 3D bioprinting is still an emerging field and more work is required to improve the viability and homogeneity of printed cells during the printing process. Here, a general purpose bio-ink was developed using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) macromolecules. Different PVP-based bio-inks (0%-3% w/v) were prepared and evaluated for their printability; the short-term and long-term viability of the printed cells were first investigated. The Z value of a bio-ink determines its printability; it is the inverse of the Ohnesorge number (Oh), which is the ratio between the Reynolds number and a square root of the Weber number, and is independent of the bio-ink velocity. The viability of printed cells is dependent on the Z values of the bio-inks; the results indicated that the cells can be printed without any significant impairment using a bio-ink with a threshold Z value of ≤9.30 (2% and 2.5% w/v). Next, the cell output was evaluated over a period of 30 min. The results indicated that PVP molecules mitigate the cell adhesion and sedimentation during the printing process; the 2.5% w/v PVP bio-ink demonstrated the most consistent cell output over a period of 30 min. Hence, PVP macromolecules can play a critical role in improving the cell viability and homogeneity during the bioprinting process.}, }
@article {pmid28754380, year = {2018}, author = {Grosjean, G and Hubert, M and Vandewalle, N}, title = {Magnetocapillary self-assemblies: Locomotion and micromanipulation along a liquid interface.}, journal = {Advances in colloid and interface science}, volume = {255}, number = {}, pages = {84-93}, doi = {10.1016/j.cis.2017.07.019}, pmid = {28754380}, issn = {1873-3727}, abstract = {This paper presents an overview and discussion of magnetocapillary self-assemblies. New results are presented, in particular concerning the possible development of future applications. These self-organizing structures possess the notable ability to move along an interface when powered by an oscillatory, uniform magnetic field. The system is constructed as follows. Soft magnetic particles are placed on a liquid interface, and submitted to a magnetic induction field. An attractive force due to the curvature of the interface around the particles competes with an interaction between magnetic dipoles. Ordered structures can spontaneously emerge from these conditions. Furthermore, time-dependent magnetic fields can produce a wide range of dynamic behaviours, including non-time-reversible deformation sequences that produce translational motion at low Reynolds number. In other words, due to a spontaneous breaking of time-reversal symmetry, the assembly can turn into a surface microswimmer. Trajectories have been shown to be precisely controllable. As a consequence, this system offers a way to produce microrobots able to perform different tasks. This is illustrated in this paper by the capture, transport and release of a floating cargo, and the controlled mixing of fluids at low Reynolds number.}, }
@article {pmid28749743, year = {2017}, author = {Morley, ST and Walsh, MT and Newport, DT}, title = {Opportunities for Studying the Hydrodynamic Context for Breast Cancer Cell Spread Through Lymph Flow.}, journal = {Lymphatic research and biology}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {204-219}, doi = {10.1089/lrb.2017.0005}, pmid = {28749743}, issn = {1557-8585}, mesh = {Animals ; Breast Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/*pathology ; Cell Adhesion ; *Cell Movement ; Female ; Humans ; *Hydrodynamics ; Lymph Nodes/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Lymphatic System/diagnostic imaging/*pathology ; Lymphatic Vessels/diagnostic imaging/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Tumor Microenvironment ; }, abstract = {The lymphatic system serves as the primary route for the metastatic spread of breast cancer cells (BCCs). A scarcity of information exists with regard to the advection of BCCs in lymph flow and a fundamental understanding of the response of BCCs to the forces in the lymphatics needs to be established. This review summarizes the flow environment metastatic BCCs are exposed to in the lymphatics. Special attention is paid to the behavior of cells/particles in microflows in an attempt to elucidate the behavior of BCCs under lymph flow conditions (Reynolds number <1).}, }
@article {pmid31832014, year = {2017}, author = {Coleman, GN and Pirozzoli, S and Quadrio, M and Spalart, PR}, title = {Direct Numerical Simulation and Theory of a Wall-Bounded Flow with Zero Skin Friction.}, journal = {Flow, turbulence and combustion}, volume = {99}, number = {3-4}, pages = {553-564}, doi = {10.1007/s10494-017-9834-x}, pmid = {31832014}, issn = {1573-1987}, support = {/LaRC/Langley Research Center NASA/United States ; N-999999/ImNASA/Intramural NASA/United States ; }, abstract = {We study turbulent plane Couette-Poiseuille (CP) flows in which the conditions (relative wall velocity ΔUw ≡ 2Uw , pressure gradient dP/dx and viscosity ν) are adjusted to produce zero mean skin friction on one of the walls, denoted by APG for adverse pressure gradient. The other wall, FPG for favorable pressure gradient, provides the friction velocity uτ , and h is the half-height of the channel. This leads to a one-dimensional family of flows of varying Reynolds number Re ≡ Uw h/ν. We apply three codes, and cover three Reynolds numbers stepping by a factor of 2 each time. The agreement between codes is very good, and the Reynolds-number range is sizable. The theoretical questions revolve around Reynolds-number independence in both the core region (free of local viscous effects) and the two wall regions. The core region follows Townsend's hypothesis of universal behavior for the velocity and shear stress, when they are normalized with uτ and h; universality is not observed for all the Reynolds stresses, any more than it is in Poiseuille flow or boundary layers. The behavior at very high Re is unknown. The FPG wall region obeys the classical law of the wall, again for velocity and shear stress, but could suggest a low value for the Karman constant κ, possibly near 0.37. For the APG wall region, Stratford conjectured universal behavior when normalized with the pressure gradient, leading to a square-root law for the velocity. The literature, also covering other flows with zero skin friction, is ambiguous. Our results are very consistent with both of Stratford's conjectures, suggesting that at least in this idealized flow geometry the theory is successful like it was for the classical law of the wall. We appear to know the constants of the law within a 10% bracket. On the other hand, again that does not extend to Reynolds stresses other than the shear stress, but these stresses are passive in the momentum equation.}, }
@article {pmid28732945, year = {2017}, author = {Bulliard-Sauret, O and Ferrouillat, S and Vignal, L and Memponteil, A and Gondrexon, N}, title = {Heat transfer enhancement using 2MHz ultrasound.}, journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry}, volume = {39}, number = {}, pages = {262-271}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.04.021}, pmid = {28732945}, issn = {1873-2828}, abstract = {The present work focuses on possible heat transfer enhancement from a heating plate towards tap water in forced convection by means of 2MHz ultrasound. The thermal approach allows to observe the increase of local convective heat transfer coefficients in the presence of ultrasound and to deduce a correlation between ultrasound power and Nusselt number. Heat transfer coefficient under ultrasound remains constant while heat transfer coefficient under silent conditions increases with Reynolds number from 900 up to 5000. Therefore, heat transfer enhancement factor ranges from 25% up to 90% for the same energy conditions (supplied ultrasonic power=110W and supplied thermal power=450W). In the same time cavitational activity due to 2MHz ultrasound emission was characterized from mechanical and chemical viewpoints without significant results. At least, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements have been performed in order to investigate hydrodynamic modifications due to the presence of 2MHz ultrasound. It was therefore possible to propose a better understanding of heat transfer enhancement mechanism with high frequency ultrasound.}, }
@article {pmid28726415, year = {2017}, author = {Zhao, X and Dey, KK and Jeganathan, S and Butler, PJ and Córdova-Figueroa, UM and Sen, A}, title = {Enhanced Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Active Enzyme Solutions.}, journal = {Nano letters}, volume = {17}, number = {8}, pages = {4807-4812}, doi = {10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01618}, pmid = {28726415}, issn = {1530-6992}, mesh = {Catalysis ; Diffusion ; Energy Transfer ; Enzymes/*chemistry ; Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry ; Kinetics ; Microspheres ; Particle Size ; Rhodamines/chemistry ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Thermodynamics ; Urease/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Colloidal suspensions containing microscopic swimmers have been the focus of recent studies aimed at understanding the principles of energy transfer in fluidic media at low Reynolds number conditions. Going down in scale, active enzymes have been shown to be force-generating, nonequilibrium systems, thus offering opportunity to examine energy transfer at the ultralow Reynolds number regime. By monitoring the change of diffusion of inert tracers dispersed in active enzyme solutions, we demonstrate that the nature of energy transfer in these systems is similar to that reported for larger microscopic active systems, despite the large differences in scale, modes of energy transduction, and propulsion. Additionally, even an enzyme that catalyzes an endothermic reaction behaves analogously, suggesting that heat generation is not the primary factor for the observed enhanced tracer diffusion. Our results provide new insights into the mechanism of energy transfer at the molecular level.}, }
@article {pmid28725740, year = {2016}, author = {Darr, S and Dong, J and Glikin, N and Hartwig, J and Majumdar, A and Leclair, A and Chung, J}, title = {The effect of reduced gravity on cryogenic nitrogen boiling and pipe chilldown.}, journal = {NPJ microgravity}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {16033}, doi = {10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.33}, pmid = {28725740}, issn = {2373-8065}, abstract = {Manned deep space exploration will require cryogenic in-space propulsion. Yet, accurate prediction of cryogenic pipe flow boiling heat transfer is lacking, due to the absence of a cohesive reduced gravity data set covering the expected flow and thermodynamic parameter ranges needed to validate cryogenic two-phase heat transfer models. This work provides a wide range of cryogenic chilldown data aboard an aircraft flying parabolic trajectories to simulate reduced gravity. Liquid nitrogen is used to quench a 1.27 cm diameter tube from room temperature. The pressure, temperature, flow rate, and inlet conditions are reported from 10 tests covering liquid Reynolds number from 2,000 to 80,000 and pressures from 80 to 810 kPa. Corresponding terrestrial gravity tests were performed in upward, downward, and horizontal flow configurations to identify gravity and flow direction effects on chilldown. Film boiling heat transfer was lessened by up to 25% in reduced gravity, resulting in longer time and more liquid to quench the pipe to liquid temperatures. Heat transfer was enhanced by increasing the flow rate, and differences between reduced and terrestrial gravity diminished at high flow rates. The new data set will enable the development of accurate and robust heat transfer models of cryogenic pipe chilldown in reduced gravity.}, }
@article {pmid28709337, year = {2017}, author = {Gürcan, ÖD}, title = {Nested polyhedra model of turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {6-1}, pages = {063102}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.063102}, pmid = {28709337}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {A discretization of the wave-number space is proposed, using nested polyhedra, in the form of alternating dodecahedra and icosahedra that are self-similarly scaled. This particular choice allows the possibility of forming triangles using only discretized wave vectors when the scaling between two consecutive dodecahedra is equal to the golden ratio and the icosahedron between the two dodecahedra is the dual of the inner dodecahedron. Alternatively, the same discretization can be described as a logarithmically spaced (with a scaling equal to the golden ratio), nested dodecahedron-icosahedron compounds. A wave vector which points from the origin to a vertex of such a mesh, can always find two other discretized wave vectors that are also on the vertices of the mesh (which is not true for an arbitrary mesh). Thus, the nested polyhedra grid can be thought of as a reduction (or decimation) of the Fourier space using a particular set of self-similar triads arranged approximately in a spherical form. For each vertex (i.e., discretized wave vector) in this space, there are either 9 or 15 pairs of vertices (i.e., wave vectors) with which the initial vertex can interact to form a triangle. This allows the reduction of the convolution integral in the Navier-Stokes equation to a sum over 9 or 15 interaction pairs, transforming the equation in Fourier space to a network of &quot;interacting&quot; nodes that can be constructed as a numerical model, which evolves each component of the velocity vector on each node of the network. This model gives the usual Kolmogorov spectrum of k^{-5/3}. Since the scaling is logarithmic, and the number of nodes for each scale is constant, a very large inertial range (i.e., a very high Reynolds number) with a much lower number of degrees of freedom can be considered. Incidentally, by assuming isotropy and a certain relation between the phases, the model can be used to systematically derive shell models.}, }
@article {pmid28709335, year = {2017}, author = {Dorschner, B and Chikatamarla, SS and Karlin, IV}, title = {Entropic multirelaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method for moving and deforming geometries in three dimensions.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {6-1}, pages = {063306}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.063306}, pmid = {28709335}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Entropic lattice Boltzmann methods have been developed to alleviate intrinsic stability issues of lattice Boltzmann models for under-resolved simulations. Its reliability in combination with moving objects was established for various laminar benchmark flows in two dimensions in our previous work [B. Dorschner, S. Chikatamarla, F. Bösch, and I. Karlin, J. Comput. Phys. 295, 340 (2015)JCTPAH0021-999110.1016/j.jcp.2015.04.017] as well as for three-dimensional one-way coupled simulations of engine-type geometries in B. Dorschner, F. Bösch, S. Chikatamarla, K. Boulouchos, and I. Karlin [J. Fluid Mech. 801, 623 (2016)JFLSA70022-112010.1017/jfm.2016.448] for flat moving walls. The present contribution aims to fully exploit the advantages of entropic lattice Boltzmann models in terms of stability and accuracy and extends the methodology to three-dimensional cases, including two-way coupling between fluid and structure and then turbulence and deforming geometries. To cover this wide range of applications, the classical benchmark of a sedimenting sphere is chosen first to validate the general two-way coupling algorithm. Increasing the complexity, we subsequently consider the simulation of a plunging SD7003 airfoil in the transitional regime at a Reynolds number of Re=40000 and, finally, to access the model's performance for deforming geometries, we conduct a two-way coupled simulation of a self-propelled anguilliform swimmer. These simulations confirm the viability of the new fluid-structure interaction lattice Boltzmann algorithm to simulate flows of engineering relevance.}, }
@article {pmid28698630, year = {2017}, author = {Castillo-Orozco, E and Kar, A and Kumar, R}, title = {Electrospray mode transition of microdroplets with semiconductor nanoparticle suspension.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {5144}, pmid = {28698630}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Electrosprays operate in several modes depending on the flow rate and electric potential. This allows the deposition of droplets containing nanoparticles into discrete nanodot arrays to fabricate various electronic devices. In this study, seven different suspensions with varying properties were investigated. In the dripping mode, the normalized dropsize decreases linearly with electric capillary number, Ca e , (ratio of electric to surface tension forces) up to Ca e ≈ 1.0. The effect of viscous forces is found to be negligible in the dripping mode since the capillary number is small. For flow rates with low Reynolds number, the mode changes to microdripping mode, and then to a planar oscillating microdripping mode as Ca e increases. The normalized dropsize remains nearly constant at 0.07 for Ca e > 3.3. The microdripping mode which is important for depositing discrete array of nanodots is found to occur in the range, 2 ≤ Ca e ≤ 2.5. The droplet frequency increases steadily from dripping to microdripping mode, but stays roughly constant in the oscillating microdripping mode. This work provides a physical basis by which the flow rate and the voltage can be chosen for any nanosuspension to precisely operate in the microdripping mode at a predetermined dropsize and droplet frequency.}, }
@article {pmid28690413, year = {2017}, author = {Marques, F and Meseguer, A and Mellibovsky, F and Weidman, PD}, title = {Extensional channel flow revisited: a dynamical systems perspective.}, journal = {Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {473}, number = {2202}, pages = {20170151}, pmid = {28690413}, issn = {1364-5021}, abstract = {Extensional self-similar flows in a channel are explored numerically for arbitrary stretching-shrinking rates of the confining parallel walls. The present analysis embraces time integrations, and continuations of steady and periodic solutions unfolded in the parameter space. Previous studies focused on the analysis of branches of steady solutions for particular stretching-shrinking rates, although recent studies focused also on the dynamical aspects of the problems. We have adopted a dynamical systems perspective, analysing the instabilities and bifurcations the base state undergoes when increasing the Reynolds number. It has been found that the base state becomes unstable for small Reynolds numbers, and a transitional region including complex dynamics takes place at intermediate Reynolds numbers, depending on the wall acceleration values. The base flow instabilities are constitutive parts of different codimension-two bifurcations that control the dynamics in parameter space. For large Reynolds numbers, the restriction to self-similarity results in simple flows with no realistic behaviour, but the flows obtained in the transition region can be a valuable tool for the understanding of the dynamics of realistic Navier-Stokes solutions.}, }
@article {pmid28688478, year = {2017}, author = {Akbar, NS and Butt, AW and Tripathi, D}, title = {Biomechanically driven unsteady non-uniform flow of Copper water and Silver water nanofluids through finite length channel.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {146}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.04.016}, pmid = {28688478}, issn = {1872-7565}, mesh = {Copper/*analysis ; Nanostructures/*analysis ; Pressure ; *Rheology ; Silver/*analysis ; Water/*analysis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This paper aims to investigate the unsteady flow of two types of nanofluids i.e Copper water nanofluids and Silver water nanofluids) through finite length non-uniform channel driven by peristaltic sinusoidal wave propagations.<br><br>METHODS: The governing equations are reduced in linear form using dimensional analysis and considering the low Reynolds number and large wavelength approximations. The time dependent temperature field, axial velocity, transverse velocity and pressure difference are obtained analytically in closed form solution. Trapping phenomenon is also discussed with the help of contour plots of stream function. A comparative study of pure water (Newtonian fluid), Copper water nanofluids and Silver water nanofluids under the influence of relevant physical parameters is made in graphical form and also discussed. The effects of absorption parameter and Grashof number on velocity profiles, temperature profiles and pressure distribution along the length of channel are examined.<br><br>RESULTS CONCLUSIONS: The computational results reveal that the velocity profile is maximum for Silver water nanofluids however, it is least for Copper water nanofluids. It is also concluded the temperature profile is more for pure water in comparison to Silver water and Copper water nanofluids. This model is applicable to design, micro-peristaltic pumps which help in Nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery and to transport the sensitive or corrosive fluids, sanitary fluids, slurries and noxious fluids in nuclear industry.}, }
@article {pmid28670352, year = {2017}, author = {Zhou, J and Ryu, S and Admiraal, D}, title = {Flow and transport effect caused by the stalk contraction cycle of Vorticella convallaria.}, journal = {Biomicrofluidics}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {034119}, pmid = {28670352}, issn = {1932-1058}, abstract = {Vorticella convallaria is a protozoan attached to a substrate by a stalk which can contract in less than 10 ms, translating the zooid toward the substrate with a maximum Reynolds number of ∼1. Following contraction, the stalk slowly relaxes, moving the zooid away from the substrate, which results in creeping flow. Although Vorticella has long been believed to contract to evade danger, it has been suggested that its stalk may contract to enhance food transport near the substrate. To elucidate how Vorticella utilizes its contraction-relaxation cycle, we investigated water flow caused by the cycle, using a computational fluid dynamics model validated with an experimental scale model and particle tracking velocimetry. The simulated flow was visualized and analyzed by tracing virtual particles around the Vorticella. It is observed that one cycle can displace particles up to ∼190 μm with the maximum net vertical displacement of 3-4 μm and that the net transport effect becomes more evident over repeated cycles. This transport effect appears to be due to asymmetry of the contraction and relaxation phases of the flow field, and it can be more effective on motile food particles than non-motile ones. Therefore, our Vorticella model enabled investigating the fluid dynamics principle and ecological role of the transport effects of Vorticella's stalk contraction.}, }
@article {pmid28665292, year = {2017}, author = {Kazemi, A and Van de Riet, K and Curet, OM}, title = {Hydrodynamics of mangrove-type root models: the effect of porosity, spacing ratio and flexibility.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {056003}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/aa7ccf}, pmid = {28665292}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {*Biomimetic Materials ; Ecosystem ; Equipment Design ; *Hydrodynamics ; Plant Roots/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; *Porosity ; Rhizophoraceae/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Mangrove trees play a prominent role in coastal tropic and subtropical regions, providing habitats for many organisms and protecting shorelines against high energy flows. In particular, the species Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) exhibits complex cluster roots interacting with different hydrological flow conditions. To better understand the resilience of mangrove trees, we modeled the roots as a collection of cylinders with a circular pattern subject to unidirectional flow. We investigated the effect of porosity and spacing ratio between roots by varying both the diameter of the patch, D, and inset cylinders, d. In addition, we modeled hanging roots of red mangroves as cantilevered rigid cylinders on a hinge. Force and velocity measurements were performed in a water tunnel (Reynolds numbers from 2200 to 11 000). Concurrently, we performed 2D flow visualization using a flowing soap film. We found that the frequency of the vortex shedding increases as the diameter of the small cylinders decreases while the patch diameter is constant, therefore increasing the Strouhal number, [Formula: see text]. By comparing the change of Strouhal numbers with a single solid cylinder, we introduced a new length scale, the effective diameter. The effective diameter of the patch decreases as the porosity increases. In addition, we found that patch drag scales linearly with the patch diameter but decreases linearly as the spacing ratio increases. After a spacing ratio of ([Formula: see text]), the force scales linearly with the free stream velocity, and the mean velocity behind the patch is independent of the Reynolds number and the patch effect disappears. For flexible cylinders, we found that a decrease in stiffness increases both patch drag and the wake deficit behind the patch in a similar fashion as increasing the blockage of the patch. This information has the potential to help in the development of methods to design resilient bio-inspired coastline structures.}, }
@article {pmid28658586, year = {2017}, author = {Qamar, A and Warnez, M and Valassis, DT and Guetzko, ME and Bull, JL}, title = {Small-bubble transport and splitting dynamics in a symmetric bifurcation.}, journal = {Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {1182-1194}, doi = {10.1080/10255842.2017.1340466}, pmid = {28658586}, issn = {1476-8259}, support = {R01 EB006476/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Arteries/physiology ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; Friction ; Humans ; *Microbubbles ; *Models, Theoretical ; Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted ; Skin ; Stress, Mechanical ; }, abstract = {Simulations of small bubbles traveling through symmetric bifurcations are conducted to garner information pertinent to gas embolotherapy, a potential cancer treatment. Gas embolotherapy procedures use intra-arterial bubbles to occlude tumor blood supply. As bubbles pass through bifurcations in the blood stream nonhomogeneous splitting and undesirable bioeffects may occur. To aid development of gas embolotherapy techniques, a volume of fluid method is used to model the splitting process of gas bubbles passing through artery and arteriole bifurcations. The model reproduces the variety of splitting behaviors observed experimentally, including the bubble reversal phenomenon. Splitting homogeneity and maximum shear stress along the vessel walls is predicted over a variety of physical parameters. Small bubbles, having initial length less than twice the vessel diameter, were found unlikely to split in the presence of gravitational asymmetry. Maximum shear stresses were found to decrease exponentially with increasing Reynolds number. Vortex-induced shearing near the bifurcation is identified as a possible mechanism for endothelial cell damage.}, }
@article {pmid28658585, year = {2017}, author = {Qamar, A and Bull, JL}, title = {Transport and flow characteristics of an oscillating cylindrical fiber for total artificial lung application.}, journal = {Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {1195-1211}, doi = {10.1080/10255842.2017.1340467}, pmid = {28658585}, issn = {1476-8259}, mesh = {*Artificial Organs ; Biological Transport ; Humans ; Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Rheology ; Stress, Mechanical ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Mass transport and fluid dynamics characteristics in the vicinity of an oscillating cylindrical fiber with an imposed pulsatile inflow condition are computationally investigated in the present study. The work is motivated by a recently proposed design modification to the Total Artificial Lung (TAL) device, which is expected to provide better gas exchange. Navier-Stokes computations, coupled with convection-diffusion equation are performed to assess flow dynamics and mass transport behavior around the oscillating fiber. The oscillations and the pulsatile free stream velocity are represented by two sinusoidal functions. The resulting non-dimensional parameters are Keulegan-Carpenter number (KC), Schmidt number (Sc), Reynolds number (Re), pulsatile inflow amplitude ([Formula: see text]), and amplitude of cylinder oscillation ([Formula: see text]). Results are computed for [Formula: see text], Sc = 1000, Re = 5 and 10, [Formula: see text] and 0.7 and 0.25 [Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text] 5.25. The pulsatile inflow parameters correspond to the flow velocities found in human pulmonary artery while matching the operating TAL Reynolds number. Mass transport from the surface of the cylinder to the bulk fluid is found to be primarily dependent on the size of surface vortices created by the movement of the cylinder. Time-averaged surface Sherwood number (Sh) is dependent on the amplitude and KC of cylinder oscillation. Compared to the fixed cylinder case, a significant gain up to 380% in Sh is achieved by oscillating the cylinder even at the small displacement amplitude (AD = 0.75D). Moreover, with decrease in KC the oscillating cylinder exhibits a lower drag amplitude compared with the fixed cylinder case. Inflow pulsation amplitude has minor effects on the mass transport characteristics. However, an increase in [Formula: see text] results in an increase in the amplitude of the periodic drag force on the cylinder. This rise in the drag amplitude is similar to that measured for the fixed cylinder case. Quantifications of shear stress distribution in the bulk fluid suggest that the physiological concerns of platelet activation and injury to red blood cells due to cylinder oscillation are negligible.}, }
@article {pmid28652683, year = {2017}, author = {Qi, TY and Liu, C and Ni, MJ and Yang, JC}, title = {The linear stability of Hunt-Rayleigh-Bénard flow.}, journal = {Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994)}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {064103}, pmid = {28652683}, issn = {1070-6631}, abstract = {The stability of a pressure driven flow in a duct heated from below and subjected to a vertical magnetic field (Hunt-Rayleigh-Bénard flow) is studied. We use the Chebyshev collocation approach to solve the eigenvalue problem for the small-amplitude perturbations. It is demonstrated that the magnetic field can stabilize the flow, while the temperature field can disturb the flow. There exists a threshold for the Hartmann number below which the growth rate changes with the Prandtl number non-monotonously (first increases and then decreases) with a critical Prandtl number for the maximum growth rate. By comparing the [Formula: see text] neutral curves at different Rayleigh numbers, we find that the critical Reynolds number decreases with the increase in the Rayleigh number, which has an obvious influence on the long-wave instability and a little influence on the short-wave instability. The dominant mode of the long-wave instability changes from the boundary layer instability to the inflectional instability with the increase in the growth rate, which forms a new flow map. We also compare the [Formula: see text] curves and find that the critical Rayleigh number decreases with the increase in the Reynolds number. The obtained results gain an insight into the flow stability affected by the temperature field and the magnetic field.}, }
@article {pmid30400388, year = {2017}, author = {Wang, Q and Yuan, D and Li, W}, title = {Analysis of Hydrodynamic Mechanism on Particles Focusing in Micro-Channel Flows.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {30400388}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {In this paper, the hydrodynamic mechanism of moving particles in laminar micro-channel flows was numerically investigated. A hydrodynamic criterion was proposed to determine whether particles in channel flows can form a focusing pattern or not. A simple formula was derived to demonstrate how the focusing position varies with Reynolds number and particle size. Based on this proposed criterion, a possible hydrodynamic mechanism was discussed as to why the particles would not be focused if their sizes were too small or the channel Reynolds number was too low. The Re-λ curve (Re, λ respectively represents the channel-based Reynolds number and the particle's diameter scaled by the channel) was obtained using the data fitting with a least square method so as to obtain a parameter range of the focusing pattern. In addition, the importance of the particle rotation to the numerical modeling for the focusing of particles was discussed in view of the hydrodynamics. This research is expected to deepen the understanding of the particle transport phenomena in bounded flow, either in micro or macro fluidic scope.}, }
@article {pmid28619665, year = {2017}, author = {Tripathi, D and Borode, A and Jhorar, R and Bég, OA and Tiwari, AK}, title = {Computer modelling of electro-osmotically augmented three-layered microvascular peristaltic blood flow.}, journal = {Microvascular research}, volume = {114}, number = {}, pages = {65-83}, doi = {10.1016/j.mvr.2017.06.004}, pmid = {28619665}, issn = {1095-9319}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomimetics/methods ; Blood Viscosity ; *Computer Simulation ; *Electroosmosis ; Humans ; *Microcirculation ; Microvessels/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; *Pulsatile Flow ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {A theoretical study is presented here for the electro-osmosis modulated peristaltic three-layered capillary flow of viscous fluids with different viscosities in the layers. The layers considered here are the core layer, the intermediate layer and the peripheral layer. The analysis has been carried out under a number of physical restrictions viz. Debye-Hückel linearization (i.e. wall zeta potential ≤25mV) is assumed sufficiently small, thin electric double layer limit (i.e. the peripheral layer is much thicker than the electric double layer thickness), low Reynolds number and large wavelength approximations. A non-dimensional analysis is used to linearize the boundary value problem. Fluid-fluid interfaces, peristaltic pumping characteristics, and trapping phenomenon are simulated. Present study also evaluates the responses of interface, pressure rise, time-averaged volume flow rate, maximum pressure rise, and the influence of Helmholtz-Smoluchowski velocity on the mechanical efficiency (with two different cases of the viscosity of fluids between the intermediate and the peripheral layer). Trapping phenomenon along with bolus dynamics evolution with thin EDL effects are analyzed. The findings of this study may ultimately be useful to control the microvascular flow during the fractionation of blood into plasma (in the peripheral layer), buffy coat (intermediate layer) and erythrocytes (core layer). This work may also contributes in electrophoresis, hematology, electrohydrodynamic therapy and, design and development of biomimetic electro-osmotic pumps.}, }
@article {pmid28618644, year = {2017}, author = {Wang, L and Huang, Y}, title = {Intrinsic flow structure and multifractality in two-dimensional bacterial turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {5-1}, pages = {052215}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.052215}, pmid = {28618644}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The active interaction between the bacteria and fluid generates turbulent structures even at zero Reynolds number. The velocity of such a flow obtained experimentally has been quantitatively investigated based on streamline segment analysis. There is a clear transition at about 16 times the organism body length separating two different scale regimes, which may be attributed to the different influence of the viscous effect. Surprisingly the scaling extracted from the streamline segment indicates the existence of scale similarity even at the zero Reynolds number limit. Moreover, the multifractal feature can be quantitatively described via a lognormal formula with the Hurst number H=0.76 and the intermittency parameter μ=0.20, which is coincidentally in agreement with the three-dimensional hydrodynamic turbulence result. The direction of cascade is measured via the filter-space technique. An inverse energy cascade is confirmed. For the enstrophy, a forward cascade is observed when r/R≤3, and an inverse one is observed when r/R>3, where r and R are the separation distance and the bacteria body size, respectively. Additionally, the lognormal statistics is verified for the coarse-grained energy dissipation and enstrophy, which supports the lognormal formula to fit the measured scaling exponent.}, }
@article {pmid28618575, year = {2017}, author = {True, AC and Crimaldi, JP}, title = {Hydrodynamics of viscous inhalant flows.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {5-1}, pages = {053107}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.053107}, pmid = {28618575}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Inhalant flows draw fluid into an orifice from a reservoir and are ubiquitous in engineering and biology. Surprisingly, there is a lack of quantitative information on viscous inhalant flows. We consider here laminar flows (Reynolds number Re≤100) developing after impulsive inhalation begins. We implement finite element simulations of flows with varying Re and extraction height h (orifice height above a bottom bed). Numerical results are experimentally validated using particle image velocimetry measurements in a physical model for a representative flow case in the middle of the Re-h parameter space. We use two metrics to characterize the flow in space and time: regions of influence (ROIs), which describe the spatial extent of the flow field, and inhalation volumes, which describe the initial distribution of inhaled fluid. The transient response for all Re features an inviscid sinklike component at early times followed by a viscous diffusive component. At lower Re, diffusion entrains an increasing volume of fluid over time, enlarging the ROI indefinitely. In some geometries, these flows spatially bifurcate, with some fluid being inhaled through the orifice and some bypassing into recirculation. At higher Re, inward advection dominates outward viscous diffusion and the flow remains trapped in a sinklike state. Both ROIs and inhalation volumes are strongly dependent on Re and extraction height, suggesting that organisms or engineers could tune these parameters to achieve specific inhalation criteria.}, }
@article {pmid28618505, year = {2017}, author = {Puljiz, M and Menzel, AM}, title = {Forces and torques on rigid inclusions in an elastic environment: Resulting matrix-mediated interactions, displacements, and rotations.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {5-1}, pages = {053002}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.053002}, pmid = {28618505}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Embedding rigid inclusions into elastic matrix materials is a procedure of high practical relevance, for instance, for the fabrication of elastic composite materials. We theoretically analyze the following situation. Rigid spherical inclusions are enclosed by a homogeneous elastic medium under stick boundary conditions. Forces and torques are directly imposed from outside onto the inclusions or are externally induced between them. The inclusions respond to these forces and torques by translations and rotations against the surrounding elastic matrix. This leads to elastic matrix deformations, and in turn results in mutual long-ranged matrix-mediated interactions between the inclusions. Adapting a well-known approach from low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics, we explicitly calculate the displacements and rotations of the inclusions from the externally imposed or induced forces and torques. Analytical expressions are presented as a function of the inclusion configuration in terms of displaceability and rotateability matrices. The role of the elastic environment is implicitly included in these relations. That is, the resulting expressions allow a calculation of the induced displacements and rotations directly from the inclusion configuration, without having to explicitly determine the deformations of the elastic environment. In contrast to the hydrodynamic case, compressibility of the surrounding medium is readily taken into account. We present the complete derivation based on the underlying equations of linear elasticity theory. In the future, the method will, for example, be helpful to characterize the behavior of externally tunable elastic composite materials, to accelerate numerical approaches, as well as to improve the quantitative interpretation of microrheological results.}, }
@article {pmid28618504, year = {2017}, author = {Altmeyer, S and Lueptow, RM}, title = {Wave propagation reversal for wavy vortices in wide-gap counter-rotating cylindrical Couette flow.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {5-1}, pages = {053103}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.053103}, pmid = {28618504}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We present a numerical study of wavy supercritical cylindrical Couette flow between counter-rotating cylinders in which the wavy pattern propagates either prograde with the inner cylinder or retrograde opposite the rotation of the inner cylinder. The wave propagation reversals from prograde to retrograde and vice versa occur at distinct values of the inner cylinder Reynolds number when the associated frequency of the wavy instability vanishes. The reversal occurs for both twofold and threefold symmetric wavy vortices. Moreover, the wave propagation reversal only occurs for sufficiently strong counter-rotation. The flow pattern reversal appears to be intrinsic in the system as either periodic boundary conditions or fixed end wall boundary conditions for different system sizes always result in the wave propagation reversal. We present a detailed bifurcation sequence and parameter space diagram with respect to retrograde behavior of wavy flows. The retrograde propagation of the instability occurs when the inner Reynolds number is about two times the outer Reynolds number. The mechanism for the retrograde propagation is associated with the inviscidly unstable region near the inner cylinder and the direction of the global average azimuthal velocity. Flow dynamics, spatio-temporal behavior, global mean angular velocity, and torque of the flow with the wavy pattern are explored.}, }
@article {pmid28613306, year = {2017}, author = {Khojah, R and Stoutamore, R and Di Carlo, D}, title = {Size-tunable microvortex capture of rare cells.}, journal = {Lab on a chip}, volume = {17}, number = {15}, pages = {2542-2549}, doi = {10.1039/c7lc00355b}, pmid = {28613306}, issn = {1473-0189}, mesh = {Blood Cells/cytology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Separation/*instrumentation/*methods ; Cell Size ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods ; MCF-7 Cells ; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques/*instrumentation ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; }, abstract = {Inertial separation of particles and cells based on their size has advanced significantly over the last decade. However, size-based inertial separation methods require precise tuning of microfluidic device geometries to adjust the separation size of particles or cells. Here, we show a passive capture method that targets a wide size range of cells by controlling the flow conditions in a single device geometry. This multimodal capture device is designed to generate laminar vortices in lateral cavities that branch from long rectangular channels. Micro-vortices generated at lower Reynolds numbers capture and stabilize large particles in equilibrium orbits or limit cycles near the vortex core. Other smaller particles or cells orbit near the vortex boundaries and they are susceptible to exiting the cavity flow. In the same cavity, however, at higher Reynolds number, we observe small particles migrating inward. This evolution in limit cycle trajectories led to a corresponding evolution in the average size of captured particles, indicating that the outermost orbits are less stable. We identify three phases of capture as a function of Reynolds number that give rise to unique particle orbit trajectories. Flow-based switching overcomes a major engineering challenge to automate capture and release of polydisperse cell subpopulations. The approach can expand clinical applications of label free trapping in isolating and processing a larger subset of rare cells like circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood and other body fluids.}, }
@article {pmid28613157, year = {2017}, author = {Ferreira, RR and Vilfan, A and Jülicher, F and Supatto, W and Vermot, J}, title = {Physical limits of flow sensing in the left-right organizer.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {28613157}, issn = {2050-084X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Body Patterning ; Cilia/*physiology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology/*physiology ; Functional Laterality ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Hydrodynamics ; Signal Transduction ; Zebrafish/embryology/*physiology ; Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Fluid flows generated by motile cilia are guiding the establishment of the left-right asymmetry of the body in the vertebrate left-right organizer. Competing hypotheses have been proposed: the direction of flow is sensed either through mechanosensation, or via the detection of chemical signals transported in the flow. We investigated the physical limits of flow detection to clarify which mechanisms could be reliably used for symmetry breaking. We integrated parameters describing cilia distribution and orientation obtained in vivo in zebrafish into a multiscale physical study of flow generation and detection. Our results show that the number of immotile cilia is too small to ensure robust left and right determination by mechanosensing, given the large spatial variability of the flow. However, motile cilia could sense their own motion by a yet unknown mechanism. Finally, transport of chemical signals by the flow can provide a simple and reliable mechanism of asymmetry establishment.}, }
@article {pmid28582613, year = {2017}, author = {Chu, X and Yu, X and Greenstein, J and Aydin, F and Uppaladadium, G and Dutt, M}, title = {Flow-Induced Shape Reconfiguration, Phase Separation, and Rupture of Bio-Inspired Vesicles.}, journal = {ACS nano}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {6661-6671}, doi = {10.1021/acsnano.7b00753}, pmid = {28582613}, issn = {1936-086X}, mesh = {1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/*chemistry ; Biomimetic Materials/*chemistry ; Cell Shape ; Cholesterol/chemistry ; Computer Simulation ; Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/*chemistry ; Drug Carriers/*chemistry ; Erythrocytes/chemistry/cytology ; Glycolipids/chemistry ; Hydrodynamics ; Liposomes/chemistry ; Models, Molecular ; *Phase Transition ; Polyethylene Glycols/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The structural integrity of red blood cells and drug delivery carriers through blood vessels is dependent upon their ability to adapt their shape during their transportation. Our goal is to examine the role of the composition of bio-inspired multicomponent and hairy vesicles on their shape during their transport through in a channel. Through the dissipative particle dynamics simulation technique, we apply Poiseuille flow in a cylindrical channel. We investigate the effect of flow conditions and concentration of key molecular components on the shape, phase separation, and structural integrity of the bio-inspired multicomponent and hairy vesicles. Our results show the Reynolds number and molecular composition of the vesicles impact their flow-induced deformation, phase separation on the outer monolayer due to the Marangoni effect, and rupture. The findings from this study could be used to enhance the design of drug delivery and tissue engineering systems.}, }
@article {pmid28577022, year = {2017}, author = {Huang, Y and Wang, HL and Chen, YQ and Zhang, YH and Yang, Q and Bai, ZS and Ma, L}, title = {Liquid-liquid extraction intensification by micro-droplet rotation in a hydrocyclone.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {2678}, pmid = {28577022}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The previous literature reports that using a hydrocyclone as an extractor intensifies the mass transfer and largely reduces the consumption of extractant from 1800-2000 kg h-1 to 30-90 kg h-1. However, the intensification mechanism has not been clear. This paper presents experimental and numerical methods to study the multi-scale motion of particles in hydrocyclones. In addition to the usually considered translational behavior, the high-speed rotation of dispersed micro-spheres caused by the anisotropic swirling shear flow is determined. The rotation speeds of the tested micro-spheres are above 1000 rad s-1, which are much larger than the instantaneous rotation speed in isotropic turbulence. Due to the conical structure of a hydrocyclone, the rotation speed maintains stability along the axial direction. Numerical results show that the particle Reynolds number of micro-droplets in a hydrocyclone is equal to that in conventional extractors, but the particles have high rotation speeds of up to 10,000 rad s-1 and long mixing lengths of more than 1000 mm. Both the rotation of micro-droplets along the spiral trajectories and the intense eddy diffusion in a hydrocyclone contribute to the extraction intensification.}, }
@article {pmid28573002, year = {2017}, author = {Petford, N and Mirhadizadeh, S}, title = {Image-based modelling of lateral magma flow: the Basement Sill, Antarctica.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {161083}, pmid = {28573002}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {The McMurdo Dry Valleys magmatic system, Antarctica, provides a world-class example of pervasive lateral magma flow on a continental scale. The lowermost intrusion (Basement Sill) offers detailed sections through the now frozen particle microstructure of a congested magma slurry. We simulated the flow regime in two and three dimensions using numerical models built on a finite-element mesh derived from field data. The model captures the flow behaviour of the Basement Sill magma over a viscosity range of 1-104 Pa s where the higher end (greater than or equal to 102 Pa s) corresponds to a magmatic slurry with crystal fractions varying between 30 and 70%. A novel feature of the model is the discovery of transient, low viscosity (less than or equal to 50 Pa s) high Reynolds number eddies formed along undulating contacts at the floor and roof of the intrusion. Numerical tracing of particle orbits implies crystals trapped in eddies segregate according to their mass density. Recovered shear strain rates (10-3-10-5 s-1) at viscosities equating to high particle concentrations (around more than 40%) in the Sill interior point to shear-thinning as an explanation for some types of magmatic layering there. Model transport rates for the Sill magmas imply a maximum emplacement time of ca 105 years, consistent with geochemical evidence for long-range lateral flow. It is a theoretically possibility that fast-flowing magma on a continental scale will be susceptible to planetary-scale rotational forces.}, }
@article {pmid28555615, year = {2017}, author = {Stieger, T and Agha, H and Schoen, M and Mazza, MG and Sengupta, A}, title = {Hydrodynamic cavitation in Stokes flow of anisotropic fluids.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {15550}, pmid = {28555615}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Cavitation, the nucleation of vapour in liquids, is ubiquitous in fluid dynamics, and is often implicated in a myriad of industrial and biomedical applications. Although extensively studied in isotropic liquids, corresponding investigations in anisotropic liquids are largely lacking. Here, by combining liquid crystal microfluidic experiments, nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations and theoretical arguments, we report flow-induced cavitation in an anisotropic fluid. The cavitation domain nucleates due to sudden pressure drop upon flow past a cylindrical obstacle within a microchannel. For an anisotropic fluid, the inception and growth of the cavitation domain ensued in the Stokes regime, while no cavitation was observed in isotropic liquids flowing under similar hydrodynamic parameters. Using simulations we identify a critical value of the Reynolds number for cavitation inception that scales inversely with the order parameter of the fluid. Strikingly, the critical Reynolds number for anisotropic fluids can be 50% lower than that of isotropic fluids.}, }
@article {pmid28529384, year = {2017}, author = {Rosti, ME and Kamps, L and Bruecker, C and Omidyeganeh, M and Pinelli, A}, title = {The PELskin project-part V: towards the control of the flow around aerofoils at high angle of attack using a self-activated deployable flap.}, journal = {Meccanica}, volume = {52}, number = {8}, pages = {1811-1824}, pmid = {28529384}, issn = {0025-6455}, abstract = {During the flight of birds, it is often possible to notice that some of the primaries and covert feathers on the upper side of the wing pop-up under critical flight conditions, such as the landing approach or when stalking their prey (see Fig. 1) . It is often conjectured that the feathers pop up plays an aerodynamic role by limiting the spread of flow separation . A combined experimental and numerical study was conducted to shed some light on the physical mechanism determining the feathers self actuation and their effective role in controlling the flow field in nominally stalled conditions. In particular, we have considered a NACA0020 aerofoil, equipped with a flexible flap at low chord Reynolds numbers. A parametric study has been conducted on the effects of the length, natural frequency, and position of the flap. A configuration with a single flap hinged on the suction side at 70 % of the chord size c (from the leading edge), with a length of [Formula: see text] matching the shedding frequency of vortices at stall condition has been found to be optimum in delivering maximum aerodynamic efficiency and lift gains. Flow evolution both during a ramp-up motion (incidence angle from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] with a reduced frequency of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] being the free stream velocity magnitude), and at a static stalled condition ([Formula: see text]) were analysed with and without the flap. A significant increase of the mean lift after a ramp-up manoeuvre is observed in presence of the flap. Stall dynamics (i.e., lift overshoot and oscillations) are altered and the simulations reveal a periodic re-generation cycle composed of a leading edge vortex that lift the flap during his passage, and an ejection generated by the relaxing of the flap in its equilibrium position. The flap movement in turns avoid the interaction between leading and trailing edge vortices when lift up and push the trailing edge vortex downstream when relaxing back. This cyclic behaviour is clearly shown by the periodic variation of the lift about the average value, and also from the periodic motion of the flap. A comparison with the experiments shows a similar but somewhat higher non-dimensional frequency of the flap oscillation. By assuming that the cycle frequency scales inversely with the boundary layer thickness, one can explain the higher frequencies observed in the experiments which were run at a Reynolds number about one order of magnitude higher than in the simulations. In addition, in experiments the periodic re-generation cycle decays after 3-4 periods ultimately leading to the full stall of the aerofoil. In contrast, the 2D simulations show that the cycle can become self-sustained without any decay when the flap parameters are accurately tuned.}, }
@article {pmid28508858, year = {2017}, author = {Doostmohammadi, A and Shendruk, TN and Thijssen, K and Yeomans, JM}, title = {Onset of meso-scale turbulence in active nematics.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {15326}, pmid = {28508858}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {291234//European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {Meso-scale turbulence is an innate phenomenon, distinct from inertial turbulence, that spontaneously occurs at low Reynolds number in fluidized biological systems. This spatiotemporal disordered flow radically changes nutrient and molecular transport in living fluids and can strongly affect the collective behaviour in prominent biological processes, including biofilm formation, morphogenesis and cancer invasion. Despite its crucial role in such physiological processes, understanding meso-scale turbulence and any relation to classical inertial turbulence remains obscure. Here we show how the motion of active matter along a micro-channel transitions to meso-scale turbulence through the evolution of locally disordered patches (active puffs) from an ordered vortex-lattice flow state. We demonstrate that the stationary critical exponents of this transition to meso-scale turbulence in a channel coincide with the directed percolation universality class. This finding bridges our understanding of the onset of low-Reynolds-number meso-scale turbulence and traditional scale-invariant turbulence in confinement.}, }
@article {pmid28505752, year = {2017}, author = {Tasaka, Y and Iima, M}, title = {Surface switching statistics of rotating fluid: Disk-rim gap effects.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {4-1}, pages = {043113}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.043113}, pmid = {28505752}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We examined the influence of internal noise on the irregular switching of the shape of the free surface of fluids in an open cylindrical vessel driven by a bottom disk rotating at constant speed [Suzuki, Iima, and Hayase, Phys. Fluids 18, 101701 (2006)PHFLE61070-663110.1063/1.2359740]. A slight increase in the disk-rim gap (less than 3% of the disk radius) was established experimentally to cause significant changes in this system, specifically, frequent appearance of the surface descending event connecting a nonaxisymmetric shape in strong mixing flow (turbulent flow) and an axisymmetric shape in laminar flow, as well as a shift in critical Reynolds number that define the characteristic states. The physical mechanism underlying the change is analyzed in terms of flow characteristics in the disk-rim gap, which acts as a noise source, and a mathematical model established from measurements of the surface height fluctuations with noise term.}, }
@article {pmid28479086, year = {2017}, author = {Moroni, M and Lupo, E and La Marca, F}, title = {Hydraulic separation of plastic wastes: Analysis of liquid-solid interaction.}, journal = {Waste management (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {66}, number = {}, pages = {13-22}, doi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2017.04.045}, pmid = {28479086}, issn = {1879-2456}, mesh = {*Plastics ; Polymers ; *Recycling ; Refuse Disposal ; }, abstract = {The separation of plastic wastes in mechanical recycling plants is the process that ensures high-quality secondary raw materials. An innovative device employing a wet technology for particle separation is presented in this work. Due to the combination of the characteristic flow pattern developing within the apparatus and density, shape and size differences among two or more polymers, it allows their separation into two products, one collected within the instrument and the other one expelled through its outlet ducts. The kinematic investigation of the fluid flowing within the apparatus seeded with a passive tracer was conducted via image analysis for different hydraulic configurations. The two-dimensional turbulent kinetic energy results strictly connected to the apparatus separation efficacy. Image analysis was also employed to study the behaviour of mixtures of passive tracer and plastic particles with different physical characteristics in order to understand the coupling regime between fluid and solid phases. The two-dimensional turbulent kinetic energy analysis turned out to be fundamental to this aim. For the tested operating conditions, two-way coupling takes place, i.e., the fluid exerts an influence on the plastic particle and the opposite occurs too. Image analysis confirms the outcomes from the investigation of the two-phase flow via non-dimensional numbers (particle Reynolds number, Stokes number and solid phase volume fraction).}, }
@article {pmid28470538, year = {2017}, author = {Hosseinzadegan, H and Tafti, DK}, title = {Prediction of Thrombus Growth: Effect of Stenosis and Reynolds Number.}, journal = {Cardiovascular engineering and technology}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {164-181}, doi = {10.1007/s13239-017-0304-3}, pmid = {28470538}, issn = {1869-4098}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Heparin/*metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Platelet Activation ; Platelet Adhesiveness ; Platelet Aggregation ; Shear Strength ; Thrombosis/*physiopathology ; }, abstract = {Shear stresses play a major role in platelet-substrate interactions and thrombus formation and growth in blood flow, where under both pathological and physiological conditions platelet adhesion and accumulation occur. In this study, a shear-dependent continuum model for platelet activation, adhesion and aggregation is presented. The model was first verified under three different shear conditions and at two heparin levels. Three-dimensional simulations were then carried out to evaluate the performance of the model for severely damaged (stripped) aortas with mild and severe stenosis degrees in laminar flow regime. For these cases, linear shear-dependent functions were developed for platelet-surface and platelet-platelet adhesion rates. It was confirmed that the platelet adhesion rate is not only a function of Reynolds number (or wall shear rate) but also the stenosis severity of the vessel. General correlations for adhesion rates of platelets as functions of stenosis and Reynolds number were obtained based on these cases. Finally using the new platelet adhesion rates, the model was applied to different experimental systems and shown to agree well with measured platelet deposition.}, }
@article {pmid28462417, year = {2017}, author = {Khani, M and Xing, T and Gibbs, C and Oshinski, JN and Stewart, GR and Zeller, JR and Martin, BA}, title = {Nonuniform Moving Boundary Method for Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Intrathecal Cerebrospinal Flow Distribution in a Cynomolgus Monkey.}, journal = {Journal of biomechanical engineering}, volume = {139}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {28462417}, issn = {1528-8951}, support = {P20 GM103408/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R44 MH112210/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; U54 GM104944/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cerebrospinal Fluid/diagnostic imaging/*physiology ; *Computer Simulation ; *Hydrodynamics ; Macaca fascicularis ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; }, abstract = {A detailed quantification and understanding of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics may improve detection and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and help optimize CSF system-based delivery of CNS therapeutics. This study presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model that utilizes a nonuniform moving boundary approach to accurately reproduce the nonuniform distribution of CSF flow along the spinal subarachnoid space (SAS) of a single cynomolgus monkey. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol was developed and applied to quantify subject-specific CSF space geometry and flow and define the CFD domain and boundary conditions. An algorithm was implemented to reproduce the axial distribution of unsteady CSF flow by nonuniform deformation of the dura surface. Results showed that maximum difference between the MRI measurements and CFD simulation of CSF flow rates was <3.6%. CSF flow along the entire spine was laminar with a peak Reynolds number of ∼150 and average Womersley number of ∼5.4. Maximum CSF flow rate was present at the C4-C5 vertebral level. Deformation of the dura ranged up to a maximum of 134 μm. Geometric analysis indicated that total spinal CSF space volume was ∼8.7 ml. Average hydraulic diameter, wetted perimeter, and SAS area were 2.9 mm, 37.3 mm and 27.24 mm2, respectively. CSF pulse wave velocity (PWV) along the spine was quantified to be 1.2 m/s.}, }
@article {pmid28452782, year = {2017}, author = {Carrera, L and Springer, F and Lipeme-Kouyi, G and Buffiere, P}, title = {Sulfide emissions in sewer networks: focus on liquid to gas mass transfer coefficient.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {75}, number = {7-8}, pages = {1899-1908}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2017.070}, pmid = {28452782}, issn = {0273-1223}, mesh = {Gases/chemistry ; Gravitation ; Models, Theoretical ; Phase Transition ; Sewage/*chemistry ; Sulfides/*chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {H2S emission dynamics in sewers are conditioned by the mass transfer coefficient at the interface. This work aims at measuring the variation of the mass transfer coefficient with the hydraulic characteristics, with the objective of estimating H2S emission in gravity pipes, and collecting data to establish models independent of the system geometry. The ratio between the H2S and O2 mass transfer coefficient was assessed in an 8 L mixed reactor under different experimental conditions. Then, oxygen mass transfer measurements were performed in a 10 m long gravity pipe. The following ranges of experimental conditions were investigated: velocity flow [0-0.61 m.s-1], Reynolds number [0-23,333]. The hydrodynamic parameters at the liquid/gas interface were calculated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In the laboratory-scale reactor, the O2 mass transfer coefficient was found to depend on the stirring rate (rph) as follows: KL,O2 = 0.016 + 0.025 N3.85. A KL,H2S/KL,O2 ratio of 0.64 ± 0.24 was found, in accordance with previously published data. CFD results helped in refining this correlation: the mass transfer coefficient depends on the local interface velocity ui (m.h-1): KL,O2 = 0.016 + 1.02 × 10-5 ui3.85 In the gravity pipe device, KL,O2 also exponentially increased with the mean flow velocity. These trends were found to be consistent with the increasing level of turbulence.}, }
@article {pmid28446697, year = {2017}, author = {China, V and Levy, L and Liberzon, A and Elmaliach, T and Holzman, R}, title = {Hydrodynamic regime determines the feeding success of larval fish through the modulation of strike kinematics.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {284}, number = {1853}, pages = {}, pmid = {28446697}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Feeding Behavior ; Hydrodynamics ; Larva/physiology ; Sea Bream/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Larval fishes experience extreme mortality rates, with 99% of a cohort perishing within days after starting to actively feed. While recent evidence suggests that hydrodynamic factors contribute to constraining larval feeding during early ontogeny, feeding is a complex process that involves numerous interacting behavioural and biomechanical components. How these components change throughout ontogeny and how they contribute to feeding remain unclear. Using 339 observations of larval feeding attempts, we quantified the effects of morphological and behavioural traits on feeding success of Sparus aurata larvae during early ontogeny. Feeding success was determined using high-speed videography, under both natural and increased water viscosity treatments. Successful strikes were characterized by Reynolds numbers that were an order of magnitude higher than those of failed strikes. The pattern of increasing strike success with increasing age was driven by the ontogeny of traits that facilitate the transition to higher Reynolds numbers. Hence, the physical growth of a larva plays an important role in its transition to a hydrodynamic regime of higher Reynolds numbers, in which suction feeding is more effective.}, }
@article {pmid28443874, year = {2017}, author = {Schaaf, C and Stark, H}, title = {Inertial migration and axial control of deformable capsules.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {13}, number = {19}, pages = {3544-3555}, doi = {10.1039/c7sm00339k}, pmid = {28443874}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {The mechanical deformability of single cells is an important indicator for various diseases such as cancer, blood diseases and inflammation. Lab-on-a-chip devices allow to separate such cells from healthy cells using hydrodynamic forces. We perform hydrodynamic simulations based on the lattice-Boltzmann method and study the behavior of an elastic capsule in a microfluidic channel flow in the inertial regime. While inertial lift forces drive the capsule away from the channel center, its deformability favors migration in the opposite direction. Balancing both migration mechanisms, a deformable capsule assembles at a specific equilibrium distance depending on its size and deformability. We find that this equilibrium distance is nearly independent of the channel Reynolds number and falls on a single master curve when plotted versus the Laplace number. We identify a similar master curve for varying particle radius. In contrast, the actual deformation of a capsule strongly depends on the Reynolds number. The lift-force profiles behave in a similar manner as those for rigid particles. Using the Saffman effect, the capsule's equilibrium position can be controlled by an external force along the channel axis. While rigid particles move to the center when slowed down, very soft capsules show the opposite behavior. Interestingly, for a specific control force particles are focused on the same equilibrium position independent of their deformability.}, }
@article {pmid28434714, year = {2017}, author = {Gritti, F and Fogwill, M}, title = {Speed-resolution advantage of turbulent supercritical fluid chromatography in open tubular columns: II - Theoretical and experimental evidences.}, journal = {Journal of chromatography. A}, volume = {1501}, number = {}, pages = {142-150}, doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.032}, pmid = {28434714}, issn = {1873-3778}, mesh = {Benzene Derivatives/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/chemistry ; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid/*instrumentation/methods ; Kinetics ; Models, Theoretical ; Pressure ; Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The potential advantage of turbulent supercritical fluid chromatography (TSFC) in open tubular columns (OTC) was evaluated on both theoretical and practical viewpoints. First, the dispersion model derived by Golay in 1958 and recently extended from laminar to turbulent flow regime is used for the predictions of the speed-resolution performance in TSFC. The average dispersion coefficient of matter in the turbulent flow regime was taken from the available experimental data over a range of Reynolds number from 2000 to 6000. Kinetic plots are built at constant pressure drop (ΔP=4500psi) and Schmidt number (Sc=15) for four inner diameters (10, 30, 100, and 300μm) of the OTC and for three retention factors (0, 1, and 10). Accordingly, in turbulent flow regime, for a Reynolds number of 4000 and a retention factor of 1 (the stationary film thickness is assumed to be negligible with respect to the OTC diameter), the theory projects that a 300μm i.d. OTC has the same speed-resolution power (200,000 theoretical plates; 2.4min hold-up time) as that of a 10μm i.d. OTC operated in laminar flow regime. Secondly, the experimental plate heights of n-butylbenzene are measured in laminar and turbulent flow regimes for a 180μm×4.8m fused silica capillary column using pure carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. The back pressure regulator was set at 1500psi, the temperature was uniform at 297K, and the flow rate was increased step-wise from 0.50 to 3.60mL/min so that the experimental Reynolds number increases from 700 to 5400. The experiments are in good agreement with the plate heights projected in TSFC at high flow rates and with those expected at low flow rates in a laminar flow regime.}, }
@article {pmid28429018, year = {2017}, author = {Menzel, AM}, title = {Force-induced elastic matrix-mediated interactions in the presence of a rigid wall.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {13}, number = {18}, pages = {3373-3384}, doi = {10.1039/c7sm00459a}, pmid = {28429018}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {We consider a soft elastic matrix that contains particulate inclusions and is bounded by a rigid wall, e.g., the substrate. Such a situation arises in elastic composite materials. They may serve as soft actuators when forces are imposed on or induced between the embedded particles. We investigate how the presence of the rigid wall affects the interactions between the inclusions. First, for no-slip boundary conditions, we transfer Blake's derivation of a corresponding Green's function from low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics to the linearly elastic case. Then, we list the general expressions to describe the situation for point-like particles in the presence of no-slip and free-slip surface conditions. To compare the effect of the different surface conditions to each other and to the bulk behavior, we address the example situation of pairwise interactions between two embedded particles. The axis through both particle centers is either aligned parallel or perpendicular to the surface. Our results suggest that walls with free-slip surface conditions are preferred when they serve as substrates for soft actuators made from elastic composite materials. As we further demonstrate, the presence of a rigid wall can qualitatively change the interactions between the inclusions. In effect, it can switch attractive interactions into repulsive ones (and vice versa). It should be straightforward to observe the effects in future experiments and to combine our results, e.g., with the modeling of biological cells and tissue on rigid surfaces.}, }
@article {pmid28415285, year = {2017}, author = {Fan, WL and Pak, OS and Sandoval, M}, title = {Ellipsoidal Brownian self-driven particles in a magnetic field.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {3-1}, pages = {032605}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.032605}, pmid = {28415285}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We study the two-dimensional Brownian dynamics of an ellipsoidal paramagnetic microswimmer moving at a low Reynolds number and subject to a magnetic field. Its corresponding mean-square displacement, showing the effect of a particles's shape, activity, and magnetic field on the microswimmer's diffusion, is analytically obtained. Comparison between analytical and computational results shows good agreement. In addition, the effect of self-propulsion on the transition time from anisotropic to isotropic diffusion of the ellipse is investigated.}, }
@article {pmid28415282, year = {2017}, author = {Shen, X and Marcos,  and Fu, HC}, title = {Traction reveals mechanisms of wall effects for microswimmers near boundaries.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {3-1}, pages = {033105}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.033105}, pmid = {28415282}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The influence of a plane boundary on low-Reynolds-number swimmers has frequently been studied using image systems for flow singularities. However, the boundary effect can also be expressed using a boundary integral representation over the traction on the boundary. We show that examining the traction pattern on the boundary caused by a swimmer can yield physical insights into determining when far-field multipole models are accurate. We investigate the swimming velocities and the traction of a three-sphere swimmer initially placed parallel to an infinite planar wall. In the far field, the instantaneous effect of the wall on the swimmer is well approximated by that of a multipole expansion consisting of a force dipole and a force quadrupole. On the other hand, the swimmer close to the wall must be described by a system of singularities reflecting its internal structure. We show that these limits and the transition between them can be independently identified by examining the traction pattern on the wall, either using a quantitative correlation coefficient or by visual inspection. Last, we find that for nonconstant propulsion, correlations between swimming stroke motions and internal positions are important and not captured by time-averaged traction on the wall, indicating that care must be taken when applying multipole expansions to study boundary effects in cases of nonconstant propulsion.}, }
@article {pmid28413338, year = {2017}, author = {Aurnou, JM and King, EM}, title = {The cross-over to magnetostrophic convection in planetary dynamo systems.}, journal = {Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {473}, number = {2199}, pages = {20160731}, pmid = {28413338}, issn = {1364-5021}, abstract = {Global scale magnetostrophic balance, in which Lorentz and Coriolis forces comprise the leading-order force balance, has long been thought to describe the natural state of planetary dynamo systems. This argument arises from consideration of the linear theory of rotating magnetoconvection. Here we test this long-held tenet by directly comparing linear predictions against dynamo modelling results. This comparison shows that dynamo modelling results are not typically in the global magnetostrophic state predicted by linear theory. Then, in order to estimate at what scale (if any) magnetostrophic balance will arise in nonlinear dynamo systems, we carry out a simple scaling analysis of the Elsasser number Λ, yielding an improved estimate of the ratio of Lorentz and Coriolis forces. From this, we deduce that there is a magnetostrophic cross-over length scale, [Formula: see text], where Λo is the linear (or traditional) Elsasser number, Rmo is the system scale magnetic Reynolds number and D is the length scale of the system. On scales well above [Formula: see text], magnetostrophic convection dynamics should not be possible. Only on scales smaller than [Formula: see text] should it be possible for the convective behaviours to follow the predictions for the magnetostrophic branch of convection. Because [Formula: see text] is significantly smaller than the system scale in most dynamo models, their large-scale flows should be quasi-geostrophic, as is confirmed in many dynamo simulations. Estimating Λo ≃1 and Rmo ≃103 in Earth's core, the cross-over scale is approximately 1/1000 that of the system scale, suggesting that magnetostrophic convection dynamics exists in the core only on small scales below those that can be characterized by geomagnetic observations.}, }
@article {pmid28413332, year = {2017}, author = {Ferrari, A}, title = {Fluid dynamics of acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation in hydraulic power systems.}, journal = {Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {473}, number = {2199}, pages = {20160345}, pmid = {28413332}, issn = {1364-5021}, abstract = {Cavitation is the transition from a liquid to a vapour phase, due to a drop in pressure to the level of the vapour tension of the fluid. Two kinds of cavitation have been reviewed here: acoustic cavitation and hydrodynamic cavitation. As acoustic cavitation in engineering systems is related to the propagation of waves through a region subjected to liquid vaporization, the available expressions of the sound speed are discussed. One of the main effects of hydrodynamic cavitation in the nozzles and orifices of hydraulic power systems is a reduction in flow permeability. Different discharge coefficient formulae are analysed in this paper: the Reynolds number and the cavitation number result to be the key fluid dynamical parameters for liquid and cavitating flows, respectively. The latest advances in the characterization of different cavitation regimes in a nozzle, as the cavitation number reduces, are presented. The physical cause of choked flows is explained, and an analogy between cavitation and supersonic aerodynamic flows is proposed. The main approaches to cavitation modelling in hydraulic power systems are also reviewed: these are divided into homogeneous-mixture and two-phase models. The homogeneous-mixture models are further subdivided into barotropic and baroclinic models. The advantages and disadvantages of an implementation of the complete Rayleigh-Plesset equation are examined.}, }
@article {pmid28399142, year = {2017}, author = {Potvin, J and Werth, AJ}, title = {Oral cavity hydrodynamics and drag production in Balaenid whale suspension feeding.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0175220}, pmid = {28399142}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Balaenoptera/*physiology ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Hydrodynamics ; Mouth/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Balaenid whales feed on large aggregates of small and slow-moving prey (predominantly copepods) through a filtration process enabled by baleen. These whales exhibit continuous filtration, namely, with the mouth kept partially opened and the baleen exposed to oncoming prey-laden waters while fluking. The process is an example of crossflow filtration (CFF) in which most of the particulates (prey) are separated from the substrate (water) without ever coming into contact with the filtering surface (baleen). This paper discusses the simulation of baleen filtration hydrodynamics based on a type of hydraulic circuit modeling commonly used in microfluidics, but adapted to the much higher Reynolds number flows typical of whale hydrodynamics. This so-called Baleen Hydraulic Circuit (BHC) model uses as input the basic characteristics of the flows moving through a section of baleen observed in a previous flume study by the authors. The model has low-spatial resolution but incorporates the effects of fluid viscosity, which doubles or more a whale's total body drag in comparison to non-feeding travel. Modeling viscous friction is crucial here since exposing the baleen system to the open ocean ends up tripling a whale's total wetted surface area. Among other findings, the BHC shows how CFF is enhanced by a large filtration surface and hence large body size; how it is carried out via the establishment of rapid anteroposterior flows transporting most of the prey-water slurry towards the oropharyngeal wall; how slower intra-baleen flows manage to transfer most of the substrate out of the mouth, all the while contributing only a fraction to overall oral cavity drag; and how these anteroposterior and intra-baleen flows lose speed as they approach the oropharyngeal wall.}, }
@article {pmid28397936, year = {2017}, author = {Reigh, SY and Zhu, L and Gallaire, F and Lauga, E}, title = {Swimming with a cage: low-Reynolds-number locomotion inside a droplet.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {13}, number = {17}, pages = {3161-3173}, doi = {10.1039/c6sm01636g}, pmid = {28397936}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {Inspired by recent experiments using synthetic microswimmers to manipulate droplets, we investigate the low-Reynolds-number locomotion of a model swimmer (a spherical squirmer) encapsulated inside a droplet of a comparable size in another viscous fluid. Meditated solely by hydrodynamic interactions, the encaged swimmer is seen to be able to propel the droplet, and in some situations both remain in a stable co-swimming state. The problem is tackled using both an exact analytical theory and a numerical implementation based on a boundary element method, with a particular focus on the kinematics of the co-moving swimmer and the droplet in a concentric configuration, and we obtain excellent quantitative agreement between the two. The droplet always moves slower than a swimmer which uses purely tangential surface actuation but when it uses a particular combination of tangential and normal actuations, the squirmer and droplet are able to attain the same velocity and stay concentric for all times. We next employ numerical simulations to examine the stability of their concentric co-movement, and highlight several stability scenarios depending on the particular gait adopted by the swimmer. Furthermore, we show that the droplet reverses the nature of the far-field flow induced by the swimmer: a droplet cage turns a pusher swimmer into a puller, and vice versa. Our work sheds light on the potential development of droplets as self-contained carriers of both chemical content and self-propelled devices for controllable and precise drug deliveries.}, }
@article {pmid28388112, year = {2017}, author = {Dyer, OT and Ball, RC}, title = {Wavelet Monte Carlo dynamics: A new algorithm for simulating the hydrodynamics of interacting Brownian particles.}, journal = {The Journal of chemical physics}, volume = {146}, number = {12}, pages = {124111}, doi = {10.1063/1.4978808}, pmid = {28388112}, issn = {1089-7690}, abstract = {We develop a new algorithm for the Brownian dynamics of soft matter systems that evolves time by spatially correlated Monte Carlo moves. The algorithm uses vector wavelets as its basic moves and produces hydrodynamics in the low Reynolds number regime propagated according to the Oseen tensor. When small moves are removed, the correlations closely approximate the Rotne-Prager tensor, itself widely used to correct for deficiencies in Oseen. We also include plane wave moves to provide the longest range correlations, which we detail for both infinite and periodic systems. The computational cost of the algorithm scales competitively with the number of particles simulated, N, scaling as N In N in homogeneous systems and as N in dilute systems. In comparisons to established lattice Boltzmann and Brownian dynamics algorithms, the wavelet method was found to be only a factor of order 1 times more expensive than the cheaper lattice Boltzmann algorithm in marginally semi-dilute simulations, while it is significantly faster than both algorithms at large N in dilute simulations. We also validate the algorithm by checking that it reproduces the correct dynamics and equilibrium properties of simple single polymer systems, as well as verifying the effect of periodicity on the mobility tensor.}, }
@article {pmid28373015, year = {2017}, author = {Miguel, AF}, title = {Penetration of inhaled aerosols in the bronchial tree.}, journal = {Medical engineering &amp; physics}, volume = {44}, number = {}, pages = {25-31}, doi = {10.1016/j.medengphy.2017.03.004}, pmid = {28373015}, issn = {1873-4030}, mesh = {Aerosols ; Bronchi/*anatomy &amp; histology/*metabolism/physiology ; Humans ; *Inhalation ; *Models, Anatomic ; Particle Size ; }, abstract = {It has long been recognized that the pattern of particle deposition in the respiratory tree affects how far aerosols penetrate into the deeper zones of the arterial tree, and hence contribute to either their pathogenic potential or therapeutic benefit. In this paper, we introduce an anatomically-inspired model of the human respiratory tree featuring the generations 0-7 in the Weibel model of respiratory tree (i.e., the conducting zone). This model is used to study experimentally the dynamics of inhaled aerosol particles (0.5-20µm aerodynamic diameter), in terms of the penetration fraction of particles (i.e., the fraction of inflowing particles that leave the flow system) during typical breathing patterns. Our study underline important modifications in the penetration patterns for coarse particles compared to fine particles. Our experiments suggest a significant decrease of particle penetration for large-sized particles and higher respiratory frequencies. Dimensionless numbers are also introduced to further understand the particle penetration into the respiratory tree. A decline is seen in the penetration fraction with decreasing Reynolds number and increasing Stokes number. A simple conceptual framework is presented to provide additional insights into the findings obtained.}, }
@article {pmid28364770, year = {2017}, author = {Smaoui, N and Zribi, M}, title = {On the control of the chaotic attractors of the 2-d Navier-Stokes equations.}, journal = {Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {033111}, doi = {10.1063/1.4978682}, pmid = {28364770}, issn = {1089-7682}, abstract = {The control problem of the chaotic attractors of the two dimensional (2-d) Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations is addressed in this paper. First, the Fourier Galerkin method based on a reduced-order modelling approach developed by Chen and Price is applied to the 2-d N-S equations to construct a fifth-order system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The dynamics of the fifth-order system was studied by analyzing the system's attractor for different values of Reynolds number, Re. Then, control laws are proposed to drive the states of the ODE system to a desired attractor. Finally, an adaptive controller is designed to synchronize two reduced order ODE models having different Reynolds numbers and starting from different initial conditions. Simulation results indicate that the proposed control schemes work well.}, }
@article {pmid28342532, year = {2017}, author = {Gülan, U and Binter, C and Kozerke, S and Holzner, M}, title = {Shear-scaling-based approach for irreversible energy loss estimation in stenotic aortic flow - An in vitro study.}, journal = {Journal of biomechanics}, volume = {56}, number = {}, pages = {89-96}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.03.006}, pmid = {28342532}, issn = {1873-2380}, mesh = {Aorta/physiopathology ; Aortic Valve Stenosis/*physiopathology ; Blood Flow Velocity/physiology ; Constriction, Pathologic/physiopathology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Rheology/methods ; }, abstract = {Today, the functional and risk assessment of stenosed arteries is mostly based on ultrasound Doppler blood flow velocity measurements or catheter pressure measurements, which rely on several assumptions. Alternatively, blood velocity including turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) may be measured using MRI. The aim of the present study is to validate a TKE-based approach that relies on the fact that turbulence production is dominated by the flow's shear to determine the total irreversible energy loss from MRI scans. Three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV) and phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) simulations were performed in an anatomically accurate, compliant, silicon aortic phantom. We found that measuring only the laminar viscous losses does not reflect the true losses of stenotic flows since the contribution of the turbulent losses to the total loss become more dominant for more severe stenosis types (for example, the laminar loss is 0.0094±0.0015W and the turbulent loss is 0.0361±0.0015W for the Remax=13,800 case, where Remax is the Reynolds number based on the velocity in the vena-contracta). We show that the commonly used simplified and modified Bernoulli's approaches overestimate the total loss, while the new TKE-based method proposed here, referred to as &quot;shear scaling&quot; approach, results in a good agreement between 3D-PTV and simulated PC-MRI (mean error is around 10%). In addition, we validated the shear scaling approach on a geometry with post-stenotic dilatation using numerical data by Casas et al. (2016). The shear scaling-based method may hence be an interesting alternative for irreversible energy loss estimation to replace traditional approaches for clinical use. We expect that our results will evoke further research, in particular patient studies for clinical implementation of the new method.}, }
@article {pmid28337415, year = {2017}, author = {Nijp, JJ and Metselaar, K and Limpens, J and Gooren, HP and van der Zee, SE}, title = {A modification of the constant-head permeameter to measure saturated hydraulic conductivity of highly permeable media.}, journal = {MethodsX}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {134-142}, pmid = {28337415}, issn = {2215-0161}, abstract = {The saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is a key characteristic of porous media, describing the rate of water flow through saturated porous media. It is an indispensable parameter in a broad range of simulation models that quantify saturated and/or unsaturated water flow. The constant-head permeameter test is a common laboratory method to determine Ks on undisturbed soil samples collected from the field. In this paper we show that the application of this conventional method may result in a biased Ks in the case of highly permeable media, such as the top layer of Sphagnum peat and gravel. Tubes in the conventional permeameter, that collect water under the sample, introduce a hydraulic head-dependent resistance for highly permeable media and result in an underestimation of Ks . We present a simple and low-budget alternative of the constant-head permeameter test that overcomes the disadvantages of conventional permeameters. The new method was successfully tested on intact highly permeable peatmoss collected from a northern peatland. •Conventional constant-head permeameters underestimate Ks of highly permeable media due to flow resistance in tubing systems•We developed the low-resistance permeameter to overcome this disadvantage.•Testing of the low-resistance permeameter demonstrated no systematic bias and successful application for highly permeable media.}, }
@article {pmid28325440, year = {2017}, author = {Hayat, T and Farooq, S and Alsaedi, A}, title = {Mixed convection peristaltic motion of copper-water nanomaterial with velocity slip effects in a curved channel.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {142}, number = {}, pages = {117-128}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.02.006}, pmid = {28325440}, issn = {1872-7565}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Convection ; Copper/*chemistry ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Hot Temperature ; Metal Nanoparticles ; Models, Theoretical ; Motion ; Nanostructures/*chemistry ; *Peristalsis ; Pressure ; Rheology ; Software ; Viscosity ; Water/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of present analysis is to model the peristalsis of copper-water based nanoliquid in the presence of first order velocity and thermal slip conditions in a curved channel. Mixed convection, viscous dissipation and heat generation/absorption are also accounted.<br><br>METHOD: Mathematical formulation is simplified under the assumption of small Reynolds number and large wavelength. Regular perturbation technique is employed to find the solution of the resulting equations in terms of series for small Brinkman number. The final expression for pressure gradient, pressure rise, stream function, velocity and temperature are obtained and discussed through graphs. Mathematica software is utilized to compute the solution of the system of equations and to plot the graphical results.<br><br>RESULTS: Results indicates that insertion of 30% copper nanoparticles in the basefluid (water) velocity and temperature reduces by almost 3% and 40% respecively. Moreover it is seen that size of the trapped bolus also reduces almost 20% with the insertion of 20% nanoparticles (copper) in the basefluid (water).<br><br>CONCLUSION: It is noted that velocity and temperature are decreasing functions of nanoparticle volume fraction. Moreover the temperature rises when heat generation parameter and Brinkman number are enhanced.}, }
@article {pmid28297984, year = {2017}, author = {Hejranfar, K and Saadat, MH and Taheri, S}, title = {High-order weighted essentially nonoscillatory finite-difference formulation of the lattice Boltzmann method in generalized curvilinear coordinates.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {2-1}, pages = {023314}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.023314}, pmid = {28297984}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {In this work, a high-order weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) finite-difference lattice Boltzmann method (WENOLBM) is developed and assessed for an accurate simulation of incompressible flows. To handle curved geometries with nonuniform grids, the incompressible form of the discrete Boltzmann equation with the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) approximation is transformed into the generalized curvilinear coordinates and the spatial derivatives of the resulting lattice Boltzmann equation in the computational plane are solved using the fifth-order WENO scheme. The first-order implicit-explicit Runge-Kutta scheme and also the fourth-order Runge-Kutta explicit time integrating scheme are adopted for the discretization of the temporal term. To examine the accuracy and performance of the present solution procedure based on the WENOLBM developed, different benchmark test cases are simulated as follows: unsteady Taylor-Green vortex, unsteady doubly periodic shear layer flow, steady flow in a two-dimensional (2D) cavity, steady cylindrical Couette flow, steady flow over a 2D circular cylinder, and steady and unsteady flows over a NACA0012 hydrofoil at different flow conditions. Results of the present solution are compared with the existing numerical and experimental results which show good agreement. To show the efficiency and accuracy of the solution methodology, the results are also compared with the developed second-order central-difference finite-volume lattice Boltzmann method and the compact finite-difference lattice Boltzmann method. It is shown that the present numerical scheme is robust, efficient, and accurate for solving steady and unsteady incompressible flows even at high Reynolds number flows.}, }
@article {pmid28297968, year = {2017}, author = {de Graaf, J and Stenhammar, J}, title = {Lattice-Boltzmann simulations of microswimmer-tracer interactions.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {2-1}, pages = {023302}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.023302}, pmid = {28297968}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Hydrodynamic interactions in systems composed of self-propelled particles, such as swimming microorganisms and passive tracers, have a significant impact on the tracer dynamics compared to the equivalent &quot;dry&quot; sample. However, such interactions are often difficult to take into account in simulations due to their computational cost. Here, we perform a systematic investigation of swimmer-tracer interaction using an efficient force-counterforce-based lattice-Boltzmann (LB) algorithm [De Graaf et al., J. Chem. Phys. 144, 134106 (2016)JCPSA60021-960610.1063/1.4944962] in order to validate its ability to capture the relevant low-Reynolds-number physics. We show that the LB algorithm reproduces far-field theoretical results well, both in a system with periodic boundary conditions and in a spherical cavity with no-slip walls, for which we derive expressions here. The force-lattice coupling of the LB algorithm leads to a &quot;smearing out&quot; of the flow field, which strongly perturbs the tracer trajectories at close swimmer-tracer separations, and we analyze how this effect can be accurately captured using a simple renormalized hydrodynamic theory. Finally, we show that care must be taken when using LB algorithms to simulate systems of self-propelled particles, since its finite momentum transport time can lead to significant deviations from theoretical predictions based on Stokes flow. These insights should prove relevant to the future study of large-scale microswimmer suspensions using these methods.}, }
@article {pmid28297886, year = {2017}, author = {Iyer, KP and Sreenivasan, KR and Yeung, PK}, title = {Reynolds number scaling of velocity increments in isotropic turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {2-1}, pages = {021101}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.021101}, pmid = {28297886}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Using the largest database of isotropic turbulence available to date, generated by the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the Navier-Stokes equations on an 8192^{3} periodic box, we show that the longitudinal and transverse velocity increments scale identically in the inertial range. By examining the DNS data at several Reynolds numbers, we infer that the contradictory results of the past on the inertial-range universality are artifacts of low Reynolds number and residual anisotropy. We further show that both longitudinal and transverse velocity increments scale on locally averaged dissipation rate, just as postulated by Kolmogorov's refined similarity hypothesis, and that, in isotropic turbulence, a single independent scaling adequately describes fluid turbulence in the inertial range.}, }
@article {pmid28289562, year = {2017}, author = {Cheng, X and Sun, M}, title = {Aerodynamic forces and flows of the full and partial clap-fling motions in insects.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3002}, pmid = {28289562}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Most of the previous studies on Weis-Fogh clap-fling mechanism have focused on the vortex structures and velocity fields. Detailed pressure distribution results are provided for the first time in this study to reveal the differences between the full and the partial clap-fling motions. The two motions are studied by numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations in moving overset grids. The Reynolds number is set to 20, relevant to the tiny flying insects. The following has been shown: (1) During the clap phase, the wings clap together and create a high pressure region in the closing gap between wings, greatly increasing the positive pressure on the lower surface of wing, while pressure on the upper surface is almost unchanged by the interaction; during the fling phase, the wings fling apart and create a low pressure region in the opening gap between wings, greatly increasing the suction pressure on the upper surface of wing, while pressure on the lower surface is almost unchanged by the interaction; (2) The interference effect between wings is most severe at the end of clap phase and the start of the fling phase: two sharp force peaks (8-9 times larger than that of the one-winged case) are generated. But the total force peaks are manifested mostly as drag and barely as lift of the wing, owing to the vertical orientation of the wing section; (3) The wing-wing interaction effect in the partial clap-fling case is much weaker than that in the full clap-fling case, avoiding the generation of huge drag. Compared with a single wing flapping with the same motion, mean lift in the partial case is enhanced by 12% without suffering any efficiency degradation, indicating that partial clap-fling is a more practical choice for tiny insects to employ.}, }
@article {pmid28270051, year = {2017}, author = {Zeinoddini, M and Bakhtiari, A and Schoefs, F and Zandi, AP}, title = {Towards an understanding of marine fouling effects on the vortex-induced vibrations of circular cylinders: partial coverage issue.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, pages = {268-280}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2017.1291803}, pmid = {28270051}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Animals ; Biofilms/*growth &amp; development ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; *Hydrodynamics ; *Models, Theoretical ; Thoracica/*physiology ; *Vibration ; }, abstract = {The results of in-water vortex-induced vibration (VIV) experiments on circular cylinders artificially covered with barnacles are reported. The paper focusses on the effects of the partial coverage and the shape of the fouling elements. An artificial barnacle typical of marine fouling was synthesised using 3-D printing. Coverage ratios of 80, 50 and 30% were examined and the results compared with those from a smooth cylinder. The Reynolds number ranged from 5.8 × 103 to 6.6 × 104. The experimental results show that the fouling reduced the peak VIV amplitude, narrowed the synchronisation region and lowered the hydrodynamic force coefficients such as the coefficients of lift force RMS, the mean drag force and the fluctuating drag force RMS. The shape of the artificial barnacles had little effect on the maximum oscillation amplitude. The coverage ratio appeared to have a lower impact on the lift force than those on the amplitude and the frequency responses.}, }
@article {pmid28267999, year = {2017}, author = {Gritti, F}, title = {Extension of Golay's plate height equation from laminar to turbulent flow I - Theory.}, journal = {Journal of chromatography. A}, volume = {1492}, number = {}, pages = {129-135}, doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.044}, pmid = {28267999}, issn = {1873-3778}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid ; *Models, Theoretical ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The reduced plate height (RPH) equation of Golay derived in 1958 for open tubular columns (OTC) is extended from laminar to turbulent-like flow. The mass balance equation is solved under near-equilibrium conditions in the mobile phase for changing shapes of the velocity profile across the OTC diameter. The final expression of the general RPH equation is: [Formula: see text] where ν is the reduced linear velocity, k is the retention factor, Dm is the bulk diffusion coefficient in the mobile phase, Da¯ is the average axial dispersion coefficient, Dr¯ is the average radial dispersion coefficient, Ds is the diffusion coefficient of the analyte in the stationary film of thickness df, D is the OTC inner diameter, and n≥2 is a positive number controlling the shape of the flow profile (polynomial of degree n). The correctness of the derived RPH equation is verified for Poiseuille (n=2), turburlent-like (n=10), and uniformly flat (n→∞) flow profiles. The derived RPH equation is applied to predict the gain in speed-resolution of a 180μm i.d.×20m OTC (df=2μm) from laminar to turbulent flow in supercritical fluid chromatography. Using pure carbon dioxide as the mobile phase at 297K, k=1, and increasing the Reynolds number from 2000 (laminar) to 4000 (turbulent), the OTC efficiency is expected to increase from 125 to 670 (×5.4) while the hold-up time decreases from 19 to 9s (×0.5). Despite the stronger resistance to mass transfer in the stationary phase, the projected improvement of the column performance in turbulent flow is explained by the quasi-elimination of the resistance to mass transfer in the mobile phase while axial dispersion remains negligible.}, }
@article {pmid28267159, year = {2017}, author = {Peng, Z and Elfring, GJ and Pak, OS}, title = {Maximizing propulsive thrust of a driven filament at low Reynolds number via variable flexibility.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {2339-2347}, doi = {10.1039/c6sm02880b}, pmid = {28267159}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {At low Reynolds numbers the locomotive capability of a body can be dramatically hindered by the absence of inertia. In this work, we show how propulsive performance in this regime can be significantly enhanced by employing spatially varying flexibility. As a prototypical example, we consider the propulsive thrust generated by a filament periodically driven at one end. The rigid case leads to zero propulsion, as so constrained by Purcell's scallop theorem, while for uniform filaments there exists a bending stiffness maximizing the propulsive force at a given frequency; here we demonstrate explicitly how considerable further improvement can be achieved by simply varying the stiffness along the filament. The optimal flexibility distribution is strongly configuration-dependent: while increasing the flexibility towards the tail-end enhances the propulsion of a clamped filament, for a hinged filament decreasing the flexibility towards the tail-end is instead favorable. The results reveal new design principles for maximizing propulsion at low Reynolds numbers, potentially useful for developing synthetic micro-swimmers requiring large propulsive force for various biomedical applications.}, }
@article {pmid28253673, year = {2017}, author = {Van Blitterswyk, J and Rocha, J}, title = {An experimental study of the wall-pressure fluctuations beneath low Reynolds number turbulent boundary layers.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {141}, number = {2}, pages = {1257}, doi = {10.1121/1.4976341}, pmid = {28253673}, issn = {1520-8524}, abstract = {A more complete understanding of the physical relationships, between wall-pressure and turbulence, is required for modeling flow-induced noise and developing noise reduction strategies. In this study, the wall-pressure fluctuations, induced by low Reynolds number turbulent boundary layers, are experimentally studied using a high-resolution microphone array. Statistical characteristics obtained using traditional cross-correlation and cross-spectra analyses are complimented with wall-pressure-velocity cross-spectra and wavelet cross-correlations. Wall-pressure-velocity correlations revealed that turbulent activity in the buffer layer contributes at least 40% of the energy to the wall-pressure spectrum at all measured frequencies. As Reynolds number increases, the low-frequency energy shifts from the buffer layer to the logarithmic layer, as expected for regions of uniform streamwise momentum formed by hairpin packets. Conditional cross-spectra suggests that the majority of broadband wall-pressure energy is concentrated within the packets, with the pressure signatures of individual hairpin vortices estimated to decay on average within traveling ten displacement thicknesses, and the packet signature is retained for up to seven boundary layer thicknesses on average.}, }
@article {pmid28234274, year = {2017}, author = {Qin, Y and Wu, J and Hu, Q and Ghista, DN and Wong, KK}, title = {Computational evaluation of smoothed particle hydrodynamics for implementing blood flow modelling through CT reconstructed arteries.}, journal = {Journal of X-ray science and technology}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {213-232}, doi = {10.3233/XST-17255}, pmid = {28234274}, issn = {1095-9114}, mesh = {Arterial Occlusive Diseases/diagnostic imaging/pathology/physiopathology ; Blood Flow Velocity/*physiology ; *Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Hydrodynamics ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/*methods ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*methods ; }, abstract = {Simulation of blood flow in a stenosed artery using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a new research field, which is a particle-based method and different from the traditional continuum modelling technique such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Both techniques harness parallel computing to process hemodynamics of cardiovascular structures. The objective of this study is to develop and test a new robust method for comparison of arterial flow velocity contours by SPH with the well-established CFD technique, and the implementation of SPH in computed tomography (CT) reconstructed arteries. The new method was developed based on three-dimensional (3D) straight and curved arterial models of millimeter range with a 25% stenosis in the middle section. In this study, we employed 1,000 to 13,000 particles to study how the number of particles influences SPH versus CFD deviation for blood-flow velocity distribution. Because further increasing the particle density has a diminishing effect on this deviation, we have determined a critical particle density of 1.45 particles/mm2 based on Reynolds number (Re = 200) at the inlet for an arterial flow simulation. Using this critical value of particle density can avoid unnecessarily big computational expenses that have no further effect on simulation accuracy. We have particularly shown that the SPH method has a big potential to be used in the virtual surgery system, such as to simulate the interaction between blood flow and the CT reconstructed vessels, especially those with stenosis or plaque when encountering vasculopathy, and for employing the simulation results output in clinical surgical procedures.}, }
@article {pmid28231298, year = {2017}, author = {Hayat, T and Aziz, A and Muhammad, T and Alsaedi, A}, title = {A revised model for Jeffrey nanofluid subject to convective condition and heat generation/absorption.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {e0172518}, pmid = {28231298}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Computer Simulation ; *Convection ; *Hot Temperature ; *Hydrodynamics ; Magnetic Fields ; Models, Chemical ; Motion ; Nanoparticles/*chemistry ; Nanotechnology ; Surface Properties ; }, abstract = {Here magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow of Jeffrey nanofluid by a nonlinear stretching surface is addressed. Heat generation/absorption and convective surface condition effects are considered. Novel features of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are present. A non-uniform applied magnetic field is employed. Boundary layer and small magnetic Reynolds number assumptions are employed in the formulation. A newly developed condition with zero nanoparticles mass flux is imposed. The resulting nonlinear systems are solved. Convergence domains are explicitly identified. Graphs are analyzed for the outcome of sundry variables. Further local Nusselt number is computed and discussed. It is observed that the effects of Hartman number on the temperature and concentration distributions are qualitatively similar. Both temperature and concentration distributions are enhanced for larger Hartman number.}, }
@article {pmid28222160, year = {2017}, author = {Hayat, T and Zahir, H and Tanveer, A and Alsaedi, A}, title = {Soret and Dufour effects on MHD peristaltic transport of Jeffrey fluid in a curved channel with convective boundary conditions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {e0164854}, pmid = {28222160}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Convection ; Diffusion ; Electric Conductivity ; Equipment Design ; Magnetic Fields ; Osmolar Concentration ; Peristalsis ; *Rheology ; Solutions ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The purpose of present article is to examine the peristaltic flow of Jeffrey fluid in a curved channel. An electrically conducting fluid in the presence of radial applied magnetic field is considered. Analysis of heat and mass transfer is carried out. More generalized realistic constraints namely the convective conditions are utilized. Soret and Dufour effects are retained. Problems formulation is given for long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions. The expressions of velocity, temperature, heat transfer coefficient, concentration and stream function are computed. Effects of emerging parameters arising in solutions are analyzed in detail. It is found that velocity is not symmetric about centreline for curvature parameter. Also maximum velocity decreases with an increase in the strength of magnetic field. Further it is noticed that Soret and Dufour numbers have opposite behavior for temperature and concentration.}, }
@article {pmid28208335, year = {2017}, author = {Walchli, B and Thornber, B}, title = {Reynolds number effects on the single-mode Richtmyer-Meshkov instability.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {1-1}, pages = {013104}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.013104}, pmid = {28208335}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The Reynolds number effects on the nonlinear growth rates of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability are investigated using two-dimensional numerical simulations. A decrease in Reynolds number gives an increased time to reach nonlinear saturation, with Reynolds number effects only significant in the range Re<256. Within this range there is a sharp change in instability properties. The bubble and spike amplitudes move towards equal size at lower Reynolds numbers and the bubble velocities decay faster than predicted by Sohn's model [S.-I. Sohn, Phys. Rev. E 80, 055302 (2009)PLEEE81539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.80.055302]. Predicted amplitudes show reasonable agreement with the existing theory of Carles and Popinet [P. Carles and S. Popinet, Phys. Fluids Lett. 13, 1833 (2001)10.1063/1.1377863; Eur. J. Mech. B 21, 511 (2002)EJBFEV0997-754610.1016/S0997-7546(02)01199-8] and Mikaelian [K. O. Mikaelian, Phys. Rev. E 47, 375 (1993)1063-651X10.1103/PhysRevE.47.375; K. O. Mikaelian, Phys. Rev. E 87, 031003 (2013)PLEEE81539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.87.031003], with the former being the closest match to the current computations.}, }
@article {pmid28208331, year = {2017}, author = {Linkmann, M and Berera, A and Goldstraw, EE}, title = {Reynolds-number dependence of the dimensionless dissipation rate in homogeneous magnetohydrodynamic turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {1-1}, pages = {013102}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.013102}, pmid = {28208331}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {This paper examines the behavior of the dimensionless dissipation rate C_{ɛ} for stationary and nonstationary magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in the presence of external forces. By combining with previous studies for freely decaying MHD turbulence, we obtain here both the most general model equation for C_{ɛ} applicable to homogeneous MHD turbulence and a comprehensive numerical study of the Reynolds number dependence of the dimensionless total energy dissipation rate at unity magnetic Prandtl number. We carry out a series of medium to high resolution direct numerical simulations of mechanically forced stationary MHD turbulence in order to verify the predictions of the model equation for the stationary case. Furthermore, questions of nonuniversality are discussed in terms of the effect of external forces as well as the level of cross- and magnetic helicity. The measured values of the asymptote C_{ɛ,∞} lie between 0.193≤C_{ɛ,∞}≤0.268 for free decay, where the value depends on the initial level of cross- and magnetic helicities. In the stationary case we measure C_{ɛ,∞}=0.223.}, }
@article {pmid28191582, year = {2017}, author = {Yasuda, S and Hayakawa, M and Onoe, H and Takinoue, M}, title = {Twisting microfluidics in a planetary centrifuge.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {2141-2147}, doi = {10.1039/c6sm02695h}, pmid = {28191582}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {This paper reports a twisting microfluidic method utilising a centrifuge-based fluid extruding system in a planetary centrifuge which simultaneously generates an orbital rotation and an axial spin. In this method, fluid extrusion from a micro-scale capillary to an 'open-space' solution or air enables release of the fluid from the capillary-based microchannel, which physically means that there is a release of fluids from a confined low-Reynolds-number environment to an open non-low-Reynolds-number environment. As a result, the extruded fluids are separated from the axial spin of the capillary, and the difference in the angular rates of the axial spin between the capillary and the extruded fluids produces the 'twisting' of the fluid. In this study, we achieve control of the twist of highly viscous fluids, and we construct a simple physical model for the fluid twist. In addition, we demonstrate the formation of twisted hydrogel microstructures (stripe-patterned microbeads and multi-helical microfibres) with control over the stripe pattern and the helical pitch length. We believe that this method will enable the generation of more sophisticated microstructures which cannot easily be formed by usual channel-based microfluidic devices. This method can also provide advanced control of microfluids, as in the case of rapid mixing of highly viscous fluids. This method can contribute to a wide range of applications in materials science, biophysics, biomedical science, and microengineering in the future.}, }
@article {pmid28187884, year = {2017}, author = {Shahzadi, I and Sadaf, H and Nadeem, S and Saleem, A}, title = {Bio-mathematical analysis for the peristaltic flow of single wall carbon nanotubes under the impact of variable viscosity and wall properties.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {137-147}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.10.016}, pmid = {28187884}, issn = {1872-7565}, mesh = {*Nanotubes, Carbon ; *Peristalsis ; *Viscosity ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this paper is to study the Bio-mathematical analysis for the peristaltic flow of single wall carbon nanotubes under the impact of variable viscosity and wall properties.<br><br>DESIGN/APPROACH: The right and the left walls of the curved channel possess sinusoidal wave that is travelling along the outer boundary. The features of the peristaltic motion are determined by using long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximation. Exact solutions are determined for the axial velocity and for the temperature profile.<br><br>FINDINGS: Graphical results have been presented for velocity profile, temperature and stream function for various physical parameters of interest. Symmetry of the curved channel is disturbed for smaller values of the curvature parameter. It is found that the altitude of the velocity profile increases for larger values of variable viscosity parameter for both the cases (pure blood as well as single wall carbon nanotubes). It is detected that velocity profile increases with increasing values of rigidity parameter. It is due to the fact that an increase in rigidity parameter decreases tension in the walls of the blood vessels which speeds up the blood flow for pure blood as well as single wall carbon nanotubes. Increase in Grashof number decreases the fluid velocity. This is due to the reason that viscous forces play a prominent role that's why increase in Grashof number decreases the velocity profile. It is also found that temperature drops for increasing values of nanoparticle volume fraction. Basically, higher thermal conductivity of the nanoparticles plays a key role for quick heat dissipation, and this justifies the use of the single wall carbon nanotubes in different situations as a coolant.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Exact solutions are calculated for the temperature and the velocity profile. Symmetry of the curved channel is destroyed due to the curvedness for velocity, temperature and contour plots. Addition of single wall carbon nanotubes shows a decrease in fluid temperature. Trapping phenomena show that the size of the trapped bolus is smaller for pure blood case as compared to the single wall carbon nanotubes.}, }
@article {pmid28176897, year = {2017}, author = {Guiffant, G and Flaud, P and Royon, L and Burnet, E and Merckx, J}, title = {Mechanical characteristics of plastic base Ports and impact on flushing efficacy.}, journal = {Medical devices (Auckland, N.Z.)}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {11-15}, pmid = {28176897}, issn = {1179-1470}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Three types of totally implantable venous access devices, Ports, are currently in use: titanium, plastic (polyoxymethylene, POM), and mixed (titanium base with a POM shell). Physics theory suggests that the interaction between a non-coring needle (NCN, made of stainless steel) and a plastic base would lead to the stronger material (steel) altering the more malleable material (plastic).<br><br>OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether needle impacts can alter a plastic base's surface, thus potentially reducing flushing efficacy.<br><br>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A Port made of POM was punctured 200 times with a 19-gauge NCN. Following the existing guidelines, the needle tip pricked the base with each puncture. The Port's base was then examined using a two-dimensional optical instrument, and a bi-dimensional numerical simulation using COMSOL® was performed to investigate potential surface irregularities and their impact on fluid flow.<br><br>RESULTS: Each needle impact created a hole (mean depth, 0.12 mm) with a small bump beside it (mean height, 0.02 mm) the Reynolds number Rek≈10. A numerical simulation of the one hole/bump set showed that the flushing efficacy was 60% that of flushing along a flat surface.<br><br>DISCUSSION: In clinical practice, the number of times a Port is punctured depends on patient and treatment characteristics, but each needle impact on the plastic base may increase the risk of decreased flushing effectiveness. Therefore, the more a plastic Port is accessed, the greater the risk of microorganisms, blood products, and medication accumulation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Multiple needle impacts created an irregular surface on the Port's base, which decreased flushing efficacy. Clinical investigation is needed to determine whether plastic base Ports are associated with an increased risk of Port infection and occlusion compared to titanium base Ports.}, }
@article {pmid28167586, year = {2017}, author = {Örlü, R and Fiorini, T and Segalini, A and Bellani, G and Talamelli, A and Alfredsson, PH}, title = {Reynolds stress scaling in pipe flow turbulence-first results from CICLoPE.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {375}, number = {2089}, pages = {}, pmid = {28167586}, issn = {1364-503X}, abstract = {This paper reports the first turbulence measurements performed in the Long Pipe Facility at the Center for International Cooperation in Long Pipe Experiments (CICLoPE). In particular, the Reynolds stress components obtained from a number of straight and boundary-layer-type single-wire and X-wire probes up to a friction Reynolds number of 3.8×104 are reported. In agreement with turbulent boundary-layer experiments as well as with results from the Superpipe, the present measurements show a clear logarithmic region in the streamwise variance profile, with a Townsend-Perry constant of A2≈1.26. The wall-normal variance profile exhibits a Reynolds-number-independent plateau, while the spanwise component was found to obey a logarithmic scaling over a much wider wall-normal distance than the other two components, with a slope that is nearly half of that of the Townsend-Perry constant, i.e. A2,w≈A2/2. The present results therefore provide strong support for the scaling of the Reynolds stress tensor based on the attached-eddy hypothesis. Intriguingly, the wall-normal and spanwise components exhibit higher amplitudes than in previous studies, and therefore call for follow-up studies in CICLoPE, as well as other large-scale facilities.This article is part of the themed issue 'Toward the development of high-fidelity models of wall turbulence at large Reynolds number'.}, }
@article {pmid28167585, year = {2017}, author = {Klewicki, JC and Chini, GP and Gibson, JF}, title = {Prospectus: towards the development of high-fidelity models of wall turbulence at large Reynolds number.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {375}, number = {2089}, pages = {}, pmid = {28167585}, issn = {1364-503X}, abstract = {Recent and on-going advances in mathematical methods and analysis techniques, coupled with the experimental and computational capacity to capture detailed flow structure at increasingly large Reynolds numbers, afford an unprecedented opportunity to develop realistic models of high Reynolds number turbulent wall-flow dynamics. A distinctive attribute of this new generation of models is their grounding in the Navier-Stokes equations. By adhering to this challenging constraint, high-fidelity models ultimately can be developed that not only predict flow properties at high Reynolds numbers, but that possess a mathematical structure that faithfully captures the underlying flow physics. These first-principles models are needed, for example, to reliably manipulate flow behaviours at extreme Reynolds numbers. This theme issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A provides a selection of contributions from the community of researchers who are working towards the development of such models. Broadly speaking, the research topics represented herein report on dynamical structure, mechanisms and transport; scale interactions and self-similarity; model reductions that restrict nonlinear interactions; and modern asymptotic theories. In this prospectus, the challenges associated with modelling turbulent wall-flows at large Reynolds numbers are briefly outlined, and the connections between the contributing papers are highlighted.This article is part of the themed issue 'Toward the development of high-fidelity models of wall turbulence at large Reynolds number'.}, }
@article {pmid28167584, year = {2017}, author = {Dogan, E and Hearst, RJ and Ganapathisubramani, B}, title = {Modelling high Reynolds number wall-turbulence interactions in laboratory experiments using large-scale free-stream turbulence.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {375}, number = {2089}, pages = {}, pmid = {28167584}, issn = {1364-503X}, abstract = {A turbulent boundary layer subjected to free-stream turbulence is investigated in order to ascertain the scale interactions that dominate the near-wall region. The results are discussed in relation to a canonical high Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer because previous studies have reported considerable similarities between these two flows. Measurements were acquired simultaneously from four hot wires mounted to a rake which was traversed through the boundary layer. Particular focus is given to two main features of both canonical high Reynolds number boundary layers and boundary layers subjected to free-stream turbulence: (i) the footprint of the large scales in the logarithmic region on the near-wall small scales, specifically the modulating interaction between these scales, and (ii) the phase difference in amplitude modulation. The potential for a turbulent boundary layer subjected to free-stream turbulence to 'simulate' high Reynolds number wall-turbulence interactions is discussed. The results of this study have encouraging implications for future investigations of the fundamental scale interactions that take place in high Reynolds number flows as it demonstrates that these can be achieved at typical laboratory scales.This article is part of the themed issue 'Toward the development of high-fidelity models of wall turbulence at large Reynolds number'.}, }
@article {pmid28167583, year = {2017}, author = {Chini, GP and Montemuro, B and White, CM and Klewicki, J}, title = {A self-sustaining process model of inertial layer dynamics in high Reynolds number turbulent wall flows.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {375}, number = {2089}, pages = {}, pmid = {28167583}, issn = {1364-503X}, abstract = {Field observations and laboratory experiments suggest that at high Reynolds numbers Re the outer region of turbulent boundary layers self-organizes into quasi-uniform momentum zones (UMZs) separated by internal shear layers termed 'vortical fissures' (VFs). Motivated by this emergent structure, a conceptual model is proposed with dynamical components that collectively have the potential to generate a self-sustaining interaction between a single VF and adjacent UMZs. A large-Re asymptotic analysis of the governing incompressible Navier-Stokes equation is performed to derive reduced equation sets for the streamwise-averaged and streamwise-fluctuating flow within the VF and UMZs. The simplified equations reveal the dominant physics within-and isolate possible coupling mechanisms among-these different regions of the flow.This article is part of the themed issue 'Toward the development of high-fidelity models of wall turbulence at large Reynolds number'.}, }
@article {pmid28167582, year = {2017}, author = {Sharma, AS and Moarref, R and McKeon, BJ}, title = {Scaling and interaction of self-similar modes in models of high Reynolds number wall turbulence.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {375}, number = {2089}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rsta.2016.0089}, pmid = {28167582}, issn = {1364-503X}, abstract = {Previous work has established the usefulness of the resolvent operator that maps the terms nonlinear in the turbulent fluctuations to the fluctuations themselves. Further work has described the self-similarity of the resolvent arising from that of the mean velocity profile. The orthogonal modes provided by the resolvent analysis describe the wall-normal coherence of the motions and inherit that self-similarity. In this contribution, we present the implications of this similarity for the nonlinear interaction between modes with different scales and wall-normal locations. By considering the nonlinear interactions between modes, it is shown that much of the turbulence scaling behaviour in the logarithmic region can be determined from a single arbitrarily chosen reference plane. Thus, the geometric scaling of the modes is impressed upon the nonlinear interaction between modes. Implications of these observations on the self-sustaining mechanisms of wall turbulence, modelling and simulation are outlined.This article is part of the themed issue 'Toward the development of high-fidelity models of wall turbulence at large Reynolds number'.}, }
@article {pmid28167576, year = {2017}, author = {Duvvuri, S and McKeon, B}, title = {Phase relations in a forced turbulent boundary layer: implications for modelling of high Reynolds number wall turbulence.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {375}, number = {2089}, pages = {}, pmid = {28167576}, issn = {1364-503X}, abstract = {Phase relations between specific scales in a turbulent boundary layer are studied here by highlighting the associated nonlinear scale interactions in the flow. This is achieved through an experimental technique that allows for targeted forcing of the flow through the use of a dynamic wall perturbation. Two distinct large-scale modes with well-defined spatial and temporal wavenumbers were simultaneously forced in the boundary layer, and the resulting nonlinear response from their direct interactions was isolated from the turbulence signal for the study. This approach advances the traditional studies of large- and small-scale interactions in wall turbulence by focusing on the direct interactions between scales with triadic wavenumber consistency. The results are discussed in the context of modelling high Reynolds number wall turbulence.This article is part of the themed issue 'Toward the development of high-fidelity models of wall turbulence at large Reynolds number'.}, }
@article {pmid28167575, year = {2017}, author = {Brauckmann, HJ and Eckhardt, B and Schumacher, J}, title = {Heat transport in Rayleigh-Bénard convection and angular momentum transport in Taylor-Couette flow: a comparative study.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {375}, number = {2089}, pages = {}, pmid = {28167575}, issn = {1364-503X}, abstract = {Rayleigh-Bénard convection and Taylor-Couette flow are two canonical flows that have many properties in common. We here compare the two flows in detail for parameter values where the Nusselt numbers, i.e. the thermal transport and the angular momentum transport normalized by the corresponding laminar values, coincide. We study turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection in air at Rayleigh number Ra=107 and Taylor-Couette flow at shear Reynolds number ReS=2×104 for two different mean rotation rates but the same Nusselt numbers. For individual pairwise related fields and convective currents, we compare the probability density functions normalized by the corresponding root mean square values and taken at different distances from the wall. We find one rotation number for which there is very good agreement between the mean profiles of the two corresponding quantities temperature and angular momentum. Similarly, there is good agreement between the fluctuations in temperature and velocity components. For the heat and angular momentum currents, there are differences in the fluctuations outside the boundary layers that increase with overall rotation and can be related to differences in the flow structures in the boundary layer and in the bulk. The study extends the similarities between the two flows from global quantities to local quantities and reveals the effects of rotation on the transport.This article is part of the themed issue 'Toward the development of high-fidelity models of wall turbulence at large Reynolds number'.}, }
@article {pmid28167574, year = {2017}, author = {Deguchi, K and Hall, P}, title = {The relationship between free-stream coherent structures and near-wall streaks at high Reynolds numbers.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {375}, number = {2089}, pages = {}, pmid = {28167574}, issn = {1364-503X}, abstract = {The present work is based on our recent discovery of a new class of exact coherent structures generated near the edge of quite general boundary layer flows. The structures are referred to as free-stream coherent structures and were found using a large Reynolds number asymptotic approach to describe equilibrium solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. In this paper, first we present results for a new family of free-stream coherent structures existing at relatively large wavenumbers. The new results are consistent with our earlier theoretical result that such structures can generate larger amplitude wall streaks if and only if the local spanwise wavenumber is sufficiently small. In a Blasius boundary layer, the local wavenumber increases in the streamwise direction so the wall streaks can typically exist only over a finite interval. However, here it is shown that they can interact with wall curvature to produce exponentially growing Görtler vortices through the receptivity process by a novel nonparallel mechanism. The theoretical predictions found are confirmed by a hybrid numerical approach. In contrast with previous receptivity investigations, it is shown that the amplitude of the induced vortex is larger than the structures in the free-stream which generate it.This article is part of the themed issue 'Toward the development of high-fidelity models of wall turbulence at large Reynolds number'.}, }
@article {pmid28167573, year = {2017}, author = {Baars, WJ and Hutchins, N and Marusic, I}, title = {Reynolds number trend of hierarchies and scale interactions in turbulent boundary layers.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {375}, number = {2089}, pages = {}, pmid = {28167573}, issn = {1364-503X}, abstract = {Small-scale velocity fluctuations in turbulent boundary layers are often coupled with the larger-scale motions. Studying the nature and extent of this scale interaction allows for a statistically representative description of the small scales over a time scale of the larger, coherent scales. In this study, we consider temporal data from hot-wire anemometry at Reynolds numbers ranging from Reτ≈2800 to 22 800, in order to reveal how the scale interaction varies with Reynolds number. Large-scale conditional views of the representative amplitude and frequency of the small-scale turbulence, relative to the large-scale features, complement the existing consensus on large-scale modulation of the small-scale dynamics in the near-wall region. Modulation is a type of scale interaction, where the amplitude of the small-scale fluctuations is continuously proportional to the near-wall footprint of the large-scale velocity fluctuations. Aside from this amplitude modulation phenomenon, we reveal the influence of the large-scale motions on the characteristic frequency of the small scales, known as frequency modulation. From the wall-normal trends in the conditional averages of the small-scale properties, it is revealed how the near-wall modulation transitions to an intermittent-type scale arrangement in the log-region. On average, the amplitude of the small-scale velocity fluctuations only deviates from its mean value in a confined temporal domain, the duration of which is fixed in terms of the local Taylor time scale. These concentrated temporal regions are centred on the internal shear layers of the large-scale uniform momentum zones, which exhibit regions of positive and negative streamwise velocity fluctuations. With an increasing scale separation at high Reynolds numbers, this interaction pattern encompasses the features found in studies on internal shear layers and concentrated vorticity fluctuations in high-Reynolds-number wall turbulence.This article is part of the themed issue 'Toward the development of high-fidelity models of wall turbulence at large Reynolds number'.}, }
@article {pmid28163876, year = {2017}, author = {Phillips, N and Knowles, K and Bomphrey, RJ}, title = {Petiolate wings: effects on the leading-edge vortex in flapping flight.}, journal = {Interface focus}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {20160084}, pmid = {28163876}, issn = {2042-8898}, abstract = {The wings of many insect species including crane flies and damselflies are petiolate (on stalks), with the wing planform beginning some distance away from the wing hinge, rather than at the hinge. The aerodynamic impact of flapping petiolate wings is relatively unknown, particularly on the formation of the lift-augmenting leading-edge vortex (LEV): a key flow structure exploited by many insects, birds and bats to enhance their lift coefficient. We investigated the aerodynamic implications of petiolation P using particle image velocimetry flow field measurements on an array of rectangular wings of aspect ratio 3 and petiolation values of P = 1-3. The wings were driven using a mechanical device, the 'Flapperatus', to produce highly repeatable insect-like kinematics. The wings maintained a constant Reynolds number of 1400 and dimensionless stroke amplitude Λ* (number of chords traversed by the wingtip) of 6.5 across all test cases. Our results showed that for more petiolate wings the LEV is generally larger, stronger in circulation, and covers a greater area of the wing surface, particularly at the mid-span and inboard locations early in the wing stroke cycle. In each case, the LEV was initially arch-like in form with its outboard end terminating in a focus-sink on the wing surface, before transitioning to become continuous with the tip vortex thereafter. In the second half of the wing stroke, more petiolate wings exhibit a more detached LEV, with detachment initiating at approximately 70% and 50% span for P = 1 and 3, respectively. As a consequence, lift coefficients based on the LEV are higher in the first half of the wing stroke for petiolate wings, but more comparable in the second half. Time-averaged LEV lift coefficients show a general rise with petiolation over the range tested.}, }
@article {pmid28163871, year = {2017}, author = {Widmann, A and Tropea, C}, title = {Reynolds number influence on the formation of vortical structures on a pitching flat plate.}, journal = {Interface focus}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {20160079}, pmid = {28163871}, issn = {2042-8898}, abstract = {The impact of chord-based Reynolds number on the formation of leading-edge vortices (LEVs) on unsteady pitching flat plates is investigated. The influence of secondary flow structures on the shear layer feeding the LEV and the subsequent topological change at the leading edge as the result of viscous processes are demonstrated. Time-resolved velocity fields are measured using particle image velocimetry simultaneously in two fields of view to correlate local and global flow phenomena in order to identify unsteady boundary-layer separation and the subsequent flow structures. Finally, the Reynolds number is identified as a parameter that is responsible for the transition in mechanisms leading to LEV detachment from an aerofoil, as it determines the viscous response of the boundary layer in the vortex-wall interaction.}, }
@article {pmid28163870, year = {2017}, author = {Wagner, H and Weger, M and Klaas, M and Schröder, W}, title = {Features of owl wings that promote silent flight.}, journal = {Interface focus}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {20160078}, pmid = {28163870}, issn = {2042-8898}, abstract = {Owls are an order of birds of prey that are known for the development of a silent flight. We review here the morphological adaptations of owls leading to silent flight and discuss also aerodynamic properties of owl wings. We start with early observations (until 2005), and then turn to recent advances. The large wings of these birds, resulting in low wing loading and a low aspect ratio, contribute to noise reduction by allowing slow flight. The serrations on the leading edge of the wing and the velvet-like surface have an effect on noise reduction and also lead to an improvement of aerodynamic performance. The fringes at the inner feather vanes reduce noise by gliding into the grooves at the lower wing surface that are formed by barb shafts. The fringed trailing edge of the wing has been shown to reduce trailing edge noise. These adaptations to silent flight have been an inspiration for biologists and engineers for the development of devices with reduced noise production. Today several biomimetic applications such as a serrated pantograph or a fringed ventilator are available. Finally, we discuss unresolved questions and possible future directions.}, }
@article {pmid28163869, year = {2017}, author = {Tank, J and Smith, L and Spedding, GR}, title = {On the possibility (or lack thereof) of agreement between experiment and computation of flows over wings at moderate Reynolds number.}, journal = {Interface focus}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {20160076}, pmid = {28163869}, issn = {2042-8898}, abstract = {The flight of many birds and bats, and their robotic counterparts, occurs over a range of chord-based Reynolds numbers from 1 × 104 to 1.5 × 105. It is precisely over this range where the aerodynamics of simple, rigid, fixed wings becomes extraordinarily sensitive to small changes in geometry and the environment, with two sets of consequences. The first is that practical lifting devices at this scale will likely not be simple, rigid, fixed wings. The second is that it becomes non-trivial to make baseline comparisons for experiment and computation, when either one can be wrong. Here we examine one ostensibly simple case of the NACA 0012 aerofoil and make careful comparison between the technical literature, and new experiments and computations. The agreement (or lack thereof) will establish one or more baseline results and some sensitivities around them. The idea is that the diagnostic procedures will help to guide comparisons and predictions in subsequent more complex cases.}, }
@article {pmid28163357, year = {2017}, author = {Wang, CY and Mercer, E and Kamranvand, F and Williams, L and Kolios, A and Parker, A and Tyrrel, S and Cartmell, E and McAdam, EJ}, title = {Tube-side mass transfer for hollow fibre membrane contactors operated in the low Graetz range.}, journal = {Journal of membrane science}, volume = {523}, number = {}, pages = {235-246}, pmid = {28163357}, issn = {0376-7388}, abstract = {Transformation of the tube-side mass transfer coefficient derived in hollow fibre membrane contactors (HFMC) of different characteristic length scales (equivalent diameter and fibre length) has been studied when operated in the low Graetz range (Gz<10). Within the low Gz range, mass transfer is generally described by the Graetz problem (Sh=3.67) which assumes that the concentration profile comprises a constant shape over the fibre radius. In this study, it is experimentally evidenced that this assumption over predicts mass transfer within the low Graetz range. Furthermore, within the low Gz range (below 2), a proportional relationship between the experimentally determined mass transfer coefficient (Kov) and the Graetz number has been identified. For Gz numbers below 2, the experimental Sh number approached unity, which suggests that mass transfer is strongly dependent upon diffusion. However, within this diffusion controlled region of mass transfer, tube-side fluid velocity remained important. For Gz numbers above 2, Sh could be satisfactorily described by extension to the Lévêque solution, which can be ascribed to the constrained growth of the concentration boundary layer adjacent to the fibre wall. Importantly this study demonstrates that whilst mass transfer in the low Graetz range does not explicitly conform to either the Graetz problem or classical Lévêque solution, it is possible to transform the experimentally derived overall mass transfer coefficient (Kov) between characteristic length scales (dh and L). T h is was corroborated by comparison of the empirical relationship determined in this study (Sh=0.36Gz) with previously published studies operated in the low Gz range. This analysis provides important insight for process design when slow tube-side flows, or low Schmidt numbers (coincident with gases) constrain operation of hollow fibre membrane contactors to the low Gz range.}, }
@article {pmid28161594, year = {2017}, author = {Tanveer, A and Hayat, T and Alsaadi, F and Alsaedi, A}, title = {Mixed convection peristaltic flow of Eyring-Powell nanofluid in a curved channel with compliant walls.}, journal = {Computers in biology and medicine}, volume = {82}, number = {}, pages = {71-79}, doi = {10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.01.015}, pmid = {28161594}, issn = {1879-0534}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Elastic Modulus/*physiology ; Humans ; *Models, Biological ; Peristalsis/*physiology ; Rheology/*methods ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The novel features of nanofluids made them potentially significant in heat transfer mechanism occurring in medical and industrial processes like microelectronics, pharmaceutical processes, hybrid engines, thermal management of vehicles, refrigerator, chiller, gas temperature reduction and so forth. These processes bear tendency to enhance thermal conductivity and the convective heat transfer more efficiently than base fluid. This unique aspect made nanofluids the topic of interest in recent time via different fluid flow models. The problem in hand is one such application of nanofluids in peristaltic flow through curved channel. Thus peristalsis of Eyring-Powell nanofluid followed through conservation principles of mass, momentum, energy and concentration has been modeled. The whole system is made coupled via viscous dissipation, mixed convection, thermophoresis and Brownian motion. The complexity of system has been executed through a numerical approach after utilizing small Reynolds number and large wavelength concepts. A striking feature of this study is the activation of velocity and temperature with larger Brownian diffusion, whereas reduction is noticed with advancement in thermophoresis. Moreover the numerically obtained results for compliant walls are compatible with those obtained through other techniques.}, }
@article {pmid28152457, year = {2017}, author = {He, L and Hang, J and Wang, X and Lin, B and Li, X and Lan, G}, title = {Numerical investigations of flow and passive pollutant exposure in high-rise deep street canyons with various street aspect ratios and viaduct settings.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {584-585}, number = {}, pages = {189-206}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.138}, pmid = {28152457}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Air Pollutants/*analysis ; *Cities ; Environmental Exposure/*analysis ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Noise ; Vehicle Emissions/*analysis ; Wind ; }, abstract = {Vehicular pollutant exposure of residents and pedestrians in high-rise deep street canyons with viaducts and noise barriers requires special concerns because the ventilation capacity is weak and the literature reported inconsistent findings on flow patterns as aspect ratios (building height/street width, H/W) are larger than 2. By conducting computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations coupled with the intake fraction iF and the daily pollutant exposure Et, this paper investigates the impact of street aspect ratios, viaducts and noise barriers on the flow and vehicular passive pollutant exposure in full-scale street canyons (H/W=1-6, W=24m). iF represents the fraction of total emissions inhaled by a population (1ppm=10-6), while Et means the extent of human beings' contact with pollutants within one day. CFD methodologies of passive pollutant dispersion modeling are successfully validated by wind tunnel data in Meroney et al. (1996). As a novelty, the two-main-vortex pattern start appearing in full-scale street canyons as H/W changes from 4 to 5, however previous studies using wind-tunnel-scale models (H=6cm) reported two to five vortexes as H/W=2-5. This finding is validated by both smoke visualization in scale-model outdoor field experiments (H=1.2m, W=0.6m) and CFD simulations of Reynolds number independence. Cases with two main vortexes (H/W=5-6) experience much larger daily pollutant exposure (~103-104mg/m3/day) than those with single main vortex as H/W=1-4 (~101-102mg/m3/day). Moreover leeward-side pollutant exposures are much larger than windward-side as H/W=1-4 while oppositely as H/W=5-6. Assuming a general population density, the total iF is 485-803ppm as H/W=1, 2020-12051ppm as H/W=2-4, and 51112-794026ppm as H/W=5-6. With a single elevated pollutant source, cases with viaducts experience significantly smaller pollutant exposures than cases without viaducts. Road barriers slightly increase pollutant exposure in near-road buildings with H/W=1 while reduce a little as H/W=3 and 5. Two-source cases can experience 2.60-5.52 times pollutant exposure as great as single-source cases.}, }
@article {pmid28151968, year = {2017}, author = {Tanveer, A and Hayat, T and Alsaedi, A and Ahmad, B}, title = {Numerical simulation for peristalsis of Carreau-Yasuda nanofluid in curved channel with mixed convection and porous space.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {e0170029}, pmid = {28151968}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Convection ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; *Hydrodynamics ; *Models, Theoretical ; Nanoparticles ; *Peristalsis/physiology ; Porosity ; Rheology ; Thermal Conductivity ; }, abstract = {Main theme of present investigation is to model and analyze the peristaltic activity of Carraeu-Yasuda nanofluid saturating porous space in a curved channel. Unlike the traditional approach, the porous medium effects are characterized by employing modified Darcy's law for Carreau-Yasuda fluid. To our knowledge this is first attempt in this direction for Carreau-Yasuda fluid. Heat and mass transfer are further considered. Simultaneous effects of heat and mass transfer are examined in presence of mixed convection, viscous dissipation and thermal radiation. The compliant characteristics for channel walls are taken into account. The resulting complex mathematical system has been discussed for small Reynolds number and large wavelength concepts. Numerical approximation to solutions are thus plotted in graphs and the physical description is presented. It is concluded that larger porosity in a medium cause an enhancement in fluid velocity and reduction in concentration.}, }
@article {pmid28141804, year = {2017}, author = {Wheeler, RJ}, title = {Use of chiral cell shape to ensure highly directional swimming in trypanosomes.}, journal = {PLoS computational biology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e1005353}, pmid = {28141804}, issn = {1553-7358}, support = {103261/Z/13/Z//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Cell Movement/*physiology ; *Cell Size ; Cell Tracking ; Computer Simulation ; Friction ; Hydrodynamics ; Microscopy, Video ; *Models, Biological ; Swimming/physiology ; Trypanosoma/*cytology/*physiology ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {Swimming cells typically move along a helical path or undergo longitudinal rotation as they swim, arising from chiral asymmetry in hydrodynamic drag or propulsion bending the swimming path into a helix. Helical paths are beneficial for some forms of chemotaxis, but why asymmetric shape is so prevalent when a symmetric shape would also allow highly directional swimming is unclear. Here, I analyse the swimming of the insect life cycle stages of two human parasites; Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania mexicana. This showed quantitatively how chirality in T. brucei cell shape confers highly directional swimming. High speed videomicrographs showed that T. brucei, L. mexicana and a T. brucei RNAi morphology mutant have a range of shape asymmetries, from wild-type T. brucei (highly chiral) to L. mexicana (near-axial symmetry). The chiral cells underwent longitudinal rotation while swimming, with more rapid longitudinal rotation correlating with swimming path directionality. Simulation indicated hydrodynamic drag on the chiral cell shape caused rotation, and the predicted geometry of the resulting swimming path matched the directionality of the observed swimming paths. This simulation of swimming path geometry showed that highly chiral cell shape is a robust mechanism through which microscale swimmers can achieve highly directional swimming at low Reynolds number. It is insensitive to random variation in shape or propulsion (biological noise). Highly symmetric cell shape can give highly directional swimming but is at risk of giving futile circular swimming paths in the presence of biological noise. This suggests the chiral T. brucei cell shape (associated with the lateral attachment of the flagellum) may be an adaptation associated with the bloodstream-inhabiting lifestyle of this parasite for robust highly directional swimming. It also provides a plausible general explanation for why swimming cells tend to have strong asymmetries in cell shape or propulsion.}, }
@article {pmid28117769, year = {2017}, author = {Kulkarni, AA and Patel, RK and Friedman, C and Leftwich, MC}, title = {A Robotic Platform to Study the Foreflipper of the California Sea Lion.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {119}, pages = {}, pmid = {28117769}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Extremities ; Female ; *Robotics ; Sea Lions/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Swimming ; }, abstract = {The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most of their thrust with their large foreflippers. This protocol describes a robotic platform designed to study the hydrodynamic performance of the swimming California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The robot is a model of the animal's foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the 'clap'). The kinematics of the sea lion's propulsive stroke are extracted from video data of unmarked, non-research sea lions at the Smithsonian Zoological Park (SNZ). Those data form the basis of the actuation motion of the robotic flipper presented here. The geometry of the robotic flipper is based a on high-resolution laser scan of a foreflipper of an adult female sea lion, scaled to about 60% of the full-scale flipper. The articulated model has three joints, mimicking the elbow, wrist and knuckle joint of the sea lion foreflipper. The robotic platform matches dynamics properties-Reynolds number and tip speed-of the animal when accelerating from rest. The robotic flipper can be used to determine the performance (forces and torques) and resulting flowfields.}, }
@article {pmid28085475, year = {2016}, author = {Mo, CJ and Qin, LZ and Zhao, F and Yang, LJ}, title = {Application of the dissipative particle dynamics method to the instability problem of a liquid thread.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {94}, number = {6-1}, pages = {063113}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.94.063113}, pmid = {28085475}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We investigate the application of the dissipative particle dynamics method to the instability problem of a long liquid thread surrounded by another fluid. The dispersion curves obtained from simulations are compared with classic theoretical predictions. The results from standard dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations at first have a tendency of gradually approaching to Tomotika's Stokes flow prediction when the Reynolds number is decreased. But they then abnormally deviate again when the viscosity is very large. The same phenomenon is also confirmed in droplet retraction simulations when also compared with theoretical Stokes flow results. On the other hand, when a hard-core DPD model is used, with the decrease of the Reynolds number the simulation results did finally approach Tomotika's predictions when Re≈0.1. A combined presentation of the hard-core DPD results and the standard DPD results, excluding the abnormal ones, demonstrates that they are approximately on a continuum when labeled with Reynolds number. These results suggest that the standard DPD method is a suitable method for investigation of the instability problem of immersed liquid thread in the inertioviscous regime (0.1<Re<10), which is relevant for microfluidics applications but there is currently no theory. It cannot reach the Re≈0.1 regime because of some irregular properties of highly viscous DPD fluid, while the hard-core DPD is suitable to overcome this inferiority with standard DPD.}, }
@article {pmid28085437, year = {2016}, author = {Sampath, R and Mathur, M and Chakravarthy, SR}, title = {Lagrangian coherent structures during combustion instability in a premixed-flame backward-step combustor.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {94}, number = {6-1}, pages = {062209}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.94.062209}, pmid = {28085437}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {This paper quantitatively examines the occurrence of large-scale coherent structures in the flow field during combustion instability in comparison with the flow-combustion-acoustic system when it is stable. For this purpose, the features in the recirculation zone of the confined flow past a backward-facing step are studied in terms of Lagrangian coherent structures. The experiments are conducted at a Reynolds number of 18600 and an equivalence ratio of 0.9 of the premixed fuel-air mixture for two combustor lengths, the long duct corresponding to instability and the short one to the stable case. Simultaneous measurements of the velocity field using time-resolved particle image velocimetry and the CH^{*} chemiluminescence of the flame along with pressure time traces are obtained. The extracted ridges of the finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) fields delineate dynamically distinct regions of the flow field. The presence of large-scale vortical structures and their modulation over different time instants are well captured by the FTLE ridges for the long combustor where high-amplitude acoustic oscillations are self-excited. In contrast, small-scale vortices signifying Kelvin-Helmholtz instability are observed in the short duct case. Saddle-type flow features are found to separate the distinct flow structures for both combustor lengths. The FTLE ridges are found to align with the flame boundaries in the upstream regions, whereas farther downstream, the alignment is weaker due to dilatation of the flow by the flame's heat release. Specifically, the FTLE ridges encompass the flame curl-up for both the combustor lengths, and thus act as the surrogate flame boundaries. The flame is found to propagate upstream from an earlier vortex roll-up to a newer one along the backward-time FTLE ridge connecting the two structures.}, }
@article {pmid28085432, year = {2016}, author = {Jo, I and Huang, Y and Zimmermann, W and Kanso, E}, title = {Passive swimming in viscous oscillatory flows.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {94}, number = {6-1}, pages = {063116}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.94.063116}, pmid = {28085432}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Fluid-based locomotion at low Reynolds number is subject to the constraints of Purcell's scallop theorem: reciprocal shape kinematics identical under a time-reversal symmetry cannot cause locomotion. In particular, a single degree-of-freedom scallop undergoing opening and closing motions cannot swim. Most strategies for symmetry breaking and locomotion rely on direct control of the swimmer's shape kinematics. Less is known about indirect control via actuation of the fluid medium. To address how such indirect actuation strategies can lead to locomotion, we analyze a Λ-shaped model system analogous to Purcell's scallop but able to deform passively in oscillatory flows. Neutrally buoyant scallops undergo no net locomotion. We show that dense, elastic scallops can exhibit passive locomotion in zero-mean oscillatory flows. We examine the efficiency of swimming parallel to the background flow and analyze the stability of these motions. We observe transitions from stable to unstable swimming, including ordered transitions from fluttering to chaoticlike motions and tumbling. Our results demonstrate that flow oscillations can be used to passively actuate and control the motion of microswimmers, which may be relevant to applications such as surgical robots and cell sorting and manipulation in microfluidic devices.}, }
@article {pmid28085295, year = {2016}, author = {Carrillo, M and Que, U and González, JA}, title = {Estimation of Reynolds number for flows around cylinders with lattice Boltzmann methods and artificial neural networks.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {94}, number = {6-1}, pages = {063304}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.94.063304}, pmid = {28085295}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The present work investigates the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to estimate the Reynolds (Re) number for flows around a cylinder. The data required to train the ANN was generated with our own implementation of a lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) code performing simulations of a two-dimensional flow around a cylinder. As results of the simulations, we obtain the velocity field (v[over ⃗]) and the vorticity (∇[over ⃗]×v[over ⃗]) of the fluid for 120 different values of Re measured at different distances from the obstacle and use them to teach the ANN to predict the Re. The results predicted by the networks show good accuracy with errors of less than 4% in all the studied cases. One of the possible applications of this method is the development of an efficient tool to characterize a blocked flowing pipe.}, }
@article {pmid28084568, year = {2017}, author = {Fukuda, M and Yoshimura, K and Namekawa, K and Sakai, K}, title = {Technical characterization of dialysis fluid flow and mass transfer rate in dialyzers with various filtration coefficients using dimensionless correlation equation.}, journal = {Journal of artificial organs : the official journal of the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {145-151}, pmid = {28084568}, issn = {1619-0904}, mesh = {*Dialysis Solutions ; Filtration ; Humans ; *Membranes, Artificial ; Models, Biological ; Permeability ; *Renal Dialysis ; }, abstract = {The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of filtration coefficient and internal filtration on dialysis fluid flow and mass transfer coefficient in dialyzers using dimensionless mass transfer correlation equations. Aqueous solution of vitamin B12 clearances were obtained for REXEED-15L as a low flux dialyzer, and APS-15EA and APS-15UA as high flux dialyzers. All the other design specifications were identical for these dialyzers except for filtration coefficient. The overall mass transfer coefficient was calculated, moreover, the exponents of Reynolds number (Re) and film mass transfer coefficient of the dialysis-side fluid (k D) for each flow rate were derived from the Wilson plot and dimensionless correlation equation. The exponents of Re were 0.4 for the low flux dialyzer whereas 0.5 for the high flux dialyzers. Dialysis fluid of the low flux dialyzer was close to laminar flow because of its low filtration coefficient. On the other hand, dialysis fluid of the high flux dialyzers was assumed to be orthogonal flow. Higher filtration coefficient was associated with higher k D influenced by mass transfer rate through diffusion and internal filtration. Higher filtration coefficient of dialyzers and internal filtration affect orthogonal flow of dialysis fluid.}, }
@article {pmid28069230, year = {2017}, author = {Manmi, K and Wang, Q}, title = {Acoustic microbubble dynamics with viscous effects.}, journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry}, volume = {36}, number = {}, pages = {427-436}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.11.032}, pmid = {28069230}, issn = {1873-2828}, abstract = {Microbubble dynamics subject to ultrasound are associated with important applications in biomedical ultrasonics, sonochemistry and cavitation cleaning. The viscous effects in this phenomenon is essential since the Reynolds number Re associated is about O(10). The flow field is characterized as being an irrotational flow in the bulk volume but with a thin vorticity layer at the bubble surface. This paper investigates the phenomenon using the boundary integral method based on the viscous potential flow theory. The viscous effects are incorporated into the model through including the normal viscous stress of the irrotational flow in the dynamic boundary condition at the bubble surface. The viscous correction pressure of Joseph &amp; Wang (2004) is implemented to resolve the discrepancy between the non-zero shear stress of the irrotational flow at a free surface and the physical boundary condition of zero shear stress. The model agrees well with the Rayleigh-Plesset equation for a spherical bubble oscillating in a viscous liquid for several cycles of oscillation for Re=10. It correlates pretty closely with both the experimental data and the axisymmetric simulation based on the Navier-Stokes equations for transient bubble dynamics near a rigid boundary. We further analyze microbubble dynamics near a rigid boundary subject to ultrasound travelling perpendicular and parallel to the boundary, respectively, in parameter regions of clinical relevance. The viscous effects to acoustic microbubble dynamics are analyzed in terms of the jet velocity, bubble volume, centroid movement, Kelvin impulse and bubble energy.}, }
@article {pmid28049316, year = {2016}, author = {Jaju, SJ and Kumaran, V}, title = {System size dependence of the structure and rheology in a sheared lamellar liquid crystalline medium.}, journal = {The Journal of chemical physics}, volume = {145}, number = {24}, pages = {244901}, doi = {10.1063/1.4972132}, pmid = {28049316}, issn = {1089-7690}, abstract = {The structural and rheological evolution of an initially disordered lamellar phase system under a shear flow is examined using a mesoscale model based on a free energy functional for the concentration field, which is the scaled difference in the concentration between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. The dimensionless numbers which affect the shear evolution are the Reynolds number (γ˙¯L2/ν), the Schmidt number (ν/D), a dimensionless parameter Σ=(Aλ2/ρν2), a parameter μr which represents the viscosity contrast between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, and (L/λ), the ratio of system size and layer spacing. Here, ρ, ν, and D are the density, kinematic viscosity (ratio of viscosity and density), and the mass diffusivity, and A is the energy density in the free energy functional which is proportional to the compression modulus. Two distinct modes of structural evolution are observed for moderate values of the parameter Σ depending only on the combination ScΣ and independent of system size. For ScΣ less than about 10, the layers tend to form before they are deformed by the mean shear, and layered but misaligned domains are initially formed, and these are deformed and rotated by the flow. In this case, the excess viscosity (difference between the viscosity and that for an aligned state) does not decrease to zero even after 1000 strain units, but appears to plateau to a steady state value. For ScΣ greater than about 10, layers are deformed by the mean shear before they are fully formed, and a well aligned lamellar phase with edge dislocation orders completely due to the cancellation of dislocations. The excess viscosity scales as t-1 in the long time limit. The maximum macroscopic viscosity (ratio of total stress and average strain rate over the entire sample) during the alignment process increases with the system size proportional to (L/λ)3/2. For large values of Σ, there is localisation of shear at the walls, and the bulk of the sample moves as a block. The thickness of the shearing region appears to be invariant with the system size, leading to an increase of viscosity proportional to L. The time for structural evolution is found to be the inverse of the strain rate γ˙-1. In the case of a significant viscosity contrast between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, the average viscosity increases by 1-2 orders of magnitude due to the defect pinning mechanism, where the regions between defects move as a block, and shear localisation at the wall.}, }
@article {pmid28046084, year = {2017}, author = {Wei, J and Li, Y}, title = {Human Cough as a Two-Stage Jet and Its Role in Particle Transport.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {e0169235}, pmid = {28046084}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Cough/*physiopathology ; Humans ; Particle Size ; *Rheology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The human cough is a significant vector in the transmission of respiratory diseases in indoor environments. The cough flow is characterized as a two-stage jet; specifically, the starting jet (when the cough starts and flow is released) and interrupted jet (after the source supply is terminated). During the starting-jet stage, the flow rate is a function of time; three temporal profiles of the exit velocity (pulsation, sinusoidal and real-cough) were investigated in this study, and our results showed that the cough flow's maximum penetration distance was in the range of a 50.6-85.5 opening diameter (D) under our experimental conditions. The real-cough and sinusoidal cases exhibited greater penetration ability than the pulsation cases under the same characteristic Reynolds number (Rec) and normalized cough expired volume (Q/AD, with Q as the cough expired volume and A as the opening area). However, the effects of Rec and Q/AD on the maximum penetration distances proved to be more significant; larger values of Rec and Q/AD reflected cough flows with greater penetration distances. A protocol was developed to scale the particle experiments between the prototype in air, and the model in water. The water tank experiments revealed that although medium and large particles deposit readily, their maximum spread distance is similar to that of small particles. Moreover, the leading vortex plays an important role in enhancing particle transport.}, }
@article {pmid28040018, year = {2016}, author = {Zhao, S and Cheng, E and Qiu, X and Burnett, I and Liu, JC}, title = {Pressure spectra in turbulent flows in the inertial and the dissipation ranges.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {140}, number = {6}, pages = {4178}, doi = {10.1121/1.4968881}, pmid = {28040018}, issn = {1520-8524}, abstract = {Based on existing studies that provide the pressure spectra in turbulent flows from the asymptotic pressure structure function in the inertial range, this paper extends the pressure spectrum to the dissipation range by proposing a pressure structure function model that incorporates both the inertial and dissipation ranges. Existing experiment results were used to validate the proposed pressure structure function model first, and then the obtained pressure spectrum was compared with the simulation and measurement data in the literature and the wind-induced noise measured outdoors. All comparisons demonstrate that the pressure spectrum obtained from the proposed pressure structure function model can be used to estimate the pressure spectra in both the inertial and dissipation ranges in turbulent flows with a sufficiently large Reynolds number.}, }
@article {pmid30174548, year = {2017}, author = {Oosterhuis, JP and Verbeek, AA and Bühler, S and Wilcox, D and van der Meer, TH}, title = {Flow Separation and Turbulence in Jet Pumps for Thermoacoustic Applications.}, journal = {Flow, turbulence and combustion}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {311-326}, pmid = {30174548}, issn = {1573-1987}, abstract = {The effect of flow separation and turbulence on the performance of a jet pump in oscillatory flows is investigated. A jet pump is a static device whose shape induces asymmetric hydrodynamic end effects when placed in an oscillatory flow. This will result in a time-averaged pressure drop which can be used to suppress acoustic streaming in closed-loop thermoacoustic devices. An experimental setup is used to measure the time-averaged pressure drop as well as the acoustic power dissipation across two different jet pump geometries in a pure oscillatory flow. The results are compared against published numerical results where flow separation was found to have a negative effect on the jet pump performance in a laminar flow. Using hot-wire anemometry the onset of flow separation is determined experimentally and the applicability of a critical Reynolds number for oscillatory pipe flows is confirmed for jet pump applications. It is found that turbulence can lead to a reduction of flow separation and hence, to an improvement in jet pump performance compared to laminar oscillatory flows.}, }
@article {pmid30069161, year = {2017}, author = {Sengupta, U and Nemati, H and Boersma, BJ and Pecnik, R}, title = {Fully Compressible Low-Mach Number Simulations of Carbon-dioxide at Supercritical Pressures and Trans-critical Temperatures.}, journal = {Flow, turbulence and combustion}, volume = {99}, number = {3}, pages = {909-931}, doi = {10.1007/s10494-017-9872-4}, pmid = {30069161}, issn = {1573-1987}, abstract = {This work investigates fully developed turbulent flows of carbon-dioxide close to its vapour-liquid critical point in a channel with a hot and a cold wall. Two direct numerical simulations are performed at low Mach numbers, with the trans-critical transition near the channel centre and the cold wall, respectively. An additional simulation with constant transport properties is used to selectively investigate the effect of the non-linear equation of state on turbulence. Compared to the case where the pseudo-critical transition occurs in the channel center, the case with the pseudo-critical transition close to the cold wall reveals that compressibility effects can exist in the near-wall region even at low Mach numbers. An analysis of the velocity streaks near the hot and the cold walls also indicates a greater degree of streak coherence near the cold wall. A comparison between the constant and variable viscosity cases at the same Reynolds number, Mach number and having the same isothermal wall boundary conditions reveals that variable viscosity increases turbulence near the cold wall and also causes higher velocity gradients near the hot wall. We also show that the extended van Driest transformation results in a better agreement of the velocity profile with the log-law of the wall compared to the standard van Driest transformation. The semi-locally scaled turbulent velocity fluctuations and the turbulent kinetic energy budgets on the hot and the cold sides of the channel collapse on top of each other, thereby establishing the validity of Morkovin's hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid30069158, year = {2017}, author = {Sanmiguel Vila, C and Örlü, R and Vinuesa, R and Schlatter, P and Ianiro, A and Discetti, S}, title = {Adverse-Pressure-Gradient Effects on Turbulent Boundary Layers: Statistics and Flow-Field Organization.}, journal = {Flow, turbulence and combustion}, volume = {99}, number = {3}, pages = {589-612}, pmid = {30069158}, issn = {1573-1987}, abstract = {This manuscripts presents a study on adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers under different Reynolds-number and pressure-gradient conditions. In this work we performed Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements supplemented with Large-Eddy Simulations in order to have a dataset covering a range of displacement-thickness-based Reynolds-number 2300 < R e δ ∗ < 34000 and values of the Clauser pressure-gradient parameter β up to 2.4. The spatial resolution limits of PIV for the estimation of turbulence statistics have been overcome via ensemble-based approaches. A comparison between ensemble-correlation and ensemble Particle Tracking Velocimetry was carried out to assess the uncertainty of the two methods. The effects of β, Re and of the pressure-gradient history on turbulence statistics were assessed. A modal analysis via Proper Orthogonal Decomposition was carried out on the flow fields and showed that about 20% of the energy contribution corresponds to the first mode, while 40% of the turbulent kinetic energy corresponds to the first four modes with no appreciable dependence on β and Re within the investigated range. The topology of the spatial modes shows a dependence on the Reynolds number and on the pressure-gradient strength, in line with the results obtained from the analysis of the turbulence statistics. The contribution of the modes to the Reynolds stresses and the turbulence production was assessed using a truncated low-order reconstruction with progressively larger number of modes. It is shown that the outer peaks in the Reynolds-stress profiles are mostly due to large-scale structures in the outer part of the boundary layer.}, }
@article {pmid29606844, year = {2017}, author = {Kedzierski, MA}, title = {A Fluorescence Based Measurement Technique to Quantify Water Contaminants at Pipe Surfaces During Flow.}, journal = {International journal of transport phenomena}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {283-296}, pmid = {29606844}, issn = {1028-6578}, support = {9999-NIST//Intramural NIST DOC/United States ; }, abstract = {This paper provides a detailed account of the development of a fluorescence based measurement technique for measuring the mass of contaminant on solid surfaces in the presence of water flow. A test apparatus was designed and developed for the purpose of studying adsorption and desorption of diesel to and from a copper test surface in the presence of contaminated and fresh water flow, respectively. A calibration technique was developed to correlate the measured fluorescence intensity to the mass of diesel adsorbed per unit surface area (the excess surface density) and the bulk concentration of the diesel in the flow. Both bulk composition and the excess surface density measurements were achieved via a traverse of the fluorescent measurement probe perpendicular to the test surface. The measured diesel excess surface density varied between zero and 0.02 kg/m2 for the variation in the bulk mass fraction and Reynolds number of the flow.}, }
@article {pmid28019677, year = {2017}, author = {Zhang, QY}, title = {Chirality-specific lift forces of helix under shear flows: Helix perpendicular to shear plane.}, journal = {Chirality}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {97-102}, doi = {10.1002/chir.22675}, pmid = {28019677}, issn = {1520-636X}, abstract = {Chiral objects in shear flow experience a chirality-specific lift force. Shear flows past helices in a low Reynolds number regime were studied using slender-body theory. The chirality-specific lift forces in the vorticity direction experienced by helices are dominated by a set of helix geometry parameters: helix radius, pitch length, number of turns, and helix phase angle. Its analytical formula is given. The chirality-specific forces are the physical reasons for the chiral separation of helices in shear flow. Our results are well supported by the latest experimental observations.}, }
@article {pmid28009203, year = {2016}, author = {Kwon, WJ and Kim, JH and Seo, SW and Shin, Y}, title = {Observation of von Kármán Vortex Street in an Atomic Superfluid Gas.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {117}, number = {24}, pages = {245301}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.245301}, pmid = {28009203}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {We report on the experimental observation of vortex cluster shedding from a moving obstacle in an oblate atomic Bose-Einstein condensate. At low obstacle velocities v above a critical value, vortex clusters consisting of two like-sign vortices are generated to form a regular configuration like a von Kármán street, and as v is increased, the shedding pattern becomes irregular with many different kinds of vortex clusters. In particular, we observe that the Stouhal number associated with the shedding frequency exhibits saturation behavior with increasing v. The regular-to-turbulent transition of the vortex cluster shedding reveals remarkable similarities between a superfluid and a classical viscous fluid. Our work opens a new direction for experimental investigations of the superfluid Reynolds number characterizing universal superfluid hydrodynamics.}, }
@article {pmid28005133, year = {2017}, author = {Low, KW and Van Loon, R and Rolland, SA and Sienz, J}, title = {Formulation of Generalized Mass Transfer Correlations for Blood Oxygenator Design.}, journal = {Journal of biomechanical engineering}, volume = {139}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1115/1.4035535}, pmid = {28005133}, issn = {1528-8951}, mesh = {Blood Circulation ; Carbon Dioxide/blood/metabolism ; Equipment Design ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Oxygen/*blood/*metabolism ; *Oxygenators ; Porosity ; }, abstract = {This paper numerically investigates non-Newtonian blood flow with oxygen and carbon dioxide transport across and along an array of uniformly square and staggered arranged fibers at various porosity (ε) levels, focussing on a low Reynolds number regime (Re < 10). The objective is to establish suitable mass transfer correlations, expressed in the form of Sherwood number (Sh = f(ε, Re, Sc)), that identifies the link from local mass transfer investigations to full-device analyses. The development of a concentration field is initially investigated and expressions are established covering the range from a typical deoxygenated condition up to a full oxygenated condition. An important step is identified where a cut-off point in those expressions is required to avoid any under- or over-estimation on the Sherwood number. Geometrical features of a typical commercial blood oxygenator is adopted and results in general show that a balance in pressure drop, shear stress, and mass transfer is required to avoid potential blood trauma or clotting formation. Different definitions of mass transfer correlations are found for oxygen/carbon dioxide, parallel/transverse flow, and square/staggered configurations, respectively. From this set of correlations, it is found that transverse flow has better gas transfer than parallel flow which is consistent with reported literature. The mass transfer dependency on fiber configuration is observed to be pronounced at low porosity. This approach provides an initial platform when one is looking to improve the mass transfer performance in a blood oxygenator without the need to conduct any numerical simulations or experiments.}, }
@article {pmid27982633, year = {2016}, author = {Puljiz, M and Huang, S and Auernhammer, GK and Menzel, AM}, title = {Forces on Rigid Inclusions in Elastic Media and Resulting Matrix-Mediated Interactions.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {117}, number = {23}, pages = {238003}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.238003}, pmid = {27982633}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {To describe many-particle systems suspended in incompressible low-Reynolds-number fluids, effective hydrodynamic interactions can be introduced. Here, we consider particles embedded in elastic media. The effective elastic interactions between spherical particles are calculated analytically, inspired by the approach in the fluid case. Our experiments on interacting magnetic particles confirm the theory. In view of the huge success of the method in hydrodynamics, we similarly expect many future applications in the elastic case, e.g., for elastic composite materials.}, }
@article {pmid27967192, year = {2016}, author = {Goto, S and Vassilicos, JC}, title = {Unsteady turbulence cascades.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {94}, number = {5-1}, pages = {053108}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.94.053108}, pmid = {27967192}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We have run a total of 311 direct numerical simulations (DNSs) of decaying three-dimensional Navier-Stokes turbulence in a periodic box with values of the Taylor length-based Reynolds number up to about 300 and an energy spectrum with a wide wave-number range of close to -5/3 power-law dependence at the higher Reynolds numbers. On the basis of these runs, we have found a critical time when (i) the rate of change of the square of the integral length scale turns from increasing to decreasing, (ii) the ratio of interscale energy flux to high-pass filtered turbulence dissipation changes from decreasing to very slowly increasing in the inertial range, (iii) the signature of large-scale coherent structures disappears in the energy spectrum, and (iv) the scaling of the turbulence dissipation changes from the one recently discovered in DNSs of forced unsteady turbulence and in wind tunnel experiments of turbulent wakes and grid-generated turbulence to the classical scaling proposed by G. I. Taylor [Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 151, 421 (1935)1364-502110.1098/rspa.1935.0158] and A. N. Kolmogorov [Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 31, 538 (1941)]. Even though the customary theoretical basis for this Taylor-Kolmogorov scaling is a statistically stationary cascade where large-scale energy flux balances dissipation, this is not the case throughout the entire time range of integration in all our DNS runs. The recently discovered dissipation scaling can be reformulated physically as a situation in which the dissipation rates of the small and large scales evolve together. We advance two hypotheses that may form the basis of a theoretical approach to unsteady turbulence cascades in the presence of large-scale coherent structures.}, }
@article {pmid27967180, year = {2016}, author = {Zhang, J and Yao, Z and Hao, P}, title = {Drag reductions and the air-water interface stability of superhydrophobic surfaces in rectangular channel flow.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {94}, number = {5-1}, pages = {053117}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.94.053117}, pmid = {27967180}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Flow in a rectangular channel with superhydrophobic (SH) top and bottom walls was investigated experimentally. Different SH surfaces, including hierarchical structured surfaces and surfaces with different micropost sizes (width and spacing) but the same solid fraction, were fabricated and measured. Pressure loss and flow rate in the channel with SH top and bottom walls were measured, with Reynolds number changing from 700 to 4700, and the corresponding friction factor for the SH surface was calculated. The statuses of the air plastron on different SH surfaces were observed during the experiment. In our experiment, compared with the experiment for the smooth surface, drag reductions were observed for all SH surfaces, with the largest drag reduction of 42.2%. It was found that the hierarchy of the microstructure can increase the drag reduction by decreasing the solid fraction and enhancing the stability of the air-water interface. With a fixed solid fraction, the drag reduction decreases as the post size (width and spacing) increases, due to the increasing curvature and instability effects of the air-water interface. A correlation parameter between the contact angle hysteresis, the air-water interface stability, and the drag reduction of the SH surfaces was found.}, }
@article {pmid27967140, year = {2016}, author = {Lycett-Brown, D and Luo, KH}, title = {Cascaded lattice Boltzmann method with improved forcing scheme for large-density-ratio multiphase flow at high Reynolds and Weber numbers.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {94}, number = {5-1}, pages = {053313}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.94.053313}, pmid = {27967140}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {A recently developed forcing scheme has allowed the pseudopotential multiphase lattice Boltzmann method to correctly reproduce coexistence curves, while expanding its range to lower surface tensions and arbitrarily high density ratios [Lycett-Brown and Luo, Phys. Rev. E 91, 023305 (2015)PLEEE81539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.91.023305]. Here, a third-order Chapman-Enskog analysis is used to extend this result from the single-relaxation-time collision operator, to a multiple-relaxation-time cascaded collision operator, whose additional relaxation rates allow a significant increase in stability. Numerical results confirm that the proposed scheme enables almost independent control of density ratio, surface tension, interface width, viscosity, and the additional relaxation rates of the cascaded collision operator. This allows simulation of large density ratio flows at simultaneously high Reynolds and Weber numbers, which is demonstrated through binary collisions of water droplets in air (with density ratio up to 1000, Reynolds number 6200 and Weber number 440). This model represents a significant improvement in multiphase flow simulation by the pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann method in which real-world parameters are finally achievable.}, }
@article {pmid27967048, year = {2016}, author = {Li, G and Ostace, A and Ardekani, AM}, title = {Hydrodynamic interaction of swimming organisms in an inertial regime.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {94}, number = {5-1}, pages = {053104}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.94.053104}, pmid = {27967048}, issn = {2470-0053}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; *Hydrodynamics ; *Models, Biological ; *Swimming ; }, abstract = {We numerically investigate the hydrodynamic interaction of swimming organisms at small to intermediate Reynolds number regimes, i.e., Re∼O(0.1-100), where inertial effects are important. The hydrodynamic interaction of swimming organisms in this regime is significantly different from the Stokes regime for microorganisms, as well as the high Reynolds number flows for fish and birds, which involves strong flow separation and detached vortex structures. Using an archetypal swimmer model, called a &quot;squirmer,&quot; we find that the inertial effects change the contact time and dispersion dynamics of a pair of pusher swimmers, and trigger hydrodynamic attraction for two pullers. These results are potentially important in investigating predator-prey interactions, sexual reproduction, and the encounter rate of marine organisms such as copepods, ctenophora, and larvae.}, }
@article {pmid27967034, year = {2016}, author = {Piretto, E and Musacchio, S and De Lillo, F and Boffetta, G}, title = {Irreversibility of the two-dimensional enstrophy cascade.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {94}, number = {5-1}, pages = {053116}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.94.053116}, pmid = {27967034}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We study the time irreversibility of the direct cascade in two-dimensional turbulence by looking at the time derivative of the square vorticity along Lagrangian trajectories, a quantity called metenstrophy. By means of extensive direct numerical simulations we measure the time irreversibility from the asymmetry of the probability density function of the metenstrophy and we find that it increases with the Reynolds number of the cascade, similarly to what is found in three-dimensional turbulence. A detailed analysis of the different contributions to the enstrophy budget reveals a remarkable difference with respect to what is observed for the energy cascade, in particular the role of the statistics of the forcing to determine the degree of irreversibility.}, }
@article {pmid27966980, year = {2017}, author = {Zhao, B and Wang, X and Zhang, K and Chen, L and Deng, X}, title = {Impact of Viscous Droplets on Superamphiphobic Surfaces.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {144-151}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03862}, pmid = {27966980}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {The impact of a liquid droplet on a solid surface is one of the most common phenomena in nature and frequently encountered in numerous technological processes. Despite the significant progress on understanding the droplet impact phenomenon over the past century, the impact dynamics, especially the coupling effects between the properties of a liquid and surface wettability on the impact process, is still poorly understood. In this work, we experimentally investigated the impact of viscous droplets on superamphiphobic surfaces, with the viscosity of liquids ranging from 0.89 to 150 mPa s. We showed that an increase in liquid viscosity will slow down the impact process and cause bouncing droplets to rebound lower and fewer times. The critical impact velocity, above which droplets can rebound from the superamphiphobic surface, was found to linearly increase with the liquid viscosity. We also showed that the maximum spreading factor increases with Weber number or Reynolds number but decreases with the liquid viscosity. Scaling analyses based on energy conservation were carried out to explain these findings, and they were found to be in good agreement with our experimental results.}, }
@article {pmid27918493, year = {2016}, author = {Goodman, KZ and Lipford, WE and Watkins, AN}, title = {Boundary-Layer Detection at Cryogenic Conditions Using Temperature Sensitive Paint Coupled with a Carbon Nanotube Heating Layer.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {16}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/s16122062}, pmid = {27918493}, issn = {1424-8220}, abstract = {Detection of flow transition on aircraft surfaces and models can be vital to the development of future vehicles and computational methods for evaluating vehicle concepts. In testing at ambient conditions, IR thermography is ideal for this measurement. However, for higher Reynolds number testing, cryogenic facilities are often used, in which IR thermography is difficult to employ. In these facilities, temperature sensitive paint is an alternative with a temperature step introduced to enhance the natural temperature change from transition. Traditional methods for inducing the temperature step by changing the liquid nitrogen injection rate often change the tunnel conditions. Recent work has shown that adding a layer consisting of carbon nanotubes to the surface can be used to impart a temperature step on the model surface with little change in the operating conditions. Unfortunately, this system physically degraded at 130 K and lost heating capability. This paper describes a modification of this technique enabling operation down to at least 77 K, well below the temperature reached in cryogenic facilities. This is possible because the CNT layer is in a polyurethane binder. This was tested on a Natural Laminar Flow model in a cryogenic facility and transition detection was successfully visualized at conditions from 200 K to 110 K. Results were also compared with the traditional temperature step method.}, }
@article {pmid27913147, year = {2017}, author = {Tripathi, D and Yadav, A and Bég, OA}, title = {Electro-kinetically driven peristaltic transport of viscoelastic physiological fluids through a finite length capillary: Mathematical modeling.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {283}, number = {}, pages = {155-168}, doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2016.11.017}, pmid = {27913147}, issn = {1879-3134}, mesh = {Capillaries/*physiology ; *Electroosmosis ; Kinetics ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Analytical solutions are developed for the electro-kinetic flow of a viscoelastic biological liquid in a finite length cylindrical capillary geometry under peristaltic waves. The Jefferys' non-Newtonian constitutive model is employed to characterize rheological properties of the fluid. The unsteady conservation equations for mass and momentum with electro-kinetic and Darcian porous medium drag force terms are reduced to a system of steady linearized conservation equations in an axisymmetric coordinate system. The long wavelength, creeping (low Reynolds number) and Debye-Hückel linearization approximations are utilized. The resulting boundary value problem is shown to be controlled by a number of parameters including the electro-osmotic parameter, Helmholtz-Smoluchowski velocity (maximum electro-osmotic velocity), and Jefferys' first parameter (ratio of relaxation and retardation time), wave amplitude. The influence of these parameters and also time on axial velocity, pressure difference, maximum volumetric flow rate and streamline distributions (for elucidating trapping phenomena) is visualized graphically and interpreted in detail. Pressure difference magnitudes are enhanced consistently with both increasing electro-osmotic parameter and Helmholtz-Smoluchowski velocity, whereas they are only elevated with increasing Jefferys' first parameter for positive volumetric flow rates. Maximum time averaged flow rate is enhanced with increasing electro-osmotic parameter, Helmholtz-Smoluchowski velocity and Jefferys' first parameter. Axial flow is accelerated in the core (plug) region of the conduit with greater values of electro-osmotic parameter and Helmholtz-Smoluchowski velocity whereas it is significantly decelerated with increasing Jefferys' first parameter. The simulations find applications in electro-osmotic (EO) transport processes in capillary physiology and also bio-inspired EO pump devices in chemical and aerospace engineering.}, }
@article {pmid27903629, year = {2016}, author = {Jones, SK and Yun, YJ and Hedrick, TL and Griffith, BE and Miller, LA}, title = {Bristles reduce the force required to 'fling' wings apart in the smallest insects.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {219}, number = {Pt 23}, pages = {3759-3772}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.143362}, pmid = {27903629}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena/*physiology ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Hydrodynamics ; Hymenoptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {The smallest flying insects commonly possess wings with long bristles. Little quantitative information is available on the morphology of these bristles, and their functional importance remains a mystery. In this study, we (1)